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Ge Y, Ni X, Li J, Ye M, Jin X. Roles of estrogen receptor α in endometrial carcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 2023; 26:530. [PMID: 38020303 PMCID: PMC10644365 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2023.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a group of endometrial epithelial malignancies, most of which are adenocarcinomas and occur in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. It is one of the most common carcinomas of the female reproductive system. It has been shown that the occurrence and development of EC is closely associated with the interaction between estrogen (estradiol, E2) and estrogen receptors (ERs), particularly ERα. As a key nuclear transcription factor, ERα is a carcinogenic factor in EC. Its interactions with upstream and downstream effectors and co-regulators have important implications for the proliferation, metastasis, invasion and inhibition of apoptosis of EC. In the present review, the structure of ERα and the regulation of ERα in multiple dimensions are described. In addition, the classical E2/ERα signaling pathway and the crosstalk between ERα and other EC regulators are elucidated, as well as the therapeutic targeting of ERα, which may provide a new direction for clinical applications of ERα in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Ge
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Ni
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jingyun Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Meng Ye
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315020, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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Dixon D, Reed CE, Moore AB, Gibbs-Flournoy EA, Hines EP, Wallace EA, Stanko JP, Lu Y, Jefferson WN, Newbold RR, Fenton SE. Histopathologic changes in the uterus, cervix and vagina of immature CD-1 mice exposed to low doses of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a uterotrophic assay. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 33:506-512. [PMID: 22146484 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The estrogenic and antiestrogenic potential of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was assessed using an immature mouse uterotrophic assay and by histologic evaluation of the uterus, cervix and vagina following treatment. Female offspring of CD-1 dams were weaned at 18days old and assigned to groups of equal weight, and received 0, 0.01, 0.1, or 1mg PFOA/kg BW/d by gavage with or without 17-β estradiol (E(2), 500μg/kg/d) from PND 18-20 (n=8/treatment/block). At 24h after the third dose (PND 21), uteri were removed and weighed. Absolute and relative uterine weights were significantly increased in the 0.01mg/kg PFOA only group. Characteristic estrogenic changes were present in all E(2)-treated mice; however, they were minimally visible in the 0.01 PFOA only mice. These data suggest that at a low dose PFOA produces minimal histopathologic changes in the reproductive tract of immature female mice, and does not antagonize the histopathologic effects of E(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Dixon
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Casey E Reed
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Alicia B Moore
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | - Erin P Hines
- Environmental Media Assessment Group, National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Wallace
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jason P Stanko
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Durham, NC 27703, USA
| | - Wendy N Jefferson
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Retha R Newbold
- NTP (retired), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Suzanne E Fenton
- National Toxicology Program (NTP) Laboratories Branch, Division of the NTP, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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