1
|
Rivera Ortuña FN, Guevara-Luna J, Yan J, Lopez Amezcua E, Arroyo-Herrera I, Li Y, Vásquez-Murrieta MS, Rojas Arellano D, Wang ET. Rhizobium hidalgonense and Rhizobium redzepovicii as faba bean (Vicia faba L.) microsymbionts in Mexican soils. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:281. [PMID: 38805057 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03989-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
As a legume crop widely cultured in the world, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) forms root nodules with diverse Rhizobium species in different regions. However, the symbionts associated with this plant in Mexico have not been studied. To investigate the diversity and species/symbiovar affiliations of rhizobia associated with faba bean in Mexico, rhizobia were isolated from this plant grown in two Mexican sites in the present study. Based upon the analysis of recA gene phylogeny, two genotypes were distinguished among a total of 35 isolates, and they were identified as Rhizobium hidalgonense and Rhizobium redzepovicii, respectively, by the whole genomic sequence analysis. Both the species harbored identical nod gene cluster and the same phylogenetic positions of nodC and nifH. So, all of them were identified into the symbiovar viciae. As a minor group, R. hidalgonense was only isolated from slightly acid soil and R. redzepovicii was the dominant group in both the acid and neutral soils. In addition, several genes related to resistance to metals (zinc, copper etc.) and metalloids (arsenic) were detected in genomes of the reference isolates, which might offer them some adaptation benefits. As conclusion, the community composition of faba bean rhizobia in Mexico was different from those reported in other regions. Furthermore, our study identified sv. viciae as the second symbiovar in the species R. redzepovicii. These results added novel evidence about the co-evolution, diversification and biogeographic patterns of rhizobia in association with their host legumes in distinct geographic regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flor N Rivera Ortuña
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Joseph Guevara-Luna
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Jun Yan
- National Observation Station of Hailun Agro-Ecology System, Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Eloisa Lopez Amezcua
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Ivan Arroyo-Herrera
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Yan Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Shandong Province, Yantai City, 264005, China
| | - Maria Soledad Vásquez-Murrieta
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - Danae Rojas Arellano
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, México
| | - En Tao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Ciudad de Mexico, México.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Wang J, Zhu C, Singh RP, Chen W. Chickpea: Its Origin, Distribution, Nutrition, Benefits, Breeding, and Symbiotic Relationship with Mesorhizobium Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:429. [PMID: 38337962 PMCID: PMC10856887 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), encompassing the desi and kabuli varieties, is a beloved pulse crop globally. Its cultivation spans over fifty countries, from the Indian subcontinent and southern Europe to the Middle East, North Africa, the Americas, Australia, and China. With a rich composition of carbohydrates and protein, constituting 80% of its dry seed mass, chickpea is also touted for its numerous health benefits, earning it the title of a 'functional food'. In the past two decades, research has extensively explored the rhizobial diversity associated with chickpea and its breeding in various countries across Europe, Asia, and Oceania, aiming to understand its impact on the sustainable yield and quality of chickpea crops. To date, four notable species of Mesorhizobium-M. ciceri, M. mediterraneum, M. muleiense, and M. wenxiniae-have been reported, originally isolated from chickpea root nodules. Other species, such as M. amorphae, M. loti, M. tianshanense, M. oportunistum, M. abyssinicae, and M. shonense, have been identified as potential symbionts of chickpea, possibly acquiring symbiotic genes through lateral gene transfer. While M. ciceri and M. mediterraneum are widely distributed and studied across chickpea-growing regions, they remain absent in China, where M. muleiense and M. wenxiniae are the sole rhizobial species associated with chickpea. The geographic distribution of chickpea rhizobia is believed to be influenced by factors such as genetic characteristics, competitiveness, evolutionary adaptation to local soil conditions, and compatibility with native soil microbes. Inoculating chickpea with suitable rhizobial strains is crucial when introducing the crop to new regions lacking indigenous chickpea rhizobia. The introduction of a novel chickpea variety, coupled with the effective use of rhizobia for inoculation, offers the potential not only to boost the yield and seed quality of chickpeas, but also to enhance crop productivity within rotation and intercropped systems involving chickpea and other crops. Consequently, this advancement holds the promise to drive forward the cause of sustainable agriculture on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Jingqi Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cancan Zhu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (J.W.); (C.Z.)
| | - Raghvendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Research and Development, Biotechnology, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India;
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang M, Wang H, Qi X, He T, Zhang B, Wang E, Yu M, Wang B, Wang F, Liu Z, Liu X. Diversification of Sinorhizobium populations associated with Medicago polymorpha and Medicago lupulina in purple soil of China. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1055694. [PMID: 36687603 PMCID: PMC9846747 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1055694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The double selection of environment adaptation and host specificity forced the diversification of rhizobia in nature. In the tropical region of China, Medicago polymorpha and Medicago lupulina are widely distributed, particularly in purple soil. However, the local distribution and diversity of rhizobia associated with these legumes has not been systematically investigated. To this end, root nodules of M. polymorpha and M. lupulina grown in purple soil at seven locations in Yunnan Province of China were collected for rhizobial isolation. The obtained rhizobia were characterized by RFLP of 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer, BOXAIR fingerprinting, and phylogeny of housekeeping and symbiosis genes. As result, a total of 91 rhizobial strains were classified into species Sinorhizobium medicae and S. meliloti, while three nodC gene types were identified among them. S. medicae containing nodC of type I was dominant in farmlands associated with M. polymorpha; while S. meliloti harboring nodC of type III was dominant in wild land nodulated by M. lupulina. For both rhizobial species, greater genetic diversity was detected in the populations isolated from their preferred host plant. A high level of genetic differentiation was observed between the two Sinorhizobium species, and gene flow was evident within the populations of the same species derived from different soil types, indicating that rhizobial evolution is likely associated with the soil features. To examine the effects of environmental features on rhizobial distribution, soil physicochemical traits and rhizobial genotypes were applied for constrained analysis of principle coordinates, which demonstrated that soil features like pH, nitrogen and sodium were the principle factors governing the rhizobial geographical distribution. Altogether, both S. medicae and S. meliloti strains could naturally nodulate with M. polymorpha and M. lupulina, but the rhizobium-legume symbiosis compatibility determined by both the host species and soil factors was also highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Tang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Teng He
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Entao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Beinan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration for Biodiversity Conservation in Southwest China, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming City, China
| | - Zhongkuan Liu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China,*Correspondence: Zhongkuan Liu, ; Xiaoyun Liu,
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Engineering Laboratory of Microbial Breeding and Preservation of Hebei Province, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding City, China,*Correspondence: Zhongkuan Liu, ; Xiaoyun Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J, Li S, Wang N, Chen W, Feng X, Jia B, Zhao Y, Yang T, Zong X. The introduced strain Mesorhizobium ciceri USDA3378 is more competitive than an indigenous strain in nodulation of chickpea in newly introduced areas of China. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:1171-1181. [PMID: 35793390 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the competitive advantage of two chickpea nodulating rhizobia strains (an indigenous strain Mesorhizobium muleiense CCBAU 83963T and an introduced strain Mesorhizobium ciceri USDA 3378) in different soils originated from new chickpea cultivation areas of China. The results showed that USDA 3378 had a significant competitive advantage in nodulation, with nodulation occupation rates ranging from 84.6% to 100% in all the sampled soils. According to the efficiency of symbiosis under single inoculation, chickpea plants inoculated with USDA 3378 showed better symbiotic performance based on the plant dry weight, leaf chlorophyll content and nodule numbers. The chickpea plants inoculated with USDA 3378 formed nodules about 2 days earlier than those inoculated with CCBAU 83963T . The higher growth in media and the stronger adsorption on chickpea roots of USDA 3378 when mixed with CCBAU 83963T may explain why USDA3378 shows a competitive advantage. The results from this study will contribute towards the development of effective chickpea rhizobial inoculants for soil conditioning and more environmentally friendly production of chickpeas in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450000, P. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing 100193, China; College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xin Feng
- Xinjiang Tianshan Qidou Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Urumqi, 830000, P. R. China
| | - Bingqi Jia
- Henan Fuyunwang Happy Farm Ecological Food Co., Ltd., Jia County, 467000, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Zhao
- Guyuan Branch of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Guyuan, 756000, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bejing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuxiao Zong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Bejing, 100081, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zaw M, Rathjen JR, Zhou Y, Ryder MH, Denton MD. Rhizobial diversity is associated with inoculation history at a two-continent scale. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6567838. [PMID: 35416244 PMCID: PMC9329089 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 120 Mesorhizobium strains collected from the central dry zone of Myanmar were analyzed in a pot experiment to evaluate nodulation and symbiotic effectiveness (SE%) in chickpea plants. Phylogenetic analyses revealed all strains belonged to the genus Mesorhizobium according to 16–23S rDNA IGS and the majority of chickpea nodulating rhizobia in Myanmar soils were most closely related to M. gobiense, M. muleiense, M. silamurunense, M. tamadayense and M. temperatum. Around two-thirds of the Myanmar strains (68%) were most closely related to Indian strain IC-2058 (CA-181), which is also most closely related to M. gobiense. There were no strains that were closely related to the cognate rhizobial species to nodulate chickpea: M. ciceri and M. mediterraneum. Strains with diverse 16S–23S rDNA IGS shared similar nodC and nifH gene sequences with chickpea symbionts. Detailed sequence analysis of nodC and nifH found that the strains in Myanmar were somewhat divergent from the group including M. ciceri and were more closely related to M. muleiense and IC-2058. A cross-continent analysis between strains isolated in Australia compared with Myanmar found that there was little overlap in species, where Australian soils were dominated with M. ciceri, M. temperatum and M. huakuii. The only co-occurring species found in both Myanmar and Australia were M. tamadayense and M. silumurunense. Continued inoculation with CC1192 may have reduced diversity of chickpea strains in Australian soils. Isolated strains in Australian and Myanmar had similar adaptive traits, which in some cases were also phylogenetically related. The genetic discrepancy between chickpea nodulating strains in Australia and Myanmar is not only due to inoculation history but to adaptation to soil conditions and crop management over a long period, and there has been virtually no loss of symbiotic efficiency over this time in strains isolated from soils in Myanmar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myint Zaw
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA5064, Australia.,Yezin Agricultural University, Yezin, Naypyidaw 15013, Myanmar
| | - Judith R Rathjen
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA5064, Australia
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA5064, Australia
| | - Maarten H Ryder
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA5064, Australia
| | - Matthew D Denton
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao Y, Tie D, Zhao JL, Wang XB, Yi JJ, Chai YF, Wang KF, Wang ET, Yue M. Diversity and distribution of Sophora davidii rhizobia in habitats with different irradiances and soil traits in Loess Plateau area of China. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126224. [PMID: 34218028 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2021.126224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the diversity and distribution of rhizobia associated with Sophora davidii in habitats with different light and soil conditions at the Loess Plateau, we isolated rhizobia from root nodules of this plant grown at 14 sites at forest edge or understory in Shaanxi Province. Based on PCR-RFLP and phylogenies of 16S rRNA gene, housekeeping genes (atpD, dnaK, recA), and symbiosis genes (nodC and nifH), a total of 271 isolates were identified as 16 Mesorhizobium genospecies, belonging to four nodC lineages, and three nifH lineages. The dominance of M. waimense in the forest edge and of M. amorphae/Mesorhizobium sp. X in the understory habitat evidenced the illumination as a possible factor to affect the diversity and biogeographic patterns of rhizobia. However, the results of Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) among the environmental factors and distribution of rhizobial genospecies illustrated that soil pH and contents of total phosphorus, total potassium and total organic carbon were the main determinants for the community structure of S. davidii rhizobia, while the illumination conditions and available P presented similar and minor effects. In addition, high similarity of nodC and nifH genes between Mesorhizobium robiniae and some S. davidii rhizobia under the forest of Robinia pseudoacacia might be evidence for symbiotic gene lateral transfer. These findings firstly brought an insight into the diversity and distribution of rhizobia associated with S. davidii, and revealed illumination conditions a possible factor with impacts less than the soil traits to drive the symbiosis association between rhizobia and their host legumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Life Science, Northwest University, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Dan Tie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Life Science, Northwest University, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jia Le Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Life Science, Northwest University, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xu Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Life Science, Northwest University, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jun Jie Yi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Life Science, Northwest University, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong Fu Chai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Life Science, Northwest University, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ke Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Life Science, Northwest University, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - En Tao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340, Cd. México, Mexico
| | - Ming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China; Department of Life Science, Northwest University, Taibai North Rd. 229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen WF, Wang ET, Ji ZJ, Zhang JJ. Recent development and new insight of diversification and symbiosis specificity of legume rhizobia: mechanism and application. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:553-563. [PMID: 33300250 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Currently, symbiotic rhizobia (sl., rhizobium) refer to the soil bacteria in α- and β-Proteobacteria that can induce root and/or stem nodules on some legumes and a few of nonlegumes. In the nodules, rhizobia convert the inert dinitrogen gas (N2 ) into ammonia (NH3 ) and supply them as nitrogen nutrient to the host plant. In general, this symbiotic association presents specificity between rhizobial and leguminous species, and most of the rhizobia use lipochitooligosaccharides, so called Nod factor (NF), for cooperating with their host plant to initiate the formation of nodule primordium and to inhibit the plant immunity. Besides NF, effectors secreted by type III secretion system (T3SS), exopolysaccharides and many microbe-associated molecular patterns in the rhizobia also play important roles in nodulation and immunity response between rhizobia and legumes. However, the promiscuous hosts like Glycine max and Sophora flavescens can nodulate with various rhizobial species harbouring diverse symbiosis genes in different soils, meaning that the nodulation specificity/efficiency might be mainly determined by the host plants and regulated by the soil conditions in a certain cases. Based on previous studies on rhizobial application, we propose a '1+n-N' model to promote the function of symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in agricultural practice, where '1' refers to appreciate rhizobium; '+n' means the addition of multiple trace elements and PGPR bacteria; and '-N' implies the reduction of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. Finally, open questions in the SNF field are raised to future think deeply and researches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W F Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing, P. R. China.,College of Biological Sciences and Rhizobium Research Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - E T Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, D.F, México
| | - Z J Ji
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Horqin Plant Stress Biology Research Institute, Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, P. R. China
| | - J J Zhang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, P. R. China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cold Chain Food Quality and Safety Control, Henan Province, P. R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
AbstractLegume genotype (GL) x rhizobium genotype (GR) interaction in chickpea was studied using a genetically diverse set of accessions and rhizobium strains in modified Leonard Jars. A subset of effective GL x GR combinations was subsequently evaluated in a pot experiment to identify combinations of chickpea genotypes and rhizobium strains with stable and superior symbiotic performance. A linear mixed model was employed to analyse the occurrence of GL x GR interaction and an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model was used to study patterns in the performance of genotype-strain combinations. We found statistically significant interaction in jars in terms of symbiotic effectiveness that was entirely due to the inclusion of one of the genotypes, ICC6263. No interaction was found in a subsequent pot experiment. The presence of two genetic groups (Kabuli and Desi genepools) did not affect interaction with Mesorhizobium strains. With the exception of a negative interaction with genotype ICC6263 in the jar experiment, the type strain Mesorhizobium ciceri LMG 14989 outperformed or equalled other strains on all chickpea genotypes in both jar and pot experiments. Similar to earlier reports in common bean, our results suggest that efforts to find more effective strains may be more rewarding than aiming for identification of superior combinations of strains and genotypes.
Collapse
|