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Hu C, Feng Y, Huang G, Cui K, Fan M, Xiang W, Shi Y, Ye D, Ye H, Bai X, Xu F, Xu Y, Huang J. Melatonin prevents EAAC1 deletion-induced retinal ganglion cell degeneration by inhibiting apoptosis and senescence. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12916. [PMID: 37786968 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is referred to as a progressive degenerative disorder of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), resulting in nonreversible visual defects, despite intraocular pressure levels within the statistically normal range. Current therapeutic strategies for NTG yield limited benefits. Excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) knockout (EAAC1-/- ) in mice has been shown to induce RGC degeneration without elevating intraocular pressure, mimicking pathological characteristics of NTG. In this study, we explored whether daily oral administration of melatonin could block RGCs loss and prevent retinal morphology and function defects associated with EAAC1 deletion. We also explored the molecular mechanisms underlying EAAC1 deletion-induced RGC degeneration and the neuroprotective effects of melatonin. Our RNA sequencing and in vivo data indicated EAAC1 deletion caused elevated oxidative stress, activation of apoptosis and cellular senescence pathways, and neuroinflammation in RGCs. However, melatonin administration efficiently prevented these detrimental effects. Furthermore, we investigated the potential role of apoptosis- and senescence-related redox-sensitive factors in EAAC1 deletion-induced RGCs degeneration and the neuroprotective effects of melatonin administration. We observed remarkable upregulation of p53, whereas NRF2 and Sirt1 expression were significantly decreased in EAAC1-/- mice, which were prevented by melatonin treatment, suggesting that melatonin exerted its neuroprotective effects possibly through modulating NRF2/p53/Sirt1 redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Overall, our study provided a solid foundation for the application of melatonin in the management of NTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangyi Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Kaixuan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Matthew Fan
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiwen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Eye Health & Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Related Systemic Diseases Artificial Intelligence Screening Technology, Department of Ophthalmology, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Institute of Ophthalmic Diseases, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
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Salvetat ML, Pellegrini F, Spadea L, Salati C, Zeppieri M. Pharmaceutical Approaches to Normal Tension Glaucoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1172. [PMID: 37631087 PMCID: PMC10458083 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is defined as a subtype of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in which the intraocular pressure (IOP) values are constantly within the statistically normal range without treatment and represents approximately the 30-40% of all glaucomatous cases. The pathophysiology of this condition is multifactorial and is still not completely well known. Several theories have been proposed to explain the onset and progression of this disease, which can be divided into IOP-dependent and IOP-independent factors, suggesting different therapeutic strategies. The current literature strongly supports the fundamental role of IOP in NTG. The gold standard treatment for NTG tends to be based on the lowering IOP even if "statistically normal". Numerous studies have shown, however, that the IOP reduction alone is not enough to slow down or stop the disease progression in all cases, suggesting that other IOP-independent risk factors may contribute to the NTG pathogenesis. In addition to IOP-lowering strategies, several different therapeutic approaches for NTG have been proposed, based on vaso-active, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and/or neuroprotective substances. To date, unfortunately, there are no standardized or proven treatment alternatives for NTG when compared to traditional IOP reduction treatment regimes. The efficacy of the IOP-independent strategies in decreasing the risk or treating NTG still remains inconclusive. The aim of this review is to highlight strategies reported in the current literature to treat NTG. The paper also describes the challenges in finding appropriate and pertinent treatments for this potentially vision-threatening disease. Further comprehension of NTG pathophysiology can help clinicians determine when to use IOP-lowering treatments alone and when to consider additional or alternatively individualized therapies focused on particular risk factors, on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Salvetat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, 33170 Pordenone, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Azienda Sanitaria Friuli Occidentale, 33170 Pordenone, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Wu X, Konieczka K, Liu X, Chen M, Yao K, Wang K, Flammer J. Role of ocular blood flow in normal tension glaucoma. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2022; 2:100036. [PMID: 37846223 PMCID: PMC10577859 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2022.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is a multifactorial disease in the pathogenesis of which intraocular pressure (IOP)-independent factors play a key role. Main text There is considerable evidence that impairment of the ocular blood flow (OBF) is involved both in the onset and progression of this disease. With the development of the hypothesis of OBF in NTG, various imaging techniques have been developed to evaluate the OBF and blood vessels. Moreover, vascular dysregulation, which is a main factor in Flammer syndrome, was frequently observed in NTG patients. Disturbed OBF leads to increased oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. These results suggested that IOP-independent management may provide alternative treatment options for NTG patients. Conclusions In this review, we mainly focus on the mechanisms of the abnormal OBF in NTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdi Wu
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Katarzyna Konieczka
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Min Chen
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Yao
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Eye Center of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Josef Flammer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
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Thinner Central Corneal Thickness is Associated with a Decreased Parapapillary Vessel Density in Normal Tension Glaucoma. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:1937431. [PMID: 35378886 PMCID: PMC8976629 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1937431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective cross-sectional study, which enrolled 124 normal tension glaucoma (NTG) eyes and 68 healthy eyes as the control, determined the association between central corneal thickness (CCT) and ocular parameters in NTG. CCT was measured using the Pentacam® system, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) was adopted to measure the peripapillary and macular area VDs, and spatial data were based on the Garway–Heath map as illustrated in OCT-A. Univariate and multivariate linear regressions were used to statistically analyze for associations between CCT and other factors. In this study, the mean age was similar for both the NTG and control groups. The mean CCT of the NTG group was significantly thinner than that of the control group (533.97 ± 33.11 µm vs. 546.78 ± 38.21 µm;
= .022). Considering all the factors, CCT negatively correlated with visual field (VF) pattern standard deviation (univariate,
= .045). To analyze structural and functional factors separately, we found a significant positive correlation between CCT and whole disc radial peripapillary capillary VD (VDRPC; multivariate,
= .019). To analyze the relationship between all factors and sectoral changes in VDRPC, a significant positive correlation was observed between CCT and inferior temporal VDRPC (univariate,
= .039) and inferior nasal VDRPC (VDRPC IN; univariate,
= .048). In conclusion, this novel study shows that among NTG participants, a thinner cornea correlated with weaker biomechanical properties susceptible to optic nerve tissue displacement, especially in response to mild transient elevation of IOP, leads to compromised ocular microcirculation.
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Leung DYL, Tham CC. Normal-tension glaucoma: Current concepts and approaches-A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:247-259. [PMID: 35040248 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) has remained a challenging disease. We review, from an epidemiological perspective, why we should redefine normality, act earlier at lower pre-treatment intraocular pressure (IOP) level, and the role of ocular perfusion pressures, noting that perfusion is affected by defective vascular bed autoregulation and endothelial dysfunction. The correlation of silent cerebral infarcts (SCI) and NTG may indicate that NTG belongs to a wider spectrum of small vessel diseases (SVD), with its main pathology being also on vascular endothelium. Epidemiological studies also suggested that vascular geometry, such as fractal dimension, may affect perfusion efficiency, occurrence of SCI, SVD and glaucoma. Artificial intelligence with deep learning, may help predicting NTG progression from vascular geometry. Finally, we review latest evidence on the role of minimally-invasive glaucoma surgery, lasers, and newer drugs. We conclude that IOP is not the only modifiable risk factors as, many vascular risk factors are readily modifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexter Y L Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, Happy Valley, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Lam Kin Chung . Jet King-Shing Ho Glaucoma Treatment and Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chen X, Wu X, Lin X, Wang J, Xu W. Outcome, influence factor and development of CLS measurement in continuous IOP monitoring: A narrative review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2020; 44:101376. [PMID: 33092960 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A large fluctuation in intraocular pressure (IOP) and a high peak IOP remain the risk factors for progressive visual field loss in patients with glaucoma, which is a leading cause of irreversible blindness. However, IOP measurements during working time cannot provide sufficient information on IOP to guide clinicians in setting IOP target values. Contact lenses are extensively used in ophthalmology to correct the refractive error, and recently, they are serving as platforms for detection and drug delivery. Contact lens sensor (CLS) is a feasible and promising approach to continuously monitor IOP, with superior tolerance, non-invasiveness, and without sleep disturbance. The present work reviewed the associations between progressive course and Triggerfish® CLS outputs as well as the relationship between treatments and Triggerfish® CLS outputs. Moreover, it further summarized state-of-the-art CLS devices of the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingdi Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueqi Lin
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.
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Current Medical Therapy and Future Trends in the Management of Glaucoma Treatment. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:6138132. [PMID: 32774906 PMCID: PMC7391108 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6138132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Lowering of intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only proven treatment strategy for glaucoma. However, some patients show progressive loss of visual field and quality of life despite controlled IOP which indicates that other factors are implicated in glaucoma. Therefore, approaches that could prevent or decrease the rate of progression and do not rely on IOP lowering have gained much attention. Effective neuroprotection has been reported in animal models of glaucoma, but till now, no neuroprotective agents have been clinically approved. The present update provides an overview of currently available IOP-lowering medications. Moreover, potential new treatment targets for IOP-lowering and neuroprotective therapy are discussed. Finally, future trends in glaucoma therapy are addressed, including sustained drug delivery systems and progress toward personalized medicine.
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8
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Wu YY, Zheng BR, Chen WZ, Guo MS, Huang YH, Zhang Y. Expression and role of autophagy related protein p62 and LC3 in the retina in a rat model of acute ocular hypertension. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:21-28. [PMID: 31956566 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.01.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression and possible role of the autophagy related protein p62 and LC3 in the retina based on a rat model of acute ocular hypertension. METHODS Fifty rats were randomized into five groups: control group A, B, C, and D. Groups A to D all received normal saline perfusion into the anterior chamber with pressure of 80 mm Hg for one hour, and retina tissue was obtained at 6, 12, 24 and 48h after perfusion respectively, to investigate the activation of autophagy following ischemia-reperfusion. The distribution and semi-quantification of autophagy related protein p62 and LC3 in the retina were detected using immunohistochemistry technique. The expression level of these two proteins was evaluated using Western blot. RESULTS The number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) decreased with increasing reperfusion time, and significant reduction in the retinal thickness was observed 48h after perfusion. In normal adult rats, LC3 protein was mainly expressed in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), and p62 protein was expressed in the nerve fiber layer (NFL), GCL, inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL) and outer plexiform layer (OPL). In comparison to the control group, the expression level of LC3- II was higher in all the experimental groups (P<0.05), with the peak expression at 12h after reperfusion. Additionally, the expression level of p62 was higher in all the experimental groups than the control (P<0.05, except for group A), with the peak level occurred 24h after reperfusion. CONCLUSION Both p62 and LC3 show low level and uneven expression in the retina of normal adult rats. Acute ocular hypertension can lead to upregulation of LC3- II and p62 expression in the retina. Autophagy flux is damaged 12h after reperfusion, potentially resulting in further loss of RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yu Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bing-Ru Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wan-Zhu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi-Hong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian Province, China
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Chen MJ. Is intraocular pressure reduction the key treatment for normal-tension glaucoma? Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2020; 10:241-242. [PMID: 33437594 PMCID: PMC7787095 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_71_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Lee JW, Chan PP, Zhang X, Chen LJ, Jonas JB. Latest Developments in Normal-Pressure Glaucoma: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Genetics, Etiology, Causes and Mechanisms to Management. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2019; 8:457-468. [PMID: 31789648 PMCID: PMC6903364 DOI: 10.1097/01.apo.0000605096.48529.9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal-pressure glaucoma (NPG) is part of the spectrum of the open-angle glaucomas and morphologically characterized, as any glaucoma, by a loss of neuroretinal rim parallel to an enlargement and deepening of the optic cup, and development or enlargement of parapapillary beta zone. These morphological characteristics, in addition to the therapeutic benefit of lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP), make NPG differ from vascular-induced optic neuropathy. Based on the anatomy of the optic nerve as a cerebral fascicle, the physiological counter-pressure against the IOP is the orbital cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP), with both pressures forming the trans-lamina cribrosa pressure difference (TLCPD). In contrast to the IOP, the TLCPD is the true pressure exerting force on the optic nerve fibers when passing through the lamina cribrosa. As a theoretical notion, an abnormally high TLCPD due to a low CSFP, in association with a low arterial blood pressure, could therefore be involved in the pathogenesis of NPG. It fits with the finding that the reduction of the IOP (and thus indirectly of the TLCPD) is (the only proven) procedure for NPG therapy. This review additionally highlights the genetic background, diagnostic methods, and therapeutic modalities of NPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky W.Y. Lee
- International Eye Research Institute of the Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- C-MER (Shenzhen) Dennis Lam Eye Hospital, 1 Tairan 9th Rd, Futian, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- C-MER Eye Center, Hong Kong
| | - Poemen P. Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - XiuJuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
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Macular vessel density in untreated normal tension glaucoma with a hemifield defect. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2019; 63:457-466. [PMID: 31625044 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-019-00691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate macular vessel density (MVD) and structural alterations in untreated normal tension glaucoma (NTG) with a hemifield defect (HFD) and to compare these with the findings in healthy eyes. STUDY DESIGN Case series with a healthy group for comparison. METHODS Thirty-four eyes of 34 untreated NTG patients with HFD and 28 eyes of 28 healthy subjects were enrolled. RTVue-XR AvantiTM (Optovue, Inc.), a combined OCT-A and SD-OCT system, was used to determine MVD and inner macular thickness (IMT) measurements. Mean circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber (cpRNFL) and macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) thicknesses were measured with the RTVue-100TM (Optovue, Inc.). Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to evaluate differences between defective and normal hemifields in NTG eyes and Mann-Whitney U test to evaluate differences between normal hemifields in NTG eyes and healthy eyes. RESULTS In comparison with healthy eyes, the normal hemifields of NTG eyes showed significantly reduced MVD, as well as cpRNFL and mGCC thicknesses, although IMT did not differ between the two groups. The defective hemifield in NTG eyes showed significantly reduced IMT, as well as cpRNFL and mGCC thicknesses, compared with the normal hemifield, although MVD did not differ between the two hemifields. CONCLUSION Hemodynamic deficiencies and structural damage might have already begun in the perimetrically normal hemifields of NTG eyes. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether the reduction in MVD may precede structural changes or the reduction in vasculature and structural loss may vary with disease severity in at least in some cases.
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