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Foy B, Ludwigson A, Mott NM, Adams M, Higgins MG, Vemuru S, Wolverton D, Yi J, Sams S, Lin CT, Miles R, Taft N, Baurle E, Cumbler E, Tevis S. Helping patients navigate the immediate release of medical records: MedEd, a novel patient engagement technology. Am J Surg 2024:115977. [PMID: 39322528 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2024.115977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through online health portals, patients receive complex medical reports without interpretation from their healthcare provider. This study evaluated the usability of MedEd, a patient engagement tool providing definitions of medical terminology in breast pathology and radiology reports. METHODS Individuals who underwent a normal screening mammogram were invited to complete semi-structured interviews where they downloaded MedEd and discussed their download experience. Acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of MedEd were evaluated. RESULTS 143 individuals were invited to participate, and 14 semi-structured interviews were completed. Participants reported ease of downloading and navigating MedEd with concerns about privacy and others' abilities to download. Participants demonstrated high acceptability (mean 4.48/5, SD 0.95), appropriateness (mean 4.66/5, SD 0.83), and feasibility (mean 4.48/5, SD 1.04) scores. CONCLUSION Participants expressed excitement for future use of MedEd and provided suggestions for improvements. Next steps include evaluating comprehension of real breast reports while using MedEd and expanding patient access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Foy
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Abigail Ludwigson
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nicole M Mott
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Surgery, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Monica Adams
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), 1890, N Revere Ct, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Madeline G Higgins
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Surgery, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sudheer Vemuru
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Surgery, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dulcy Wolverton
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Radiology, 12401 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jeniann Yi
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Surgery, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sharon Sams
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pathology, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chen-Tan Lin
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Randy Miles
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Radiology, 12401 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nancy Taft
- Denver Health Medical Center, Department of Surgery, 777 Bannock St, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Erin Baurle
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ethan Cumbler
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah Tevis
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Surgery, 12631 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, USA
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O'Brien E, Ludwigson A, Vemuru S, Higgins M, Hampanda K, Adams M, Wolverton D, Sams S, Taft N, Miles R, Lin CT, Cumbler E, Tevis S. Interpretation of immediately released health information: Informing patient medical education in breast oncology. Am J Surg 2024:115853. [PMID: 39095250 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2024.115853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cures Act mandated immediately released health information. In this study, we investigated patient comprehension of mammography reports and the utility of online resources to aid report interpretation. METHODS Patients who received a normal mammogram from February to April 2022 were invited to complete semi-structured interviews paired with health literacy questionnaires to assess patient's report comprehension before and after internet search. RESULTS Thirteen selected patients via purposeful sampling completed interviews. Most patients described their initial understanding of the mammography report as "good" and improved to between "good" and "very good" after an internet search. Patients suggested "a little column on the side" for medical terminology, "an extra prompt" for making an appointment, or a recommendation for "good sites" to improve mammography reports. CONCLUSION Patients varied in their ability to independently interpret medical reports and seek additional resources. While online resources marginally improved patient understanding, actionable and clear resources are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O'Brien
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Abigail Ludwigson
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sudheer Vemuru
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Madeline Higgins
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Karen Hampanda
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 12631 East 17th Avenue. 4th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Monica Adams
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Dulcy Wolverton
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, 12401 East 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sharon Sams
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 12631 East 17th Ave. 2nd Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nancy Taft
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Randy Miles
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, 12401 East 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Chen-Tan Lin
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 12631 East 17th Ave. 8th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ethan Cumbler
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 12631 East 17th Ave. 8th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sarah Tevis
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Fisher Y, Zmijewski P, McLeod C, Patel A, Bahl D, Rosenblum F, Lin D, Gonzalez ML, Fazendin J, Chen H, Lindeman B, Gillis A. Evaluating Patients' Health Literacy to Improve Thyroid Pathology Reports. J Surg Res 2024; 299:34-42. [PMID: 38701702 PMCID: PMC11189726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As our growing population demonstrates a significant increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, so does patient access to their medical records. Poor health literacy and understanding of disease severity, underscores the importance of effective and accessible patient-doctor communication. No previous studies on patient understanding of thyroid pathology reports exist; therefore, we sought to characterize health literacy in this population. METHODS Using a modified Delphi technique, a 12-question multiple-choice survey regarding common pathology terms with possible definitions for each term was synthesized and administered to patients in a high-volume endocrine surgery clinic. Survey results, patient demographics, history of prior thyroid procedure (biopsy or surgery), and self-reported health literacy were collected. Data analysis included t tests, chi-squared, and multivariable linear regression using R. RESULTS The survey was completed by 54 patients (response rate: 69.8%). On univariate analysis, White race, previous thyroid procedure, and at least a high school level education were all more likely to score higher on the survey than their counterparts (P < 0.05). On multivariable logistic regression for predicting a higher survey score, only race (est: 2.48 [95% confidence interval: 1.01-3.96]) and higher educational attainment (est: 3.98 [95% confidence interval: 2.32-5.64]) remained predictive (P < 0.05). The remaining demographic groups (age, health literacy confidence, and previous thyroid procedure) did not show a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS Overall, terms on a thyroid pathology report are poorly understood by patients. This is exacerbated by non-White race and low educational attainment. There is a need for patient-facing pathology education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Fisher
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Polina Zmijewski
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Chandler McLeod
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Anish Patel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Deepti Bahl
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Frida Rosenblum
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Diana Lin
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Manuel Lora Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jessica Fazendin
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Herbert Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Brenessa Lindeman
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Andrea Gillis
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Sharp CA, Staniland K, McMillan B, Firth J, Gregory WJ, MacPhie EM, Dixon WG. Writing directly to patients, the time is now-but how? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:1769-1771. [PMID: 38336965 PMCID: PMC11215975 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keae093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Sharp
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Karen Staniland
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian McMillan
- Centre for Primary Care and Health Services Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jill Firth
- Pennine MSK Partnership, Integrated Care Centre, Oldham, UK
| | - William J Gregory
- Rheumatology, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Elizabeth M MacPhie
- Rheumatology, Lancashire and South Cumbria, NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - William G Dixon
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Rheumatology, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
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Steimetz E, Mostafidi E, Castagna C, Gupta R, Frasso R. Forgotten clientele: A systematic review of patient-centered pathology reports. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301116. [PMID: 38723051 PMCID: PMC11081212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Patient portals, designed to give ready access to medical records, have led to important improvements in patient care. However, there is a downside: much of the information available on portals is not designed for lay people. Pathology reports are no exception. Access to complex reports often leaves patients confused, concerned and stressed. We conducted a systematic review to explore recommendations and guidelines designed to promote a patient centered approach to pathology reporting. DESIGN In consultation with a research librarian, a search strategy was developed to identify literature regarding patient-centered pathology reports (PCPR). Terms such as "pathology reports," "patient-centered," and "lay-terms" were used. The PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases were searched during the first quarter of 2023. Studies were included if they were original research and in English, without date restrictions. RESULTS Of 1,053 articles identified, 17 underwent a full-text review. Only 5 studies (≈0.5%) met eligibility criteria: two randomized trials; two qualitative studies; a patient survey of perceived utility of potential interventions. A major theme that emerged from the patient survey/qualitative studies is the need for pathology reports to be in simple, non-medical language. Major themes of the quantitative studies were that patients preferred PCPRs, and patients who received PCPRs knew and recalled their cancer stage/grade better than the control group. CONCLUSION Pathology reports play a vital role in the decision-making process for patient care. Yet, they are beyond the comprehension of most patients. No framework or guidelines exist for generating reports that deploy accessible language. PCPRs should be a focus of future interventions to improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Steimetz
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elmira Mostafidi
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Carolina Castagna
- College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Raavi Gupta
- Department of Pathology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Rosemary Frasso
- College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Asano-Gonnella Center for Research in Medical Education and Health Care, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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O'Brien E, Vemuru S, Leonard L, Himelhoch B, Adams M, Taft N, Jaiswal K, Sams S, Cumbler E, Wolverton D, Ahrendt G, Yi J, Lin CT, Miles R, Hampanda K, Tevis S. Information transparency with immediate release: Oncology clinician and patient perceptions. Am J Surg 2024; 227:165-174. [PMID: 37863801 PMCID: PMC11112620 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As part of the 21st Century Cures Act (April 2021), electronic health information (EHI) must be immediately released to patients. In this study, we sought to evaluate clinician and patient perceptions regarding this immediate release. METHODS After surveying 33 clinicians and 30 patients, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a subset of the initial sample, comprising 8 clinicians and 12 patients. Open-ended questions explored clinicians' and patients' perceptions of immediate release of EHI and how they adjusted to this change. RESULTS Ten themes were identified: Interpreting Results, Strategies for Patient Interaction, Patient Experiences, Communication Strategies, Provider Limitations, Provider Experiences, Health Information Interfaces, Barriers to Patient Understanding, Types of Results, and Changes due to Immediate Release. Interviews demonstrated differences in perceived patient distress and comprehension, emphasizing the impersonal nature of electronic release and necessity for therapeutic clinician-patient communication. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians and patients have unique insights on the role of immediate release. Understanding these perspectives will help improve communication and develop patient-centered tools (glossaries, summary pages, additional resources) to aid patient understanding of complex medical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth O'Brien
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Sudheer Vemuru
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Laura Leonard
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ben Himelhoch
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, 12401 East 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Monica Adams
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), 1890 N Revere Ct. 3rd Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nancy Taft
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kshama Jaiswal
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sharon Sams
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 12631 East 17th Ave. 2nd Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ethan Cumbler
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 12631 East 17th Ave. 8th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Dulcy Wolverton
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, 12401 East 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Gretchen Ahrendt
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jeniann Yi
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Chen-Tan Lin
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 12631 East 17th Ave. 8th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Randy Miles
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, 12401 East 17th Ave, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Karen Hampanda
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 12631 East 17th Avenue. 4th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sarah Tevis
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, 12631 East 17th Ave. 6th Floor, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang X, Liu S. Attitude of cardiac surgery nurses on kinesiophobia management: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e074438. [PMID: 38159957 PMCID: PMC10759056 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practical experiences of cardiac surgery nurses regarding kinesiophobia management during early mobilisation. DESIGN Using a descriptive qualitative research method, 21 cardiac surgery nurses participated in this study from October 2022 to January 2023, and the interview data were analysed using the Colaizzi 7-step analysis method. SETTING Data were collected through in-depth face-to-face or online interviews in a tertiary hospital located in Nanjing, China. PARTICIPANTS 21 cardiac surgery nurses were interviewed from October 2022 to January 2023. RESULTS Two themes were summarised: knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses (high recognition and low participation; low knowledge reserve; low willingness); the promotion and essential elements of kinesiophobia management (efficient health education model; stable medical staff-family caregiver collaboration; simplified clinical protocol; specialist nursing team; clarify the multidisciplinary division of labour). CONCLUSION The management of kinesiophobia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is currently in the developmental phase. It is advisable to give due consideration to emotional support and cognitive training for medical staff. In addition, a workable management plan, consistent with clinical practice, should be formulated through multidisciplinary and medical staff-family caregiver collaboration to optimise patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuChen Wang
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - YuHong Chen
- Department of Nursing, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - XiaoMin Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - SiYu Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Ly A, Balassanian R, Alperstein S, Donnelly A, McGrath C, Sohani AR, Stelow EB, Thrall MJ, Zhang ML, Pitman MB. One procedure-one report: the Re-Imagine Cytopathology Task Force position paper on small tissue biopsy triage in anatomic pathology. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2023; 12:395-406. [PMID: 37270328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endoscopic biopsy procedures increasingly generate multiple tissue samples from multiple sites, and frequently retrieve concurrent cytologic specimens and small core needle biopsies. There is currently lack of consensus in subspecialized practices as to whether cytopathologists or surgical pathologists should review such samples, and whether the pathology findings should be reported together or separately. MATERIALS AND METHODS In December 2021, the American Society of Cytopathology convened the Re-Imagine Cytopathology Task Force to examine various workflows that would facilitate unified pathology reporting of concurrently obtained biopsies and improve clinical care. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This position paper summarizes the key points and highlights the advantages, challenges, and resources available to support the implementation of such workflows that result in "one procedure-one report".
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ly
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Ronald Balassanian
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Susan Alperstein
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Amber Donnelly
- College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Cindy McGrath
- Department of Pathology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aliyah R Sohani
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward B Stelow
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Michael J Thrall
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - M Lisa Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martha B Pitman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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