Rhabdomyolysis after transnasal repair of anterior basal encephalocele

Rhabdomyolysis after neurosurgery: a review and a framework for prevention

Rhabdomyolysis (RM) is a potentially fatal or disabling clinical syndrome resulting in muscle necrosis and leakage of muscle constituents into the blood. Lactic acidosis and more serious complications such as acute renal failure may occur in up to half of recognized cases, so accurate diagnosis is required. We present three cases in which RM occurred in patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures performed in the lateral position. A review of the literature is provided together with a framework for the prevention of this surgical complication. Three patients underwent neurosurgical procedures in the lateral position for left facial/glossopharyngeal neuralgia, for jugular foramen tumor, and for a petroclival meningioma, respectively. All patients were obese and all three showed massive postoperative elevation in creatine kinase (CK) levels characteristic of RM. Myoglobinuria was identified in two patients and all three showed hyperintensity of the hip gird muscles in the short tau inversion recovery sequence magnetic resonance imaging. All recovered spontaneously and none went on to develop renal failure. A literature review showed that RM has been rarely reported after neurosurgery. However, the duration of procedures of the cases of reported RM indicates that the prevalence of the condition is likely highly under-recognized in neurosurgery. This is particularly important given the rising obesity rates seen in many countries. Obese patients undergoing long neurosurgical procedures, particularly in the lateral position, should be suspected of RM and should be closely monitored for CK levels, myoglobinuria, and acidosis. We outline a framework of strategies for the prevention of the condition.

Rhabdomyolysis as a postoperative complication of multilevel soft-tissue surgery in a child with cerebral palsy

Rhabdomyolysis is a potentially life-threatening syndrome if unrecognized. The most common causes are trauma, excessive muscle activity, alcohol abuse, and toxic substances. Rhabdomyolysis as a postoperative complication in children with cerebral palsy who have received multilevel soft-tissue surgery has not been reported in the literature. The purposes of this study are to present the case of a 12-year-old boy with spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy who developed rhabdomyolysis after soft-tissue release and to review the literature. The patient was treated with adequate sedation and hydration, and discharged in a stable condition 11 days after surgery. His serum creatine kinase level had returned to within the normal range by the 17th postoperative day. At the 6-month follow-up, there were no systemic sequelae. The prompt recognition of rhabdomyolysis depends on a high level of suspicion. Routine checks of urine color after surgery is mandatory. For patients with high muscle tone, monitoring of muscle enzymes is recommended. Adequate sedation, pain control and hydration may prevent the progression of this life-threatening condition.