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Osek J, Lachtara B, Wieczorek K. Listeria monocytogenes in foods-From culture identification to whole-genome characteristics. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:2825-2854. [PMID: 36171778 PMCID: PMC9469866 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen, which is able to persist in the food production environments. The presence of these bacteria in different niches makes them a potential threat for public health. In the present review, the current information on the classical and alternative methods used for isolation and identification of L. monocytogenes in food have been described. Although these techniques are usually simple, standardized, inexpensive, and are routinely used in many food testing laboratories, several alternative molecular-based approaches for the bacteria detection in food and food production environments have been developed. They are characterized by the high sample throughput, a short time of analysis, and cost-effectiveness. However, these methods are important for the routine testing toward the presence and number of L. monocytogenes, but are not suitable for characteristics and typing of the bacterial isolates, which are crucial in the study of listeriosis infections. For these purposes, novel approaches, with a high discriminatory power to genetically distinguish the strains during epidemiological studies, have been developed, e.g., whole-genome sequence-based techniques such as NGS which provide an opportunity to perform comparison between strains of the same species. In the present review, we have shown a short description of the principles of microbiological, alternative, and modern methods of detection of L. monocytogenes in foods and characterization of the isolates for epidemiological purposes. According to our knowledge, similar comprehensive papers on such subject have not been recently published, and we hope that the current review may be interesting for research communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal OriginNational Veterinary Research InstitutePuławyPoland
| | - Beata Lachtara
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal OriginNational Veterinary Research InstitutePuławyPoland
| | - Kinga Wieczorek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal OriginNational Veterinary Research InstitutePuławyPoland
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2
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Heidarlo MN, Lotfollahi L, Yousefi S, Lohrasbi V, Irajian G, Talebi M. Analysis of virulence genes and molecular typing of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from human, food, and livestock from 2008 to 2016 in Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:127. [PMID: 33454847 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of Listeria monocytogenes isolates collected from a total of 1150 samples including food (n = 300), livestock (n = 50), and human clinical (n = 800) was evaluated during 2008-2016. Antimicrobial resistance patterns, virulence factors, and molecular characteristics of these isolates were analyzed using disk diffusion method, sequencing, serotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The analysis of 44 L. monocytogenes isolates showed that 72.7% (32 of 44) of all the isolates belonged to Serotype 1/2c, and 15.9% (7 of 44) belonged to Serotype 3c. All 44 isolates were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents with the most frequent resistance to penicillin (75%) and tetracycline (47.7%). Of the 44 L. monocytogenes strains, 100, 69.2, and 62.5% of livestock, human, and food strains were resistant to penicillin, respectively. Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) technique, the isolates' genetic diversity was determined, and 28 PFGE patterns with 8 common (CT) and 20 single types (ST) were identified. This study highlights the high prevalence of Serotype 1/2c in clinical and livestock samples, while different serotypes were observed in food samples. The presence of rare serotypes such as 4c, belonging to the Lineage III, as well as 4e and 1/2c which are infrequent in Iran indicates that paying attention to uncommon serotypes, especially 1/2c, during the listeriosis outbreaks is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lida Lotfollahi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Saber Yousefi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Lohrasbi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Irajian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Talebi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lopez-Canovas L, Martinez Benitez MB, Herrera Isidron JA, Flores Soto E. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis: Past, present, and future. Anal Biochem 2019; 573:17-29. [PMID: 30826351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) has been considered for many years the 'gold-standard' for characterizing many pathogenic organisms as well as for subtyping bacterial species causing infection outbreaks. This article reviews the basic principles of PFGE and it includes the main advantages and limitations of the different electrode configurations that have been used in PFGE equipment and their influence on the DNA electrophoretic separation. Remarkably, we summarize here the most relevant theoretical and practical aspects that we have learned for more than 20 years developing and using the miniaturized PFGE systems. We also discussed the theoretical aspects related to DNA migration in PFGE agarose gels. It served as the basis for simulating the DNA electrophoretic patterns in CHEF mini gels and mini-chambers during experimental design and optimization. A critical comparison between standard and miniaturized PFGE systems, as well as the enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods for intact immobilized DNA preparation, is provided throughout the review. The PFGE current applications, advantages, limitations and future challenges of the methodology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Lopez-Canovas
- Postgraduate Program in Genomic Sciences, School of Science and Technology (CCyT), Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Maximo B Martinez Benitez
- Postgraduate Program in Genomic Sciences, School of Science and Technology (CCyT), Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Eduardo Flores Soto
- Academy of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, UACM, Mexico City, Mexico.
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4
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Oh H, Kim S, Lee S, Lee H, Ha J, Lee J, Choi Y, Choi KH, Yoon Y. Prevalence, Serotype Diversity, Genotype and Antibiotic Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Carcasses and Human in Korea. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:851-865. [PMID: 30479494 PMCID: PMC6238023 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in slaughterhouses, and determined serovars and genotypes, and antibiotic resistance of the isolates obtained from slaughterhouses and humans in Korea. Two hundred ninety samples were collected from feces (n=136), carcasses [n=140 (cattle: n=61, swine: n=79)], and washing water (n=14) in nine slaughterhouses. Eleven human isolates were obtained from hospitals and the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Listeria monocytogenes was enriched and identified, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 16S rRNA sequencing. Serovars and presence of virulence genes were determined, and genetic correlations among the isolates were evaluated by the restriction digest patterns of AscI. Antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes isolates were examined against 12 different antibiotics. Of 290 slaughterhouse samples, 15 (5.17%) carcass samples were L. monocytogenes positive. Most L. monocytogenes isolates possessed all the virulence genes, while polymorphisms in the actA gene were found between carcass and human isolates. Serovars 1/2a (33.3%) and 1/2b (46.7%) were the most frequent in carcass isolates. Genetic correlations among the isolates from carcass and clinical isolates were grouped within serotypes, but there were low geographical correlations. Most L. monocytogenes isolates were antibiotic resistant, and some strains showed resistance to more than four antibiotics. These results indicate that L. monocytogenes are isolated from carcass and human in Korea, and they showed high risk serotypes and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, intensive attentions are necessary to be aware for the risk of L. monocytogenes in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Oh
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Sejeong Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Soomin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Jimyeong Ha
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Jeeyeon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Yukyung Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hee Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology, College of
Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538,
Korea
| | - Yohan Yoon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
- Risk Analysis Research Center, Sookmyung
Women’s University, Seoul 04310,
Korea
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5
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Antimicrobial resistance and genotypic characteristics of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from food in Poland. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 289:1-6. [PMID: 30189331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine antimicrobial resistance and genotypic characteristics of L. monocytogenes isolated from food of animal origin from different parts of Poland during years 2013-2016. A total of 146 isolates were tested using a microbroth dilution method, whereas virulence genes and molecular serogroups were identified by PCR. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) methods were used to analyze the genotypic relationship of the strains. Altogether, 102 pulsotypes grouped into 7 clusters and 24 sequence types, including 3 new types, were identified. Most of the strains clustered into individual patterns were originated from different food products and were isolated in different geographical regions at various time. L. monocytogenes was mostly resistant to oxacilin (90.4% strains), clindamycin (54.1%) and ceftriaxone (49.3%). A multiresistance patterns, mainly to ceftriaxone, oxacillin together with other antimicrobials, were observed among 27.4% strains. Antimicrobial resistance and presence of virulence genes suggest that food of animal origin contaminated with L. monocytogenes may present a risk for public health.
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Araujo V, Neves E, Silva AC, Martins APL, Brito LC. Listeria monocytogenes cells under nutrient deprivation showed reduced ability to infect the human intestinal cell line HT-29. J Med Microbiol 2017; 67:110-117. [PMID: 29185940 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two types of stress, cold and nutritional, on the viability and the in vitro virulence of the foodborne pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. METHODOLOGY Ten diverse isolates were kept in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at optimal (37 °C) or at refrigeration temperature (7 °C), for 1 and 7 days. The viability of the cells [log colony-forming units (c.f.u.)/ml] and their in vitro virulence, before and after storage in these conditions, were investigated. In vitro virulence (log PFA) was evaluated using the human intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 in plaque-forming assays (PFAs).Results/Key findings. In general, when compared with the conditions at 37 °C, the exposure at 7 °C for 7 days seemed to increase the resistance of the isolates to nutritional stress. Nutritional stress per se acted significantly to decrease the in vitro virulence of the isolates. After 7 days of nutrient deprivation, whether at optimal or at refrigeration temperature, the majority of the isolates assumed a low-virulence phenotype. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that when L. monocytogenes are in refrigerated post-processing environments that are unable to support their growth they may increase their resistance to nutritional stress and may decrease their virulence. This should be considered when performing risk assessments for refrigerated ready-to-eat (RTE) foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Araujo
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food /DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Neves
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food /DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão Jean Piaget do Litoral Alentejano, Bairro das Flores, Apartado 38, 7500-999 Vila Nova de Santo André, Portugal
| | - Ana Carla Silva
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food /DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António P L Martins
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP, Av. República, Quinta do Marquês, Nova Oeiras, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal.,DCEB - Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia de Biossistemas, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luisa Castro Brito
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food /DRAT- Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
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7
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Braga V, Vázquez S, Vico V, Pastorino V, Mota MI, Legnani M, Schelotto F, Lancibidad G, Varela G. Prevalence and serotype distribution of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from foods in Montevideo-Uruguay. Braz J Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28629969 PMCID: PMC5628299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in foods obtained in retail shops and food industries located in Montevideo-Uruguay, and to identify the serogroups of the obtained isolates. Three-thousand one-hundred and seventy-five food samples (frozen, deli meats, ready-to-eat and cheese) were analyzed. The obtained isolates were serogrouped by multiplex PCR and serotyped by conventional procedure. Genetic comparisons were performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis on a sub-set of isolates belonging to the same serotype successively recovered from the same establishment. L. monocytogenes was isolated from 11.2% of samples. The highest prevalence was observed in frozen foods (38%), followed by cheese (10%). 1/2b and 4b were the most frequently identified serotypes. In six of 236 analyzed establishments we successively recovered L. monocytogenes isolates belonging to the same serotype. Most of them corresponded to serotype 1/2b. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles suggest that at least 33% of L. monocytogenes 1/2b isolates are genetically related and that may remain viable for prolonged periods. The observed prevalence of L. monocytogenes was lower than reported in neighboring countries. Our findings highlight the role that frozen foods may play in the spread of this pathogen, and the relevance of serotypes 1/2b and 4b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Braga
- Laboratorio de Bromatología - Intendencia de Montevideo, Isla de Flores 1323, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología - Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sylvia Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Bromatología - Intendencia de Montevideo, Isla de Flores 1323, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Vico
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología - Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Pastorino
- Laboratorio de Bromatología - Intendencia de Montevideo, Isla de Flores 1323, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Inés Mota
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología - Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcela Legnani
- Laboratorio de Bromatología - Intendencia de Montevideo, Isla de Flores 1323, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Felipe Schelotto
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología - Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Lancibidad
- Laboratorio de Bromatología - Intendencia de Montevideo, Isla de Flores 1323, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo Varela
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología - Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina - UdelaR, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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8
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Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from foods and humans. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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Wu S, Wu Q, Zhang J, Chen M, Guo W. Analysis of Multilocus Sequence Typing and Virulence Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Chinese Retail Ready-to-Eat Food. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:168. [PMID: 26909076 PMCID: PMC4754575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eighty Listeria monocytogenes isolates were obtained from Chinese retail ready-to-eat (RTE) food and were previously characterized with serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility tests. The aim of this study was to characterize the subtype and virulence potential of these L. monocytogenes isolates by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), virulence-associate genes, epidemic clones (ECs), and sequence analysis of the important virulence factor: internalin A (inlA). The result of MLST revealed that these L. monocytogenes isolates belonged to 14 different sequence types (STs). With the exception of four new STs (ST804, ST805, ST806, and ST807), all other STs observed in this study have been associated with human listeriosis and outbreaks to varying extents. Six virulence-associate genes (inlA, inlB, inlC, inlJ, hly, and llsX) were selected and their presence was investigated using PCR. All strains carried inlA, inlB, inlC, inlJ, and hly, whereas 38.8% (31/80) of strains harbored the listeriolysin S genes (llsX). A multiplex PCR assay was used to evaluate the presence of markers specific to epidemic clones of L. monocytogenes and identified 26.3% (21/80) of ECI in the 4b-4d-4e strains. Further study of inlA sequencing revealed that most strains contained the full-length InlA required for host cell invasion, whereas three mutations lead to premature stop codons (PMSC) within a novel PMSCs at position 326 (GAA → TAA). MLST and inlA sequence analysis results were concordant, and different virulence potentials within isolates were observed. These findings suggest that L. monocytogenes isolates from RTE food in China could be virulent and be capable of causing human illness. Furthermore, the STs and virulence profiles of L. monocytogenes isolates have significant implications for epidemiological and public health studies of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
| | - Weipeng Guo
- Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied MicrobiologyGuangzhou, China
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Barancelli GV, Camargo TM, Gagliardi NG, Porto E, Souza RA, Campioni F, Falcão JP, Hofer E, Cruz AG, Oliveira CA. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolates from cheese manufacturing plants in São Paulo, Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 173:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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Machado H, Lourenço A, Carvalho F, Cabanes D, Kallipolitis BH, Brito L. The Tat pathway is prevalent in Listeria monocytogenes lineage II and is not required for infection and spread in host cells. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 23:209-18. [PMID: 23595063 DOI: 10.1159/000348245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogenic bacterium, remains a serious public health concern due to its frequent occurrence in food products coupled with a high mortality rate. Bacterial pathogenicity depends greatly on the ability to secrete virulence factors to or beyond the bacterial cell surface. The Tat pathway, one of the secretion systems present in L. monocytogenes, was until now only investigated in silico. In L. monocytogenes strain EGDe two genes constitute this pathway, tatC(lmo0361) and tatA(lmo0362). Here we show that tatC and tatA are cotranscribed in a bicistronic- and growth-phase-dependent manner, being downregulated in the stationary phase. An EGDe tatAC mutant strain (EGDe ΔtatAC) was constructed, confirming that the Tat pathway is not essential for L.monocytogenes survival or biofilm-forming ability. When compared to the wild-type EGDe, deletion of tatAC did not decrease the virulence potential of EGDe ΔtatAC in HT-29 human epithelial cell line and even increased (p < 0.05) the virulence potential for mice. Moreover, we show that tat genes are prevalent in L. monocytogenes strains belonging to genetic lineage II and are generally absent from lineage I, which is more associated with human cases, thus excluding the possibility of using the Tat system as a target for novel antimicrobial compounds targeting L.monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Machado
- CBAA/DRAT, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Vangay P, Fugett EB, Sun Q, Wiedmann M. Food microbe tracker: a web-based tool for storage and comparison of food-associated microbes. J Food Prot 2013; 76:283-94. [PMID: 23433376 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Large amounts of molecular subtyping information are generated by the private sector, academia, and government agencies. However, use of subtype data is limited by a lack of effective data storage and sharing mechanisms that allow comparison of subtype data from multiple sources. Currently available subtype databases are generally limited in scope to a few data types (e.g., MLST. net) or are not publicly available (e.g., PulseNet). We describe the development and initial implementation of Food Microbe Tracker, a public Web-based database that allows archiving and exchange of a variety of molecular subtype data that can be cross-referenced with isolate source data, genetic data, and phenotypic characteristics. Data can be queried with a variety of search criteria, including DNA sequences and banding pattern data (e.g., ribotype or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type). Food Microbe Tracker allows the deposition of data on any bacterial genus and species, bacteriophages, and other viruses. The bacterial genera and species that currently have the most entries in this database are Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., and Paenibacillus spp., with over 40,000 isolates. The combination of pathogen and spoilage microorganism data in the database will facilitate source tracking and outbreak detection, improve discovery of emerging subtypes, and increase our understanding of transmission and ecology of these microbes. Continued addition of subtyping, genetic or phenotypic data for a variety of microbial species will broaden the database and facilitate large-scale studies on the diversity of food-associated microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pajau Vangay
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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13
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Galvão NN, Chiarini E, Destro MT, de Aguiar Ferreira M, Nero LA. PFGE characterisation and adhesion ability of Listeria monocytogenes isolates obtained from bovine carcasses and beef processing facilities. Meat Sci 2012; 92:635-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Lomonaco S, Patti R, Knabel SJ, Civera T. Detection of virulence-associated genes and epidemic clone markers in Listeria monocytogenes isolates from PDO Gorgonzola cheese. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 160:76-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Lourenço A, Rego F, Brito L, Frank JF. Evaluation of methods to assess the biofilm-forming ability of Listeria monocytogenes. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1411-7. [PMID: 22856564 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of ready-to-eat products with Listeria monocytogenes has been related to the presence of biofilms in production lines, as biofilms protect cells from chemical sanitizers. The ability of L. monocytogenes to produce biofilms is often evaluated using in vitro methodologies. This work aims to compare the most frequently used methodologies, including high-throughput screening methods based on microplates (crystal violet and the Calgary Biofilm Device) and methods based on CFU enumeration and microscopy after growth on stainless steel. Thirty isolates with diverse origins and genetic characteristics were evaluated. No (or low) correlations between methods were observed. The only significant correlation was found between the methods using stainless steel. No statistically significant correlation (P > 0.05) was detected among genetic lineage, serovar, and biofilm-forming ability. Because results indicate that biofilm formation is influenced by the surface material, the extrapolation of results from high-throughput methods using microplates to more industrially relevant surfaces should be undertaken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Lourenço
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Comparison of two AFLP methods and PFGE using strains of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from environmental and food samples obtained from Piedmont, Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:177-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Novel multiplex single nucleotide polymorphism-based method for identifying epidemic clones of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6290-4. [PMID: 21742911 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00429-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel primer extension-based, multiplex minisequencing assay targeting six highly informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four virulence genes correctly identified and differentiated all four epidemic clones (ECs) of Listeria monocytogenes and 9 other strains initially misclassified as non-ECs. This assay allows rapid, accurate, and high-throughput screening for all known ECs of L. monocytogenes.
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Lourenço A, Machado H, Brito L. Biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes produced at 12 °C either in pure culture or in co-culture with Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed reduced susceptibility to sanitizers. J Food Sci 2011; 76:M143-8. [PMID: 21535778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.02011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The biofilm-forming ability of 21 Listeria monocytogenes isolates, previously pulsotyped and corresponding to 16 strains, from different origins was evaluated using the Calgary Biofilm Device, at 37 °C. Biofilms of 4 selected strains were also produced either on pure cultures or on co-cultures with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1), at 12 °C and at 37 °C. For these biofilms, the minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) of 4 commercial dairy sanitizers (1 alkyl amine acetate based--T99, 2 chlorine based--T66 and DD, and 1 phosphoric acid based--BP) were determined. Listeria monocytogenes biofilms grown, either at 37 °C or 12 °C, were able to achieve similar cell densities by using different incubation periods (24 h and 7 d, respectively). In co-culture biofilms, P. aeruginosa was the dominant species, either at 37 °C or at 12 °C, representing 99% of a total biofilm population of 6 to 7 log CFU/peg. Co-culture biofilms were generally less susceptible than L. monocytogenes pure cultures. More interestingly, the biofilms produced at 12 °C were usually less susceptible to the sanitizers than when produced at 37 °C. Single or co-culture biofilms of L. monocytogenes and PAO1, particularly produced at 12 °C, retrieved MBEC values for agents T99 and BP that were, at times, above the maximum in-use recommended concentrations for these agents. The results presented here reinforce the importance of the temperature used for biofilm formation, when susceptibility to sanitizers is being assessed. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Since most food plants have cold wet growth niches in production and storage areas, susceptibility testing should be performed on biofilms produced at refrigeration temperatures. Moreover, the efficiency of the sanitizers used in food industries should be performed on mixed culture biofilms, since in field conditions these will predominate. The results presented here highlight the importance of the temperature used for biofilm formation, when susceptibility to disinfectants is being assessed, as biofilms produced at lower temperature were less susceptible to sanitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Lourenço
- CBAA, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Inst Superior de Agronomia, Technical Univ of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Tracing the food sources of isolated strains of Listeria monocytogenes through fatty acid profiles analysis. Food Control 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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A five year surveillance report on PFGE types of Listeria monocytogenes isolated in Italy from food and food related environments. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 140:271-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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von Laer AE, de Lima AS, Trindade PDS, Andriguetto C, Destro MT, da Silva WP. Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from a fresh mixed sausage processing line in Pelotas-RS by PFGE. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:574-82. [PMID: 24031402 PMCID: PMC3768533 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090003000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a bacterium capable to adhere to the surfaces of equipment and utensils and subsequently form biofilms. It can to persist in the food processing environmental for extended periods of time being able to contaminate the final product. The aim of this study was to trace the contamination route of L. monocytogenes on a fresh mixed sausage processing line, from raw material to the final product. The isolates obtained were characterized by serotyping and molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using the restriction enzymes ApaI and AscI. L. monocytogenes was detected in 25% of the samples. The samples of raw material were not contaminated, however, the microorganism was detected in 21% of the environmental samples (food contact and non-food contact), 20.8% of the equipments, 20% of the food worker's hands, 40% of the mass ready to packaging and in all the final products samples, demonstrating that the contamination of final product occurred during the processing and the importance of cross contamination. PFGE yielded 22 pulsotypes wich formed 7 clusters, and serotyping yielded 3 serotypes and 1 serogroup, however, the presence of serotypes 4b and 1/2b in the final product is of great concern for public health. The tracing of contamination showed that some strains are adapted and persisted in the processing environment in this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Eucares von Laer
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Andréia Saldanha de Lima
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Paula dos Santos Trindade
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Cristiano Andriguetto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Teresa Destro
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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