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Di Guida F, Pirozzi C, Magliocca S, Santoro A, Lama A, Russo R, Nieddu M, Burrai L, Boatto G, Mollica MP, Sodano F, Lazzarato L, Chegaev K, Meli R, Raso GM, Rimoli MG. Galactosylated Pro-Drug of Ursodeoxycholic Acid: Design, Synthesis, Characterization, and Pharmacological Effects in a Rat Model of Estrogen-Induced Cholestasis. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:21-30. [PMID: 29140706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is considered the first-choice therapy for cholestatic disorders. To enhance solubility and exploit specific transporters in liver, we synthesized a new galactosyl pro-drug of UDCA (UDCAgal). Ethinylestradiol (EE)-induced cholestasis was used to study and compare the effects of UDCAgal with UDCA on bile flow, hepatic canalicular efflux transporter expression, and inflammation. UDCAgal resulted quite stable both at pH 7.4 and 1.2 and regenerated the parent drug after incubation in human plasma. Its solubility, higher than UDCA, was pH- and temperature-independent. UDCAgal displayed a higher cell permeation compared to UDCA in liver HepG2 cells. Moreover, in cholestatic rats, UDCAgal showed a higher potency compared to UDCA in reducing serum biomarkers (AST, ALT, and ALP) and cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β). The higher effect of UDCAgal on the increase in bile salt export pump and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 transcription indicated an improved spillover of bile acids from the liver. UDCAgal showed a reduction in CCL2, as well as TNF-α, IL-1β, and cyclooxygeanse-2 mRNAs, indicating a reduction in hepatic neutrophil accumulation and inflammation. Moreover, UDCAgal, similarly to UDCA, heightens bile flow and modulates biliary acids secretion. These results indicate that UDCAgal has a potential in the treatment of cholestatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Guida
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magliocca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Anna Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Lucia Burrai
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari , Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Federica Sodano
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Konstantin Chegaev
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin , Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Rimoli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II , Naples 80138, Italy
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Upregulation of PDZK1 by Calculus Bovis Sativus May Play an Important Role in Restoring Biliary Transport Function in Intrahepatic Cholestasis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:1640187. [PMID: 28133487 PMCID: PMC5241494 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1640187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholestasis is a main cause of hepatic accumulation of bile acids leading to liver injury, fibrosis, and liver failure. Our previous studies proved that Calculus Bovis Sativus (CBS) can restore biliary transport function through upregulating the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in 17α-ethynylestradiol- (EE-) induced intrahepatic cholestasis rats. The regulation mechanism of CBS on these transporters, however, remains unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the possible relationship between the effect of CBS on transport activities and the regulation of CBS on the expression of PDZK1, a mainly scaffold protein which can regulate MRP2 and BCRP. Intrahepatic cholestasis model was induced in rats with injection of EE for five consecutive days and then the biliary excretion rates and cumulative biliary excretions were measured. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PDZK1 were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemical analysis. When treated with CBS, cumulative biliary excretions and mRNA and protein expressions of PDZK1 were significantly increased in intrahepatic cholestasis rats. This study demonstrated that CBS exerted a beneficial effect on EE-induced intrahepatic cholestasis rats by restoring biliary transport function, which may result from the upregulation of PDZK1 expression.
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Chemical Synthesis of the Epimeric (23R)- and (23S)-Fluoro Derivatives of Bile Acids via Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Reaction. Lipids 2015; 50:919-26. [PMID: 26193795 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of two (23R)- and (23S)-epimeric pairs of 23-fluoro-3α,7α,12α-trihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid and 23-fluoro-3α,7α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oic acid is described. The key intermediates, 23,24-dinor-22-aldehyde peracetates were prepared from cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids via the 24-nor-22-ene, 24-nor-22ξ,23-epoxy, and 23,24-dinor-22-aldehyde derivatives. The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of the 23,24-dinor-22-aldehydes using triethyl 2-fluoro-2-phosphonoacetate in the presence of LiCl and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene (DBU), and subsequent hydrogenation of the resulting 23ξ-fluoro-22-ene ethyl esters, followed by hydrolysis, gave a mixture of the epimeric (23R)- and (23S)-fluorinated bile acids which were resolved efficiently by preparative RP-HPLC. The stereochemical configuration of the fluorine atom at C-23 in the newly synthesized compounds was confirmed directly by the X-ray crystallographic data. The (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral differences between the (23R)- and (23S)-epimers were also discussed.
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Zhang G, Zhou Y, Rao Z, Qin H, Wei Y, Ren J, Zhou L, Wu X. Effect of Yin-Zhi-Huang on up-regulation of Oatp2, Ntcp, and Mrp2 proteins in estrogen-induced rat cholestasis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:319-325. [PMID: 25420584 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.918156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Yin-Zhi-Huang (YZH), a prescription of traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used to treat neonatal jaundice or cholestasis. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the regulatory effect of YZH on the localization and expression of organic anion transporting polypeptides 2 (Oatp2), Na(+)-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (Ntcp), multidrug-resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2), and bile salt export pump (Bsep) in estrogen-induced cholestasis rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cholestasis model rats were induced via subcutaneous injection of estradiol benzoate (EB, 5 mg/kg/d) for 5 d. Other EB-induced rats were treated with saline (2 ml) or YZH (1.5 g/kg, two times a day) for 7, 14, and 21 d. The biochemical and pathologic examinations were performed. Moreover, the localization and expression of Oatp2, Ntcp, Mrp2, and Bsep were determined by immunohistochemisty and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS YZH treatment could significantly decrease the serum total bile acids (TBA) (4.9 ± 0.6-2.8 ± 0.8) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) (2.6 ± 0.7-1.0 ± 0.1) levels, improve the histological disorganization, and, respectively, increase the expression of Oatp2 and Ntcp by 46% and 28% compared with saline-treated (p < 0.05) rats at 14 d. The expression of Mrp2 increased by 45% was observed in YZH treated compared with saline-treated (p < 0.05) rats at 7 d. However, there was a little change in the expression of Bsep (p > 0.05) after YZH treatment for 7, 14, and 21 d. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION In conclusion, the therapeutic effect of YZH to cholestasis could be attributed to the regulation of Oatp2, Ntcp, Mrp2, and Bsep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , China and
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Macchiarulo A, Gioiello A, Thomas C, Massarotti A, Nuti R, Rosatelli E, Sabbatini P, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J, Pellicciari R. Molecular Field Analysis and 3D-Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship Study (MFA 3D-QSAR) Unveil Novel Features of Bile Acid Recognition at TGR5. J Chem Inf Model 2008; 48:1792-801. [DOI: 10.1021/ci800196h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Macchiarulo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antimo Gioiello
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Thomas
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Nuti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Rosatelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Sabbatini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Pellicciari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 67404 Illkirch, France, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 67404 Illkirch, France, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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