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Matsuo M, Matsuyama M, Kobayashi T, Kanda S, Ansai S, Kawakami T, Hosokawa E, Daido Y, Kusakabe TG, Naruse K, Fukamachi S. Retinal Cone Mosaic in sws1-Mutant Medaka ( Oryzias latipes), A Teleost. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:21. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.11.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Matsuo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Matsuyama
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Shigei Medical Research Institute, 2117 Yamada, Minami-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoe Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Shigei Medical Research Institute, 2117 Yamada, Minami-ku, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinji Kanda
- Laboratory of Physiology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ansai
- Laboratory of Bioresources/NIBB Center of the Interuniversity Bio-Backup Project, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Taichi Kawakami
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Erika Hosokawa
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Daido
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takehiro G. Kusakabe
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Laboratory of Bioresources/NIBB Center of the Interuniversity Bio-Backup Project, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shoji Fukamachi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Jee D, Kang S, Huang S, Park S. Polygenetic-Risk Scores Related to Crystallin Metabolism Are Associated with Age-Related Cataract Formation and Interact with Hyperglycemia, Hypertension, Western-Style Diet, and Na Intake. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113534. [PMID: 33213085 PMCID: PMC7698476 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related cataract (ARC) development is associated with loss of crystalline lens transparency related to interactions between genetic and environmental factors. We hypothesized that polygenetic risk scores (PRS) of the selected genetic variants among the ARC-related genes might reveal significant genetic impacts on ARC risk, and the PRS might have gene–gene and gene–lifestyle interactions. We examined the hypothesis in 1972 and 39,095 subjects aged ≥50 years with and without ARC, respectively, in a large-scale hospital-based cohort study conducted from 2004 to 2013. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes related to ARC risk were identified, and polygenetic risk scores (PRS) were generated based on the results of a generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis. Lifestyle interactions with PRS were evaluated. The PRS derived from the best model included the following six SNPs related to crystallin metabolism: ULK4_rs1417380362, CRYAB_rs2070894, ACCN1_rs55785344, SSTR2_rs879419608, PTN_rs322348, and ICA1_rs200053781. The risk of ARC in the high-PRS group was 2.47-fold higher than in the low-PRS group after adjusting for confounders. Age, blood pressure, and glycemia interacted with PRS to influence the risk of ARC: the incidence of ARC was much higher in the elderly (≥65 years) and individuals with hypertension or hyperglycemia. The impact of PRS on ARC risk was greatest in middle-aged individuals with hypertension or hyperglycemia. Na, coffee, and a Western-style diet intake also interacted with PRS to influence ARC risk. ARC risk was higher in the high-PRS group than in the low-PRS group, and high Na intake, Western-style diet, and low coffee intake elevated its risk. In conclusion, ARC risk had a positive association with PRS related to crystallin metabolism. The genetic impact was greatest among those with high Na intake or hypertension. These results can be applied to precision nutrition interventions to prevent ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Jee
- Division of Vitreous and Retina, Department of Ophthalmology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon 16247, Korea;
| | - Suna Kang
- Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Basic Science, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea; (S.K.); (S.H.)
| | - ShaoKai Huang
- Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Basic Science, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea; (S.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Sunmin Park
- Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Institute of Basic Science, Hoseo University, Asan 31499, Korea; (S.K.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-540-5633; Fax: +82-41-540-5638
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Wang X, Zein WM, D'Souza L, Roberson C, Wetherby K, He H, Villarta A, Turriff A, Johnson KR, Fann YC. Applying next generation sequencing with microdroplet PCR to determine the disease-causing mutations in retinal dystrophies. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:157. [PMID: 28838317 PMCID: PMC5571584 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inherited Retinal dystrophy (IRD) is a broad group of inherited retinal disorders with heterogeneous genotypes and phenotypes. Next generation sequencing (NGS) methods have been broadly applied for analyzing patients with IRD. Here we report a novel approach to enrich the target gene panel by microdroplet PCR. Methods This assay involved a primer library which targeted 3071 amplicons from 2078 exons comprised of 184 genes involved in retinal function and/or retinal development. We amplified the target regions using the RainDance target enrichment PCR method and sequenced the products using the MiSeq NGS platform. Results In this study, we analyzed 82 samples from 67 families with IRD. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that this procedure was able to reach 99% coverage of target sequences with an average sequence depth of reads at 119×. The variants detected by this study were filtered, validated, and prioritized by pathogenicity analysis. Genotypes and phenotypes were correlated by determining a consistent relationship in 38 propands (56.7%). Pathogenic variants in genes related to retinal function were found in another 11 probands (16.4%), but the clinical correlations showed inconsistencies and insufficiencies in these patients. Conclusions The application of NGS in IRD clinical molecular diagnosis provides a powerful approach to exploring the etiology and pathology in patients. It is important for the clinical laboratory to interpret the molecular findings in the context of patient clinical presentations because accurate interpretation of pathogenic variants is critical for delivering solid clinical molecular diagnosis to clinicians and patients and improving the standard care of patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0549-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjing Wang
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10D43, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Wadih M Zein
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10D43, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Leera D'Souza
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10D43, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chimere Roberson
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10D43, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Keith Wetherby
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10D43, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hong He
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10D43, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Angela Villarta
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10D43, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amy Turriff
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10D43, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kory R Johnson
- Intramural IT and Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yang C Fann
- Intramural IT and Bioinformatics Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Williams AL, Bohnsack BL. Neural crest derivatives in ocular development: discerning the eye of the storm. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:87-95. [PMID: 26043871 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are vertebrate-specific transient, multipotent, migratory stem cells that play a crucial role in many aspects of embryonic development. These cells emerge from the dorsal neural tube and subsequently migrate to different regions of the body, contributing to the formation of diverse cell lineages and structures, including much of the peripheral nervous system, craniofacial skeleton, smooth muscle, skin pigmentation, and multiple ocular and periocular structures. Indeed, abnormalities in neural crest development cause craniofacial defects and ocular anomalies, such as Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and primary congenital glaucoma. Thus, understanding the molecular regulation of neural crest development is important to enhance our knowledge of the basis for congenital eye diseases, reflecting the contributions of these progenitors to multiple cell lineages. Particularly, understanding the underpinnings of neural crest formation will help to discern the complexities of eye development, as these NCCs are involved in every aspect of this process. In this review, we summarize the role of ocular NCCs in eye development, particularly focusing on congenital eye diseases associated with anterior segment defects and the interplay between three prominent molecules, PITX2, CYP1B1, and retinoic acid, which act in concert to specify a population of neural crest-derived mesenchymal progenitors for migration and differentiation, to give rise to distinct anterior segment tissues. We also describe recent findings implicating this stem cell population in ocular coloboma formation, and introduce recent evidence suggesting the involvement of NCCs in optic fissure closure and vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antionette L Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan
| | - Brenda L Bohnsack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan
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5
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Clinical Utility Gene Card for: autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23:ejhg201567. [PMID: 25873014 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Ganne P, Garrioch R, Votruba M. Perceptions and understanding of genetics and genetic eye disease and attitudes to genetic testing and gene therapy in a primary eye care setting. Ophthalmic Genet 2014; 36:50-7. [PMID: 25431037 DOI: 10.3109/13816810.2014.985845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic eye pathology represents a significant percentage of the causes of blindness in industrialized countries. This study explores the level of understanding and perceptions of genetics and inherited eye diseases and the attitudes to genetic testing and gene therapy. METHODS The study was conducted in two parts. Participant groups included were: undergraduate students of optometry, primary eye care professionals and members of the general public. A preliminary study aimed to understand perceptions and to explore the level of knowledge about genetics in general, eye genetics and gene therapy. A second survey was designed to explore attitudes to genetic testing and gene therapy. RESULTS The majority of participants (82%) perceived genetics as an important science. However, none of them showed a high level of understanding of genetics and inherited eye diseases. Undergraduate students and primary eye care professionals were better informed about inherited eye diseases than the general public (p = 0.001). The majority (80%) across all three groups had a positive attitude to genetic testing and gene therapy. There was a lack of knowledge about the genetic services available among all groups of participants. CONCLUSION This calls for serious thinking about the level of dissemination of information about genetics and inherited eye diseases. It shows a broadly supportive attitude to genomic medicine among the public. Improving public awareness and education in inherited eye diseases can improve the utility of genetic testing and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratyusha Ganne
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK , and
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Song J, Smaoui N, Ayyagari R, Stiles D, Benhamed S, MacDonald IM, Daiger SP, Tumminia SJ, Hejtmancik F, Wang X. High-throughput retina-array for screening 93 genes involved in inherited retinal dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:9053-60. [PMID: 22025579 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinal dystrophy (RD) is a broad group of hereditary disorders with heterogeneous genotypes and phenotypes. Current available genetic testing for these diseases is complicated, time consuming, and expensive. This study was conducted to develop and apply a microarray-based, high-throughput resequencing system to detect sequence alterations in genes related to inherited RD. METHODS A customized 300-kb resequencing chip, Retina-Array, was developed to detect sequence alterations of 267,550 bases of both sense and antisense sequence in 1470 exons spanning 93 genes involved in inherited RD. Retina-Array was evaluated in 19 patient samples with inherited RD provided by the eyeGENE repository and four Centre d'Etudes du Polymorphisme Humaine reference samples through a high-throughput experimental approach that included an automated PCR assay setup and quantification, efficient post-quantification data processing, optimized pooling and fragmentation, and standardized chip processing. RESULTS The performance of the chips demonstrated that the average base pair call rate and accuracy were 93.56% and 99.86%, respectively. In total, 304 candidate variations were identified using a series of customized screening filters. Among 174 selected variations, 123 (70.7%) were further confirmed by dideoxy sequencing. Analysis of patient samples using Retina-Array resulted in the identification of 10 known mutations and 12 novel variations with high probability of deleterious effects. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that Retina-Array might be a valuable tool for the detection of disease-causing mutations and disease severity modifiers in a single experiment. Retinal-Array may provide a powerful and feasible approach through which to study genetic heterogeneity in retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Song
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda,MD 20892, USA
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9
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Balikova I, de Ravel T, Ayuso C, Thienpont B, Casteels I, Villaverde C, Devriendt K, Fryns JP, Vermeesch JR. High frequency of submicroscopic chromosomal deletions in patients with idiopathic congenital eye malformations. Am J Ophthalmol 2011; 151:1087-1094.e45. [PMID: 21353197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the array comparative genomic hybridization technique for the genetic analysis of patients with congenital ocular malformations. DESIGN Laboratory investigation. METHODS This was a multicenter study. Samples were collected from 37 patients with negative results for the routine diagnostic work-up, including normal karyotype and mutation analysis of appropriate genes. Samples from both parents also were tested. High-resolution genome-wide Agilent 244K oligoarray (Agilent Technologies) was applied. Confirmation of the results was obtained with independent techniques. RESULTS Causal deletions were identified in 5 (13%) patients, affecting OTX2, FOXC1 and VPS13B (COH1), the downstream regulatory region of PAX6, and a 1,5 Megabases de novo deletion on chromosome 16. CONCLUSIONS This high frequency of causal submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations in patients with congenital ocular malformation warrants implementation of array comparative genomic hybridization in the diagnostic work-up of these patients. Moreover, this screening technique broadens the phenotypic and mutational spectrum associated with genes known to cause congenital ocular malformation.
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Mackey DA, Mackinnon JR, Brown SA, Kearns LS, Ruddle JB, Sanfilippo PG, Sun C, Hammond CJ, Young TL, Martin NG, Hewitt AW. Twins eye study in Tasmania (TEST): rationale and methodology to recruit and examine twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2010; 12:441-54. [PMID: 19803772 DOI: 10.1375/twin.12.5.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Visual impairment is a leading cause of morbidity and poor quality of life in our community. Unravelling the mechanisms underpinning important blinding diseases could allow preventative or curative steps to be implemented. Twin siblings provide a unique opportunity in biology to discover genes associated with numerous eye diseases and ocular biometry. Twins are particularly useful for quantitative trait analysis through genome-wide association and linkage studies. Although many studies involving twins rely on twin registries, we present our approach to the Twins Eye Study in Tasmania to provide insight into possible recruitment strategies, expected participation rates and potential examination strategies that can be considered by other researchers for similar studies. Five separate avenues for cohort recruitment were adopted: (1) piggy-backing existing studies where twins had been recruited, (2) utilizing the national twin registry, (3) word-of-mouth and local media publicity, (4) directly approaching schools, and finally (5) collaborating with other research groups studying twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Müller M, Kusserow C, Orth U, Klär-Dissars U, Laqua H, Gal A. [Mutations of the frizzled-4 gene. Their impact on medical care of patients with autosomal dominant exudative vitreoretinopathy]. Ophthalmologe 2008; 105:262-8. [PMID: 17899116 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-007-1617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autosomal dominant (familial) exudative vitreoretinopathy (adEVR) is a rare, congenital disease of the retinal vascular system, which may lead to blindness in severely affected eyes. One of the causative disease genes is located on chromosome 11q13-q23 and codes for "frizzled-4" (FZD4), a protein involved in vascular differentiation. METHOD Examination of two families with adEVR over six and four generations and FZD4 mutation analysis. RESULTS In family I, 18 examined affected members exhibited a heterozygous missense mutation (p.G492R) in the FZD4 gene. In family II, four examined family members were affected and carried a heterozygous deletion of five nucleotides (c.1286del5). Both mutations are novel and showed 100% penetrance and variable expressivity. CONCLUSIONS With detection of the "family-specific" FZD4 gene mutation, carriers amongst offspring of affected family members can be identified at an early time. The complete penetrance of FZD4 mutations may justify abandoning repeated examinations of offspring of affected family members, if no mutations were detected in FZD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Müller
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Deutschland.
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Mikelsaar R, Molder H, Bartsch O, Punab M. Two novel deletions (array CGH findings) in pigment dispersion syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet 2008; 28:216-9. [PMID: 18161622 DOI: 10.1080/13816810701635269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We report the first male with pigment dispersion syndrome and a balanced translocation t(10;15)(p11.1;q11.1). METHODS Cytogenetic analyses using Giemsa banding and FISH methods, and array CGH were performed. RESULTS Array CGH analyses did not show altered DNA sequences in the breakpoints of the translocation, but revealed two novel deletions in 2q22.1 and 18q22.1. CONCLUSION We suppose that the coexistence of t(10;15) and pigment dispersion syndrome in our patient is a coincidence. The deletion in 2q22.1, where the gene LRP1B has been located, may play a major role in the dysembryogenesis of the eye and cause the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Mikelsaar
- Department of Human Biology and Genetics, Institute of General and Molecular Pathology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Ruttum MS, Reis LM, Semina EV. Application of genetic approaches to ocular disease. Pediatr Clin North Am 2006; 53:751-65. [PMID: 16873003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex organ whose development requires extraordinary coordination of developmental processes. Multiple genes responsible for the proper development and maintenance of the vertebrate eye have been identified and shown to be involved in a variety of debilitating ocular conditions. Genetic diseases involving the eye represent a leading cause of blindness in children and adults. This article summarizes current genetic approaches and their application to studies of ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Ruttum
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 925 North 87th Street, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Abstract
The anterior segment dysgeneses are an ill-defined group of ocular developmental abnormalities that share some common features and have a high prevalence of glaucoma. Current classification of what are and what are not anterior segment dysgeneses seems to vary and our knowledge of them is incomplete. As the limits of classical clinical medicine based on evaluation of signs and symptoms are reached, further advancements increasingly will come from molecular medicine and genetics. In this article we review the normal and abnormal development of the anterior segment (concentrating primarily upon neural crest derived dysgeneses), describe the various clinical entities produced and their diagnosis, and discuss the current knowledge of the genetics of these disorders. We also suggest a new approach to the classification of anterior segment dysgeneses, based upon the embryological contribution to the formation of the anterior segment of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Idrees
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
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Donoso LA, Kim D, Frost A, Callahan A, Hageman G. The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2006; 51:137-52. [PMID: 16500214 PMCID: PMC4853913 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in the elderly, is a complex disease to study because of the potential role of demographic, environmental, and other systemic risk factors, such as age, sex, race, light exposure, diet, smoking, and underlying cardiovascular disease which may contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. Recently, single nucleotide polymorphisms, DNA sequence variations found within the complement Factor H gene, have been found to be strongly associated with the development of AMD in Caucasians. One single nucleotide polymorphism, Tyr402His, was associated with approximately 50% of AMD cases. We review recent developments in the molecular biology of AMD, including single nucleotide polymorphisms within the Factor H gene, which may predispose individuals to the susceptibility of AMD as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms that may confer a protective effect. Taken together these findings help to provide new insights into the central issues surrounding the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry A Donoso
- The Henry and Corinne Bower Laboratory, the Eye Research Institute, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19105, USA
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Fan BJ, Tam POS, Choy KW, Wang DY, Lam DSC, Pang CP. Molecular diagnostics of genetic eye diseases. Clin Biochem 2006; 39:231-9. [PMID: 16412407 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Eye diseases can be simple or complex, and mostly of heterogeneous molecular genetics. Some eye diseases are caused by mutations in a single gene, but some diseases, such as primary open angle glaucoma, can be due to sequence variations in multiple genes. In some diseases, both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms are involved, as was recently revealed in the mechanism of retinoblastoma. Disease causative mutations and phenotypes may vary by ethnicity and geography. To date, more than a hundred candidate genes for eye diseases are known, although less than 20 have definite disease-causing mutations. The three common genetic eye diseases, primary open angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosa, all have known gene mutations, but these account for only a portion of the patients. While the search for eye disease genes and mutations still goes on, known mutations have been utilized for diagnosis. Genetic markers for pre-symptomatic and pre-natal diagnosis are available for specific diseases such as primary open angle glaucoma and retinoblastoma. This paper reviews the molecular basis of common genetic eye diseases and the available genetic markers for clinical diagnosis. Difficulties and challenges in molecular investigation of some eye diseases are discussed. Establishment of ethnic-specific disease databases that contain both clinical and genetic information for identification of genetic markers with diagnostic, prognostic, or pharmacological value is strongly advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Jian Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, 147K Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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