1
|
Overstijns M, El Rahal A, Goldberg J, Rölz R, Raabe A, Bischoff K, Neidert NN, Beck J, Fung C. Clinical severity of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage over time: systematic review. Neurosurg Rev 2024; 47:257. [PMID: 38836919 PMCID: PMC11153276 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-024-02467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is well studied. Yet, little is known about the trend of aSAH severity. This systematic review aims to analyze the distribution of aSAH severity over time. We performed a systematic review of the literature according to the PRISMA-P guidelines. We included studies from January 1968 up to December 2022. Studies were included if they either reported the severity of aSAH as single increments of the corresponding 5-point scale or as a binary measure (good grade 1-3, poor grade 4-5) on the Hunt and Hess (HH) or World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scale. Studies with fewer than 50 patients, (systematic) reviews, and studies including non-aSAH patients were excluded. A total of 2465 publications were identified, of which 214 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In total, 102,845 patients with an aSAH were included. Over the last five decades the number of good-grade HH (0.741 fold, p = 0.004) and WFNS (0.749 fold, p < 0.001) has decreased. Vice versa, an increase in number of poor grade HH (2.427 fold, p = 0.004), WFNS (2.289 fold, p < 0.001), as well as HH grade 5 (6.737 fold, p = 0.010), WFNS grade 4 (1.235 fold, p = 0.008) and WFNS grade 5 (8.322 fold, p = 0.031) was observed. This systematic review shows a worldwide 2-3 fold increase of poor grade aSAH patients and an 6-8 fold increase of grade 5 patients, over the last 50 years. Whether this evolution is due to more severe hemorrhage, improvements in neuro-intensive care and prehospital management, or to a change in grading behavior is unknown. This study strongly emphasizes the necessity for an improved grading system to differentiate grade 4 and grade 5 patients for meaningful clinical decision- making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manou Overstijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Amir El Rahal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Goldberg
- Department of NeurosurgeryInselspitalBern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Rölz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Raabe
- Department of NeurosurgeryInselspitalBern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Karin Bischoff
- Clinical Trials UnitUniversity Medical Center FreiburgFaculty of Medicine, , University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Noël Neidert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Berta-Ottenstein-Programme for Clinician Scientists Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Beck
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Fung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Best Motor Response Predicts Favorable Outcome for "True" WFNS Grade V Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:106075. [PMID: 34481320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The universal application of ultra-early surgery for World Federation of Neurological Societies (WFNS) grade V aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients may lead to the increased implementation of unnecessary treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to refine the patient selection process for timely definitive treatment. METHODS From January 2011 to March 2020, a total of 517 aSAH patients were treated at our institution. Among these, 177 aSAH patients with WFNS grade V on admission were identified from our database. Patients with improved grades in response to the initial supportive treatment, with clinical or radiological signs of herniation, and with irreversible signs of brain damage such as bilaterally dilated pupils and global ischemia on follow-up CT scan were excluded. The outcome of definitive treatment for 54 patients without herniation who remained with WFNS grade V after the initial supportive treatment were analyzed to seek any factor for a favorable outcome (modified Rankin scale 0-2). RESULTS Among 54 patients, 19 (35.2%) had a favorable outcome after a definitive treatment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the best motor response (BMR) 4 on Glasgow Coma Scale was significantly associated with favorable outcomes (odds ratio, 3.76; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-13.0, p = 0.03). The positive predictive value of BMR 4 was 48.3%. CONCLUSIONS Albeit being simple, BMR 4 may facilitate the prompt aggressive treatment for patients with WFNS grade V including those with "true" grade V who do not have any clinical and radiological signs of herniation.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ammar A, Stock AD, Holland R, Gelfand Y, Altschul D. Managing a Specialty Service During the COVID-19 Crisis: Lessons From a New York City Health System. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2020; 95:1495-1498. [PMID: 32304386 PMCID: PMC7188067 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has stretched health care resources to a point of crisis throughout the world. To answer the call for care, health care workers in a diverse range of specialties are being retasked to care for patients with COVID-19. Consequently, specialty services have had to adapt to decreased staff available for coverage coupled with a need to remain available for specialty-specific emergencies, which now require a dynamic definition. In this Invited Commentary, the authors describe their experiences and share lessons learned regarding triage of patients, staff safety, workforce management, and the psychological impact as they have adapted to a new reality in the Department of Neurosurgery at Montefiore Medical Center, a COVID-19 hot spot in New York City.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ammar
- A. Ammar is a fifth-year resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Ariel D. Stock
- A.D. Stock is a first-year resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Ryan Holland
- R. Holland is a third-year resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Yaroslav Gelfand
- Y. Gelfand is chief resident, Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - David Altschul
- D. Altschul is attending neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neuroprotective Role of the Nrf2 Pathway in Subarachnoid Haemorrhage and Its Therapeutic Potential. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:6218239. [PMID: 31191800 PMCID: PMC6525854 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6218239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying poor outcome following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) are complex and multifactorial. They include early brain injury, spreading depolarisation, inflammation, oxidative stress, macroscopic cerebral vasospasm, and microcirculatory disturbances. Nrf2 is a global promoter of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response and has potential protective effects against all of these mechanisms. It has been shown to be upregulated after SAH, and Nrf2 knockout animals have poorer functional and behavioural outcomes after SAH. There are many agents known to activate the Nrf2 pathway. Of these, the actions of sulforaphane, curcumin, astaxanthin, lycopene, tert-butylhydroquinone, dimethyl fumarate, melatonin, and erythropoietin have been studied in SAH models. This review details the different mechanisms of injury after SAH including the contribution of haemoglobin (Hb) and its breakdown products. It then summarises the evidence that the Nrf2 pathway is active and protective after SAH and finally examines the evidence supporting Nrf2 upregulation as a therapy after SAH.
Collapse
|
5
|
Watson E, Ding D, Khattar NK, Everhart DE, James RF. Neurocognitive outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Identifying inflammatory biomarkers. J Neurol Sci 2018; 394:84-93. [PMID: 30240942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe type of stroke which carries a high case-fatality rate. Those who survive the ictus of aneurysm rupture harbor substantial risks of neurological morbidity, functional disability, and cognitive dysfunction. Although the pervasiveness of cognitive impairment is widely acknowledged as a long-term sequela of aSAH, the mechanisms underlying its development are poorly understood. The onset of aSAH elicits activation of the inflammatory cascade, and ongoing neuroinflammation is suspected to contribute to secondary complications, such as vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. In this review, we analyze the extant literature regarding the relationship between neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction after aSAH. Pro-inflammatory cytokines appear to play a role in maintaining normal cognitive function in adults unaffected by aSAH. However, in the setting of aSAH, elevated cytokine levels may correlate with worse neuropsychological outcomes. This seemingly dichotomous relationship between neuroinflammation and cognition suggests that the action of cytokines varies, depending on their physiologic environment. Experimental therapies which suppress the immune response to aSAH appear to have a beneficial effect on cognitive outcomes. However, further studies are necessary to determine the utility of inflammatory mediators as biomarkers of neurocognitive outcomes, as well as their role in the management of aSAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Watson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Dale Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 220 Abraham Flexner Way, Suite 1500, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Nicolas K Khattar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 220 Abraham Flexner Way, Suite 1500, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - D Erik Everhart
- Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, 104 Rawl Building, Greenville, NC 27858, United States
| | - Robert F James
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 220 Abraham Flexner Way, Suite 1500, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Oliveira Manoel AL, Mansur A, Silva GS, Germans MR, Jaja BNR, Kouzmina E, Marotta TR, Abrahamson S, Schweizer TA, Spears J, Macdonald RL. Functional Outcome After Poor-Grade Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Single-Center Study and Systematic Literature Review. Neurocrit Care 2017; 25:338-350. [PMID: 27651379 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-016-0305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade 4 and 5) is associated with high mortality rates and unfavorable functional outcomes. We report a single-center cohort of poor-grade SAH patients, combined with a systematic review of studies reporting functional outcome in the poor-grade SAH population. METHODS Data on a cohort of poor-grade SAH patients treated between 2009 and 2013 were retrospectively collected and combined with a systematic review (from inception to November 2015; PubMed, Embase). Two reviewers assessed the studies independently based on predefined inclusion criteria: consecutive poor-grade SAH, functional outcome measured at least 3 months after hemorrhage, and the report of patients who died before aneurysm treatment. RESULTS The search yielded 329 publications, and 23 met our inclusion criteria with 2713 subjects enrolled from 1977 to 2014 in 10 countries (including 179 poor-grade patients from our cohort). Mortality rate was 60 % (1683 patients), of which 806 (29 %) died before and 877 (31 %) died after aneurysm treatment, respectively. Treatment was undertaken in 1775 patients (1775/2826-63 %): 1347 by surgical clipping (1347/1775-76 %) and 428 (428/1775-24 %) by endovascular methods. Outcome was favorable in 794 patients (28 %) and unfavorable in 1867 (66 %). When the studies were grouped into decades, favorable outcome increased from 13 % in the late 1970s to early 1980s to 35 % in the late 1980s to early 1990s, and remained unchanged thereafter. CONCLUSION Although mortality remains high in poor-grade SAH patients, a favorable functional outcome can be achieved in approximately one-third of patients. The development of new diagnostic methods and implementation of therapeutic approaches were probably responsible for the decrease in mortality and improvement in the functional outcome from 1970 to the 1990s. The plateau in functional outcome seen thereafter might be explained by the treatment of sicker and older patients and by the lack of new therapeutic interventions specific for SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Airton Leonardo de Oliveira Manoel
- Department of Medical Imaging, Interventional Neuroradiology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 3-141 CC, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. .,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Trauma and Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. .,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ann Mansur
- Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gisele Sampaio Silva
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Israelita de Pesquisa Albert Einstein, Neurology Program, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Menno R Germans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Blessing N R Jaja
- Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Kouzmina
- Department of Medical Imaging, Interventional Neuroradiology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 3-141 CC, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Thomas R Marotta
- Department of Medical Imaging, Interventional Neuroradiology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, 3-141 CC, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.,Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simon Abrahamson
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Trauma and Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tom A Schweizer
- Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julian Spears
- Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Loch Macdonald
- Neuroscience Research Program, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rawal S, Alcaide-Leon P, Macdonald RL, Rinkel GJE, Victor JC, Krings T, Kapral MK, Laupacis A. Meta-analysis of timing of endovascular aneurysm treatment in subarachnoid haemorrhage: inconsistent results of early treatment within 1 day. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2017; 88:241-248. [PMID: 28100721 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To systematically review and meta-analyse the data on impact of timing of endovascular treatment in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) to determine if earlier treatment is associated with improved clinical outcomes and reduced case fatality. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane database, EMBASE and Web of Science to identify studies for inclusion. The measures of effect utilised were unadjusted/adjusted ORs. Effect estimates were combined using random effects models for each outcome (poor outcome, case fatality); heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 index. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to account for heterogeneity and risk of bias. RESULTS 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. Treatment <1 day was associated with a reduced odds of poor outcome compared with treatment >1 day (OR=0.40 (95% CI 0.28 to 0.56; I2=0%)) but not when compared with treatment at 1-3 days (OR=1.16 (95% CI 0.47 to 2.90; I2=81%)). Treatment at <2 days and at <3 days were associated with similar odds of poor outcome compared with later treatment (OR=1.20 (95% CI 0.70 to 2.05; I2=73%; OR=0.71 (95% CI 0.36 to 1.37; I2=71%)). Early treatment was associated with similar odds of case fatality compared with later treatment, regardless of how early/late treatment were defined (OR=1.80 (95% CI 0.88 to 3.67; I2=34%) for treatment <1 day vs days 1-3; OR=1.71 (95% CI 0.72 to 4.03; I2=54%) for treatment <2 days vs later; OR=0.90 (95% CI 0.31 to 2.68; I2=48%) for treatment <3 days vs later). CONCLUSIONS In only 1 of the analyses was there a statistically significant result, which favoured treatment <1 day. The inconsistent results and heterogeneity within most analyses highlight the lack of evidence for best timing of endovascular treatment in SAH patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Rawal
- Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula Alcaide-Leon
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Medical Imaging, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Loch Macdonald
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, Labatt Family Centre of Excellence in Brain Injury and Trauma Research, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Research and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabriel J E Rinkel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Charles Victor
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timo Krings
- Division of Neuroradiology, Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moira K Kapral
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andreas Laupacis
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fung C, Inglin F, Murek M, Balmer M, Abu-Isa J, Z’Graggen WJ, Ozdoba C, Gralla J, Jakob SM, Takala J, Beck J, Raabe A. Reconsidering the logic of World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grading in patients with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2016; 124:299-304. [DOI: 10.3171/2015.2.jns14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT
Current data show a favorable outcome in up to 50% of patients with World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Grade V subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and a rather poor prediction of worst cases. Thus, the usefulness of the current WFNS grading system for identifying the worst scenarios for clinical studies and for making treatment decisions is limited. One reason for this lack of differentiation is the use of “negative” or “silent” diagnostic signs as part of the WFNS Grade V definition. The authors therefore reevaluated the WFNS scale by using “positive” clinical signs and the logic of the Glasgow Coma Scale as a progressive herniation score.
METHODS
The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 182 patients with SAH who had poor grades on the WFNS scale. Patients were graded according to the original WFNS scale and additionally according to a modified classification, the WFNS herniation (hWFNS) scale (Grade IV, no clinical signs of herniation; Grade V, clinical signs of herniation). The prediction of poor outcome was compared between these two grading systems.
RESULTS
The positive predictive values of Grade V for poor outcome were 74.3% (OR 3.79, 95% CI 1.94–7.54) for WFNS Grade V and 85.7% (OR 8.27, 95% CI 3.78–19.47) for hWFNS Grade V. With respect to mortality, the positive predictive values were 68.3% (OR 3.9, 95% CI 2.01–7.69) for WFNS Grade V and 77.9% (OR 6.22, 95% CI 3.07–13.14) for hWFNS Grade V.
CONCLUSIONS
Limiting WFNS Grade V to the positive clinical signs of the Glasgow Coma Scale such as flexion, extension, and pupillary abnormalities instead of including “no motor response” increases the prediction of mortality and poor outcome in patients with severe SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christoph Ozdoba
- 2Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, and
| | - Jan Gralla
- 2Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, and
| | - Stephan M. Jakob
- 3Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jukka Takala
- 3Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fung C, Balmer M, Murek M, Z'Graggen WJ, Abu-Isa J, Ozdoba C, Haenggi M, Jakob SM, Raabe A, Beck J. Impact of early-onset seizures on grading and outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2015; 122:408-13. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.10.jns14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT
After subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), seizure occurs in up to 26% of patients. The impact of seizure on outcome has been studied, yet its impact on grading is unknown. The authors evaluated the impact of early-onset seizures (EOS) on grading of spontaneous SAH and on outcome.
METHODS
This retrospective analysis included consecutive patients with SAH who were treated at the NeuroCenter, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Switzerland, between January 2005 and December 2010. Demographic data, clinical data, and reports of EOS were recorded. The EOS were defined as seizures occurring within 24 hours after ictus. Patients were graded according to the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scale pre- and postresuscitation and dichotomized into good (WFNS I–III) and poor (WFNS IV–V) grades. Outcome was assessed at 6 months by using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS); an mRS score of 0–3 was considered a good outcome and an mRS score of 4–6 was considered a poor outcome.
RESULTS
Forty-one of 425 patients with SAH had EOS. Twenty-seven of those 41 patients (65.9%) had a poor WFNS grade. Twenty-eight (68.3%) achieved a good outcome, 11 (26.8%) had a poor outcome, and 2 (4.9%) were lost to followup. Early-onset seizures were proven in 9 of 16 electroencephalograms. The EOS were associated with poor WFNS grade (OR 2.81, 97.5% CI 1.14–7.46; p = 0.03) and good outcome (OR 4.01, 97.5% CI 1.63–10.53; p = 0.03). Increasing age, hydrocephalus, intracerebral hemorrhage, and intraventricular hemorrhage were associated with poor WFNS grade, whereas only age, intracerebral hemorrhage (p < 0.001), and poor WFNS grade (p < 0.001) were associated with poor outcome.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients with EOS were classified significantly more often in a poor grade initially, but then they significantly more often achieved a good outcome. The authors conclude that EOS can negatively influence grading. This might influence decision making for the care of patients with SAH, so grading of patients with EOS should be interpreted with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christoph Ozdoba
- 3Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, and
| | - Matthias Haenggi
- 4Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan M. Jakob
- 4Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tosun C, Kurland DB, Mehta R, Castellani RJ, deJong JL, Kwon MS, Woo SK, Gerzanich V, Simard JM. Inhibition of the Sur1-Trpm4 channel reduces neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2013; 44:3522-8. [PMID: 24114458 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) can leave patients with memory impairments that may not recover fully. Molecular mechanisms are poorly understood, and no treatment is available. The sulfonylurea receptor 1-transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (Sur1-Trpm4) channel plays an important role in acute central nervous system injury. We evaluated upregulation of Sur1-Trpm4 in humans with SAH and, in rat models of SAH, we examined Sur1-Trpm4 upregulation, its role in barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation, and its consequences on spatial learning. METHODS We used Förster resonance energy transfer to detect coassociated Sur1 and Trpm4 in human autopsy brains with SAH. We studied rat models of SAH involving filament puncture of the internal carotid artery or injection of blood into the subarachnoid space of the entorhinal cortex. In rats, we used Förster resonance energy transfer and coimmunoprecipitation to detect coassociated Sur1 and Trpm4, we measured immunoglobulin G extravasation and tumor necrosis α overexpression as measures of barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation, and we assessed spatial learning and memory on days 7 to 19. RESULTS Sur1-Trpm4 channels were upregulated in humans and rats with SAH. In rats, inhibiting Sur1 using antisense or the selective Sur1 inhibitor glibenclamide reduced SAH-induced immunoglobulin G extravasation and tumor necrosis α overexpression. In models with entorhinal SAH, rats treated with glibenclamide for 7 days after SAH exhibited better platform search strategies and better performance on incremental and rapid spatial learning than vehicle-treated controls. CONCLUSIONS Sur1-Trpm4 channels are upregulated in humans and rats with SAH. Channel inhibition with glibenclamide may reduce neuroinflammation and the severity of cognitive deficits after SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Tosun
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery (C.T., D.B.K., M.S.K., S.K.W., V.G., J.M.S.), Pathology (R.M., R.J.C., J.M.S.), and Physiology (J.M.S.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore; and Department of Pathology, Western Michigan University School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI (J.L.d.J.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Predictors of outcome in World Federation of Neurologic Surgeons grade V aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients. Crit Care Med 2012; 39:2722-7. [PMID: 21765356 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182282a70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a small percentage of World Federation of Neurologic Surgeons grade V aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients have a favorable outcome. The influence of clinical parameters on outcome was assessed. METHODS Retrospective evaluation of consecutive patients admitted from 2000-2007 with grade V subarachnoid hemorrhage at two institutions by evaluating, over time, the motor value of the Glasgow Coma Scale, effects of external ventricular drainage and rebleeding on outcome. Six-month outcome was assessed with the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale; favorable outcome was defined as good recovery or moderately disabled. FINDINGS Of 126 patients, 28 had absent brainstem reflexes, without improvement after external ventricular drainage. Rebleeding occurred in 26 patients, resulting in treatment withdrawal in 14. Only one patient had a favorable outcome after rebleeding. Of the 84 remaining patients, 61 improved at day 2 after subarachnoid hemorrhage to Glasgow Coma Scale motor value ≥4; 24 of these (39%) had a favorable outcome. All 23 patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale motor value ≤3 had an unfavorable outcome or died. Patients younger than 65 yrs of age had a better outcome (p < .03). Hydrocephalus was present in 71 of 84 patients. Favorable outcome was similar for patients with a positive external ventricular drainage response (8 of 28) as compared to no response to external ventricular drainage (12 of 43). INTERPRETATION The high rebleeding rate and subsequent poor outcome in World Federation of Neurologic Surgeons grade V patients warrants early treatment to secure the ruptured aneurysm. Favorable outcome was seen in 39% of patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale motor value ≥4 at day 2. In this study, patients with Glasgow Coma Scale motor value ≤3 at day 2 all had a very poor prognosis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Haug T, Sorteberg A, Finset A, Lindegaard KF, Lundar T, Sorteberg W. Cognitive Functioning and Health-Related Quality of Life 1 Year After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Preoperative Comatose Patients (Hunt and Hess Grade V Patients). Neurosurgery 2010; 66:475-84; discussion 484-5. [DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000365364.87303.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to determine cognitive functioning and health-related quality of life 1 year after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in preoperative comatose patients (Hunt and Hess Grade V patients).
METHODS
Patients who were comatose at hospital arrival and thereafter were investigated for 1 year using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery and 2 HRQOL questionnaires.
RESULTS
Thirty-five of 70 patients survived the bleed, and 26 underwent neuropsychological testing. Two distinct patient groups emerged, one (n = 14) with good cognitive function, having mild deficits only, and the other (n = 12) with poor cognitive and poor motor function. Patients performing poorly were older (P = .04), had fewer years of education (P = .005) and larger preoperative ventricular scores, and were more often shunted (P = .02). There were also differences between the 2 groups in the Glasgow Outcome Scale (P = .001), the modified Rankin Scale (P = .001), and employment status. HRQOL was more reduced in patients with poor cognitive function.
CONCLUSION
A high fraction of survivors among preoperative comatose aneurysmal SAH patients (Hunt and Hess grade V) recover to good physical and cognitive function, enabling them to live a normal life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tonje Haug
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Angelika Sorteberg
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnstein Finset
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tryggve Lundar
- Faculty Division Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wilhelm Sorteberg
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
KAZUMATA K, KAMIYAMA H, YOKOYAMA Y, ASAOKA K, TERASAKA S, ITAMOTO K, OSANAI T. Poor-Grade Ruptured Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm With Intracerebral Hematoma: Bleeding Characteristics and Management. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2010; 50:884-92. [DOI: 10.2176/nmc.50.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ken KAZUMATA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Teine Keijinkai Hospital
| | | | - Yuka YOKOYAMA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Teine Keijinkai Hospital
| | | | | | - Kouji ITAMOTO
- Department of Neurosurgery, Teine Keijinkai Hospital
| | | |
Collapse
|