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Li Y, Meng Q, Yang M, Liu D, Hou X, Tang L, Wang X, Lyu Y, Chen X, Liu K, Yu AM, Zuo Z, Bi H. Current trends in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1113-1144. [PMID: 31867160 PMCID: PMC6900561 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes of a drug. Understanding PK properties is essential for drug development and precision medication. In this review we provided an overview of recent research on PK with focus on the following aspects: (1) an update on drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in the determination of PK, as well as advances in xenobiotic receptors and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the modulation of PK, providing new understanding of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms that result in inter-individual variations in pharmacotherapy; (2) current status and trends in assessing drug-drug interactions, especially interactions between drugs and herbs, between drugs and therapeutic biologics, and microbiota-mediated interactions; (3) advances in understanding the effects of diseases on PK, particularly changes in metabolizing enzymes and transporters with disease progression; (4) trends in mathematical modeling including physiologically-based PK modeling and novel animal models such as CRISPR/Cas9-based animal models for DMPK studies; (5) emerging non-classical xenobiotic metabolic pathways and the involvement of novel metabolic enzymes, especially non-P450s. Existing challenges and perspectives on future directions are discussed, and may stimulate the development of new research models, technologies, and strategies towards the development of better drugs and improved clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Qiang Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Mengbi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Drug Clinical Trial Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiangyu Hou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lan Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanfeng Lyu
- School of Pharmacy, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Zhong Zuo
- School of Pharmacy, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huichang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Gabrielli L, Origgi D, Zampella G, Bertini L, Bonetti S, Vaccaro G, Meinardi F, Simonutti R, Cipolla L. Towards hydrophobic carminic acid derivatives and their incorporation in polyacrylates. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172399. [PMID: 30109060 PMCID: PMC6083691 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carminic acid, a natural hydrophilic dye extensively used in the food and cosmetic industries, is converted in hydrophobic dyes by acetylation or pivaloylation. These derivatives are successfully used as biocolourants for rubber objects. In this paper, spectroscopic properties of the carminic acid derivatives in dimethyl sulfoxide and in polybutylacrylate are studied by means of photoluminescence and time-resolved photoluminescence decays, revealing a hypsochromic effect due to the presence of bulky substituents as the acetyl or pivaloyl groups. Molecular mechanics and density functional theory calculations confirm the disruption of planarity between the sugar ring and the anthraquinoid system determined by the esterification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gabrielli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Origgi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zampella
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Bertini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Bonetti
- Department of Material Sciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Vaccaro
- Department of Material Sciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Meinardi
- Department of Material Sciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Simonutti
- Department of Material Sciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Cipolla
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, P.zza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
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