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The neuroprotective effects of stimulation of NMDA receptors against POX-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampal cultured neurons; a morphometric study. Mol Cell Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-020-00091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Salem F, Bahrami F, Bahari Z, Jangravi Z, Najafizadeh-Sari S. Agonists of CB1 and NMDA receptors decrease the toxic effect of organophosphorus compound paraoxon on PC12 cells. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj91.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Li L, Du Y, Ju F, Ma S, Zhang S. Calcium plays a key role in paraoxon-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells by regulating both endoplasmic reticulum- and mitochondria-associated pathways. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:211-20. [PMID: 26998625 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2016.1156796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Paraoxon (POX) is one of the most toxic organophosphorus pesticides, but its toxic mechanisms associated with apoptosis remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate calcium-associated mechanisms in POX-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS EL4 cells were exposed to POX for 0-16 h. EGTA was used to chelate Ca(2+ ) in extracellular medium, and heparin and procaine were used to inhibit Ca(2+ )efflux from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Z-ATAD-FMK was used to inhibit caspase-12 activity. The apoptotic rate assay, western blotting and immunocytochemistry (ICC) were used to reveal the mechanisms of POX-induced apoptosis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION POX significantly increased the expression and activation of caspase-12 and caspase-3, enhanced expression of calpain 1 and calpain 2, and induced the release of cyt c, but did not change the expression of Grp 78. Inhibiting caspase-12 activity alleviated POX-induced upregulation of calpain 1 and caspase-3, promoted POX-induced upregulation of calpain 2, and reduced POX-induced cyt c release, suggesting that there was a cross-talk between the ER-associated pathway and mitochondria-associated apoptotic signals. Attenuating intracellular calcium concentration with EGTA, heparin or procaine decreased POX-induced upregulation of calpain 1, calpain 2, caspase-12 and caspase-3, and reduced POX-induced cyt c release. After pretreatment with EGTA or procaine, POX significantly promoted expression of Grp 78. CONCLUSIONS Calcium played a key role in POX-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells by regulating both ER- and mitochondria-associated pathways. The cross-talk of ER- and mitochondria-associated pathways was accomplished through calcium signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Du
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Furong Ju
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Shunxiang Ma
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- a Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , People's Republic of China
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Ferchmin PA, Pérez D, Cuadrado BL, Carrasco M, Martins AH, Eterović VA. Neuroprotection Against Diisopropylfluorophosphate in Acute Hippocampal Slices. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2143-51. [PMID: 26438150 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) is an irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholine esterase and a surrogate of the organophosphorus (OP) nerve agent sarin. The neurotoxicity of DFP was assessed as a reduction of population spike (PS) area elicited by synaptic stimulation in acute hippocampal slices. Two classical antidotes, atropine, and pralidoxime, and two novel antidotes, 4R-cembranotriene-diol (4R) and a caspase nine inhibitor, were tested. Atropine, pralidoxime, and 4R significantly protected when applied 30 min after DFP. The caspase inhibitor was neuroprotective when applied 5-10 min before or after DFP, suggesting that early synaptic apoptosis is responsible for the loss of PSs. It is likely that apoptosis starts at the synapses and, if antidotes are not applied, descends to the cell bodies, causing death. The acute slice is a reliable tool for mechanistic studies, and the assessment of neurotoxicity and neuroprotection with PS areas is, in general, pharmacologically congruent with in vivo results and predicts the effect of drugs in vivo. 4R was first found to be neuroprotective in slices and later we demonstrated that 4R is neuroprotective in vivo. The mechanism of neurotoxicity of OPs is not well understood, and there is a need for novel antidotes that could be discovered using acute slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ferchmin
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central Del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamón, PR, 00956, USA. .,, PO BOX 60327, Bayamón, PR, 00960-6032, USA.
| | - Dinely Pérez
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central Del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamón, PR, 00956, USA
| | - Brenda L Cuadrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central Del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamón, PR, 00956, USA
| | - Marimée Carrasco
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central Del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamón, PR, 00956, USA
| | - Antonio H Martins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Science Campus UPR, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Vesna A Eterović
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central Del Caribe, School of Medicine, Ave. Laurel, Santa Juanita, Bayamón, PR, 00956, USA
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Duysen EG, Lockridge O. Induction of plasma acetylcholinesterase activity in mice challenged with organophosphorus poisons. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 255:214-20. [PMID: 21767560 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The restoration of plasma acetylcholinesterase activity in mice following inhibition by organophosphorus pesticides and nerve agents has been attributed to synthesis of new enzyme. It is generally assumed that activity levels return to normal, are stable and do not exceed the normal level. We have observed over the past 10 years that recovery of acetylcholinesterase activity levels in mice treated with organophosphorus agents (OP) exceeds pretreatment levels and remains elevated for up to 2 months. The most dramatic case was in mice treated with tri-cresyl phosphate and tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate, where plasma acetylcholinesterase activity rebounded to a level 250% higher than the pretreatment activity. The present report summarizes our observations on plasma acetylcholinesterase activity in mice treated with chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon, diazinon, tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate, tri-cresyl phosphate, tabun thiocholine, parathion, dichlorvos, and diisopropylfluorophosphate. We have developed a hypothesis to explain the excess acetylcholinesterase activity, based on published observations. We hypothesize that acetylcholinesterase activity is induced when cells undergo apoptosis and that consequently there is a rise in the level of plasma acetylcholinesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G Duysen
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5950, USA
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Baratchi S, Kanwar RK, Kanwar JR. Survivin: A target from brain cancer to neurodegenerative disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 45:535-54. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2010.516740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Li L, Cao Z, Jia P, Wang Z. Calcium signals and caspase-12 participated in paraoxon-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:728-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sadri S, Bahrami F, Khazaei M, Hashemi M, Asgari A. Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist WIN-55,212-2 Protects Differentiated PC12 Cells From Organophosphorus- Induced Apoptosis. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:201-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581809359708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid neuroprotection is usually greater in vivo than in neuronal cell culture systems. To the authors' knowledge, a good in vitro culture model for the neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids does not exist. Therefore, a 3-dimensional (3D) culture system was developed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN-55,212-2 on apoptosis of differentiated PC12 cells, caused by the organophosphorus compounds paraoxon and diazinon. Cells pretreated with WIN-55,212-2 were exposed to a proapoptotic concentration of paraoxon and diazinon. TUNEL was used to detect apoptosis, and neurite length was assessed by morphometry. Both paraoxon and diazinon induced apoptosis, although the latter was more potent. WIN-55,212-2 also protected cells from neurite retraction and DNA fragmentation induced by the OPs. The results suggest that WIN-55,212-2 protects PC12 cells cultured under 3D conditions from organophosphorus-induced apoptosis. This 3D culture system may prove to be a useful tool for investigating the neuroprotective effects of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Sadri
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Stem Cells Division, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Bahrami
- Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozafar Khazaei
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Stem Cells Division, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Hashemi
- Applied Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Asgari
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bahrami F, Yousefpour M, Mehrani H, Golmanesh L, Sadraee SH, Khoshbaten A, Asgari A. Type of cell death and the role of acetylcholinesterase activity in neurotoxicity induced by paraoxon in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2009; 60:1-13. [PMID: 19378919 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.60.2009.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (Ops) neurotoxicity is attributed both to its well-known cholinergic and non-cholinergic effects. In the present study we compared enzymatic and morphologic changes in neurons exposed to paraoxon during one day and one week. The effect of exposure time is important in neurotoxicity of Ops. The longer the exposure time is the more damage is observed in neurons, although there are few investigations about the effect in the post-exposure period. Hippocampal cells were obtained from rat neonates and cultured in Neurobasal/B27. Paraoxon at 50 and 100 microM were added. Inverted microscope and electron microscope were used to study cell morphology and Neutral Red staining was used to measure viability. We also assayed caspase-3 and (acetylcholinesterase) AChE activity. Hoechst staining was utilized to determine the type of cell death. Culture medium was replaced after 24 h in one-day group, however, tests were all carried out at the end of the first week in both group. The results indicate that paraoxon reduced the viability in a dose-dependent manner. Our results do not confirm apoptosis in either group; it seems that the cell death in one-day exposure group was not AChE dependent. In conclusion, present data imply that the toxicity of paraoxon is both dose and duration dependent, which may even remain after the cessation of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bahrami
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Baqyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Tian F, Wu X, Pan H, Jiang H, Kuo YL, Marini AM. Inhibition of protein kinase C protects against paraoxon-mediated neuronal cell death. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28:843-9. [PMID: 17561261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxon, the active metabolite of parathion, is an acetylcholinesterases (AChE) inhibitor that kills cultured cerebellar granule cell neurons via an apoptotic mechanism. Protein kinase C is an enzyme with diverse functions but its role in paraoxon-induced cell death is unknown. We show that a neurotoxic concentration of paraoxon increases PKC phosphorylation. We tested whether PKC is involved in paraoxon-induced neuronal cell death by using the PKC activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA). TPA increases PKC activity and enhances the neurotoxic effect of paraoxon by 28%. In sharp contrast, addition of the PKC inhibitor Ro-31-8220 protects more than 30% neurons that would otherwise die from paraoxon-induced neuronal cell death in either a pretreatment or post-treatment paradigm and markedly reduces phospho-PKC pan levels. We also show that the pretreatment of Ro-31-8220 blocks paraoxon-induced caspase-3 activity completely. These results suggest that activation of protein kinase C is required for paraoxon neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tian
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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