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Panelli A, Grimm AM, Krause S, Verfuß MA, Ulm B, Grunow JJ, Bartels HG, Carbon NM, Niederhauser T, Weber-Carstens S, Brochard L, Schaller SJ. Noninvasive Electromagnetic Phrenic Nerve Stimulation in Critically Ill Patients: A Feasibility Study. Chest 2024:S0012-3692(24)00271-X. [PMID: 38403186 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2024.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electromagnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve induces diaphragm contractions, but no coils for clinical use have been available. We recently demonstrated the feasibility of ventilation using bilateral transcutaneous noninvasive electromagnetic phrenic nerve stimulation (NEPNS) before surgery in lung-healthy patients with healthy weight in a dose-dependent manner. RESEARCH QUESTION Is NEPNS feasible in critically ill patients in an ICU setting? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This feasibility nonrandomized controlled study aimed to enroll patients within 36 h of intubation who were expected to remain ventilated for ≥ 72 h. The intervention group received 15-min bilateral transcutaneous NEPNS bid, whereas the control group received standard care. If sufficient, NEPNS was used without pressure support to ventilate the patient; pressure support was added if necessary to ventilate the patient adequately. The primary outcome was feasibility, measured as time to find the optimal stimulation position. Further end points were sessions performed according to the protocol or allowing a next-day catch-up session and tidal volume achieved with stimulation reaching only 3 to 6 mL/kg ideal body weight (IBW). A secondary end point was expiratory diaphragm thickness measured with ultrasound from days 1 to 10 (or extubation). RESULTS The revised European Union regulation mandated reapproval of medical devices, prematurely halting the study. Eleven patients (five in the intervention group, six in the control group) were enrolled. The median time to find an adequate stimulation position was 23 s (interquartile range, 12-62 s). The intervention bid was executed in 87% of patients, and 92% of patients including a next-day catch-up session. Ventilation with 3 to 6 mL/kg IBW was achieved in 732 of 1,701 stimulations (43.0%) with stimulation only and in 2,511 of 4,036 stimulations (62.2%) with additional pressure support. A decrease in diaphragm thickness was prevented by bilateral NEPNS (P = .034) until day 10. INTERPRETATION Bilateral transcutaneous NEPNS was feasible in the ICU setting with the potential benefit of preventing diaphragm atrophy during mechanical ventilation. NEPNS ventilation effectiveness needs further assessment. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT05238753; URL: www. CLINICALTRIALS gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Panelli
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Aline M Grimm
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Krause
- Institute for Human Centered Engineering, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Verfuß
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ulm
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Munich, Germany; Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julius J Grunow
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann G Bartels
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas M Carbon
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Niederhauser
- Institute for Human Centered Engineering, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel/Bienne, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Weber-Carstens
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurent Brochard
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stefan J Schaller
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany; Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Munich, Germany.
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Panelli A, Verfuß MA, Dres M, Brochard L, Schaller SJ. Phrenic nerve stimulation to prevent diaphragmatic dysfunction and ventilator-induced lung injury. Intensive Care Med Exp 2023; 11:94. [PMID: 38109016 PMCID: PMC10728426 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-023-00577-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Side effects of mechanical ventilation, such as ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD) and ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), occur frequently in critically ill patients. Phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) has been a valuable tool for diagnosing VIDD by assessing respiratory muscle strength in response to magnetic PNS. The detection of pathophysiologically reduced respiratory muscle strength is correlated with weaning failure, longer mechanical ventilation time, and mortality. Non-invasive electromagnetic PNS designed for diagnostic use is a reference technique that allows clinicians to measure transdiaphragm pressure as a surrogate parameter for diaphragm strength and functionality. This helps to identify diaphragm-related issues that may impact weaning readiness and respiratory support requirements, although lack of lung volume measurement poses a challenge to interpretation. In recent years, therapeutic PNS has been demonstrated as feasible and safe in lung-healthy and critically ill patients. Effects on critically ill patients' VIDD or diaphragm atrophy outcomes are the subject of ongoing research. The currently investigated application forms are diverse and vary from invasive to non-invasive and from electrical to (electro)magnetic PNS, with most data available for electrical stimulation. Increased inspiratory muscle strength and improved diaphragm activity (e.g., excursion, thickening fraction, and thickness) indicate the potential of the technique for beneficial effects on clinical outcomes as it has been successfully used in spinal cord injured patients. Concerning the potential for electrophrenic respiration, the data obtained with non-invasive electromagnetic PNS suggest that the induced diaphragmatic contractions result in airway pressure swings and tidal volumes remaining within the thresholds of lung-protective mechanical ventilation. PNS holds significant promise as a therapeutic intervention in the critical care setting, with potential applications for ameliorating VIDD and the ability for diaphragm training in a safe lung-protective spectrum, thereby possibly reducing the risk of VILI indirectly. Outcomes of such diaphragm training have not been sufficiently explored to date but offer the perspective for enhanced patient care and reducing weaning failure. Future research might focus on using PNS in combination with invasive and non-invasive assisted ventilation with automatic synchronisation and the modulation of PNS with spontaneous breathing efforts. Explorative approaches may investigate the feasibility of long-term electrophrenic ventilation as an alternative to positive pressure-based ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Panelli
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael A Verfuß
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Dres
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMRS 1158, Neurophysiologie Respiratoire Expérimentale et Clinique, Paris, France
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Département R3S, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitie Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Brochard
- Unity Health Toronto, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stefan J Schaller
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Berlin, Germany.
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine and Health, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Munich, Germany.
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