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Costas-Ferreira C, Faro LRF. Systematic Review of Calcium Channels and Intracellular Calcium Signaling: Relevance to Pesticide Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413376. [PMID: 34948173 PMCID: PMC8704302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides of different chemical classes exert their toxic effects on the nervous system by acting on the different regulatory mechanisms of calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. Pesticides have been shown to alter Ca2+ homeostasis, mainly by increasing its intracellular concentration above physiological levels. The pesticide-induced Ca2+ overload occurs through two main mechanisms: the entry of Ca2+ from the extracellular medium through the different types of Ca2+ channels present in the plasma membrane or its release into the cytoplasm from intracellular stocks, mainly from the endoplasmic reticulum. It has also been observed that intracellular increases in the Ca2+ concentrations are maintained over time, because pesticides inhibit the enzymes involved in reducing its levels. Thus, the alteration of Ca2+ levels can lead to the activation of various signaling pathways that generate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and, finally, neuronal death. In this review, we also discuss some proposed strategies to counteract the detrimental effects of pesticides on Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Murata K, Yoshikawa N, Yoshimoto K, Namera A, Takeshita H, Nagao M. BIMP affects tubulin structure and causes abnormalities in cell division. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2021; 53:101929. [PMID: 34225093 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2021.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although organophosphorus agents are used worldwide as pesticides, there have been many reports of pesticide poisoning. Nerve agents are organophosphorus agents that interfere with neurotransmission and have been used as chemical weapons in wars. These agents mainly irreversibly inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, and are believed to cause acute symptoms of poisoning. However, in recent years, the presence of subacute, delayed toxicity independent of acetylcholinesterase inhibition has been reported for some organophosphorus agents. We analyzed the subacute and delayed toxicity of bis(isopropylmethyl)phosphonate (BIMP), which has the same phosphonate group as sarin. BIMP rounded out the morphology of the cells and reduced the proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle over time. No DNA damage was observed, suggesting that BIMP may affect cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Murata
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naotaka Yoshikawa
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kanji Yoshimoto
- Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Namera
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Haruo Takeshita
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masataka Nagao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Belgrad J, Dutta DJ, Bromley-Coolidge S, Kelly KA, Michalovicz LT, Sullivan KA, O'Callaghan JP, Fields RD. Oligodendrocyte involvement in Gulf War Illness. Glia 2019; 67:2107-2124. [PMID: 31339622 PMCID: PMC6899710 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Low level sarin nerve gas and other anti‐cholinesterase agents have been implicated in Gulf War illness (GWI), a chronic multi‐symptom disorder characterized by cognitive, pain and fatigue symptoms that continues to afflict roughly 32% of veterans from the 1990–1991 Gulf War. How disrupting cholinergic synaptic transmission could produce chronic illness is unclear, but recent research indicates that acetylcholine also mediates communication between axons and oligodendrocytes. Here we investigated the hypothesis that oligodendrocyte development is disrupted by Gulf War agents, by experiments using the sarin‐surrogate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). The effects of corticosterone, which is used in some GWI animal models, were also investigated. The data show that DFP decreased both the number of mature and dividing oligodendrocytes in the rat prefrontal cortex (PFC), but differences were found between PFC and corpus callosum. The differences seen between the PFC and corpus callosum likely reflect the higher percentage of proliferating oligodendroglia in the adult PFC. In cell culture, DFP also decreased oligodendrocyte survival through a non‐cholinergic mechanism. Corticosterone promoted maturation of oligodendrocytes, and when used in combination with DFP it had protective effects by increasing the pool of mature oligodendrocytes and decreasing proliferation. Cell culture studies indicate direct effects of both DFP and corticosterone on OPCs, and by comparison with in vivo results, we conclude that in addition to direct effects, systemic effects and interruption of neuron–glia interactions contribute to the detrimental effects of GW agents on oligodendrocytes. Our results demonstrate that oligodendrocytes are an important component of the pathophysiology of GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Belgrad
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Dipankar J Dutta
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Samantha Bromley-Coolidge
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kimberly A Kelly
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | | | - Kimberly A Sullivan
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Richard Douglas Fields
- Section on Nervous System Development and Plasticity, The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland
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Oxidative and histopathological alterations after sub-acute exposure of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate in mice: Beneficial effect of N‑acetylcysteine. Life Sci 2019; 228:98-111. [PMID: 31051153 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Protective efficacy of N‑acetylcysteine (NAC) was assessed against sub-acute diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) poisoning in mice. MAIN METHODS Mice were allocated into nine groups of six each: vehicle control; DFP (0.125 LD50 ≈ 0.483 mg/kg bwt, s.c.); DFP + Atropine (ATR, 10 mg/kg bwt, i.p., 0 min); DFP + Pralidoxime (2-PAM, 30 mg/kg bwt, i.m., 0 min); DFP + NAC (150 mg/kg bwt, i.p., -60 min); DFP + ATR + NAC; DFP + 2-PAM + NAC; DFP + ATR + 2-PAM; and DFP + ATR + 2-PAM + NAC. Animals received various treatments for 21 d daily. Plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) was measured after 7, 14 and 21 d of exposure. Brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured (brain, liver and kidney) after 21 d of exposure. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and c-fos were also performed. KEY FINDINGS DFP significantly reduced BChE and AChE levels. Diminished GSH, CAT, SOD (brain and liver), GPx, GR, and elevated MDA (Brain) levels were also observed. DFP caused notable histopathology (brain, liver and kidney) and over expression of iNOS, and c-fos proteins (brain). NAC enhanced the protective efficacy of ATR and 2-PAM in most parameters, without any appreciable protection in iNOS and c-fos expression. SIGNIFICANCE NAC as an adjunct with ATR and 2-PAM, exhibited marked beneficial effects against sub-acute DFP poisoning, indicating its possible implications in the management of OP poisoning.
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Arima Y, Shiraishi H, Saito A, Yoshimoto K, Namera A, Makita R, Murata K, Imaizumi K, Nagao M. The sarin-like organophosphorus agent bis(isopropyl methyl)phosphonate induces ER stress in human astrocytoma cells. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:617-25. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Arima
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Hiroaki Shiraishi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Atsushi Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kanji Yoshimoto
- Department of Food Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Hiroshima Institute of Technology
| | - Akira Namera
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Ryosuke Makita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima Cosmopolitan University
| | - Kazuhiro Murata
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kazunori Imaizumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Masataka Nagao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Ferchmin PA, Andino M, Reyes Salaman R, Alves J, Velez-Roman J, Cuadrado B, Carrasco M, Torres-Rivera W, Segarra A, Martins AH, Lee JE, Eterovic VA. 4R-cembranoid protects against diisopropylfluorophosphate-mediated neurodegeneration. Neurotoxicology 2014; 44:80-90. [PMID: 24928201 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many organophosphorous esters synthesized for applications in industry, agriculture, or warfare irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase, and acute poisoning with these compounds causes life-threatening cholinergic overstimulation. Following classical emergency treatment with atropine, an oxime, and a benzodiazepine, surviving victims often suffer brain neurodegeneration. Currently, there is no pharmacological treatment to prevent this brain injury. Here we show that a cyclic diterpenoid, (1S,2E,4R,6R,7E,11E)-cembra-2,7,11-triene-4,6-diol (4R) ameliorates the damage caused by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) in the hippocampal area CA1. DFP has been frequently used as a surrogate for the warfare nerve agent sarin. In rats, DFP is lethal at the dose used to cause brain damage. Therefore, to observe brain damage in survivors, the death rate was reduced by pre-administration of the peripherally acting antidotes pyridostigmine and methyl atropine or its analog ipratropium. Pyridostigmine bromide, methyl atropine nitrate, and ipratropium bromide were dissolved in saline and injected intramuscularly at 0.1mg/kg, 20mg/kg, and 23mg/kg, respectively. DFP (9mg/kg) dissolved in cold water was injected intraperitoneally. 4R (6mg/kg) dissolved in DMSO was injected subcutaneously, either 1h before or 5 or 24h after DFP. Neurodegeneration was assessed with Fluoro-Jade B and amino cupric silver staining; neuroinflammation was measured by the expression of nestin, a marker of activated astrocytes. Forty-eight hours after DFP administration, 4R decreased the number of dead neurons by half when injected before or after DFP. 4R also significantly decreased the number of activated astrocytes. These data suggest that 4R is a promising new drug that could change the therapeutic paradigm for acute poisoning with organophosphorous compounds by the implementation of a second-stage intervention after the classical countermeasure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Ferchmin
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA.
| | - Myrna Andino
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
| | - Rebeca Reyes Salaman
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
| | - Janaina Alves
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
| | - Joyce Velez-Roman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Brenda Cuadrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
| | - Marimeé Carrasco
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
| | - Wilmarie Torres-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
| | - Annabell Segarra
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
| | - Antonio Henrique Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- RTRN Data Coordinating Center, Jackson State University, Jackson, MI 39204, USA
| | - Vesna A Eterovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe School of Medicine, Bayamón, PR 00960, USA
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7
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Campanha HM, Carvalho F, Schlosser PM. Active and peripheral anionic sites of acetylcholinesterase have differential modulation effects on cell proliferation, adhesion and neuritogenesis in the NG108-15 cell line. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:122-31. [PMID: 24680925 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The classical enzymatic role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is to terminate impulse transmission at cholinergic synapses through rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine (ACh). Inactivation of this enzyme's catalytic site is the primary mechanism of acute toxicity of OP insecticides (e.g. parathion, chlorpyrifos). There is now sufficient evidence to suggest that AChE has a neurotrophic function that may be altered by organophosphate (OP) exposure, resulting in defects of neuronal growth and development, though the clarification of the mechanisms involved require further in vitro investigation. In the present study, the mouse neuroblastoma×rat glioma hybrid NG108-15 cell line was used to investigate the differential effects between inhibition of the catalytic site and peripheral anionic site (PAS) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) on cell adhesion, proliferation and neuritogenesis, in the presence and absence of human red blood cell (hRBC) AChE (ED3.1.1.7). AChE active-site inhibitor paraoxon (PO; 0.1-1.0μM), when added to NG108-15 cells grown on AChE-coated plates, had no effect on cell proliferation, but exerted a significant reduction in strongly adherent viable cells accompanied by mostly short process formations, with 18% of cells considered to be neuritogenic, similar to that observed on uncoated plates. In contrast, PO had no significant effect on cell adhesion and proliferation of NG108-15 cells on uncoated plates. The PAS-ligand thioflavin-T (Th-T; 0.5-25μM), however, decreased cell adhesion and proliferation, on both uncoated and ACh-E coated plates, with less magnitude on AChE-coated plates. Taken together, these results suggest that strong cell adherence and neuritogenesis are sensitive to PO in this cell culture model, with no impact on proliferation, in the presence of membrane bound AChE-coating, while there is no sensitivity to PO on uncoated plates. On the other hand, binding of Th-T directly to the PAS affects both cell adherence and proliferation, with less magnitude in the presence of membrane-bound AChE. The current study indicates that PO is deleterious in neural development during critical periods of strong cell adhesion and differentiation, interfering with AChE trophic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Campanha
- Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School-Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB H609, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul M Schlosser
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, United States
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8
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Prins JM, Chao CK, Jacobson SM, Thompson CM, George KM. Oxidative stress resulting from exposure of a human salivary gland cells to paraoxon: an in vitro model for organophosphate oral exposure. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:715-21. [PMID: 24486155 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) compounds are used as insecticides, acaricides, and chemical agents and share a common neurotoxic mechanism of action. The biochemical alterations leading to many of the deleterious effects have been studied in neuronal cell lines, however, non-neuronal toxic effects of OPs are far less well characterized in vitro, and specifically in cell lines representing oral routes of exposure. To address this void, the human salivary gland (HSG) cell line, representing likely interactions in the oral cavity, was exposed to the representative OP paraoxon (PX; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenoxy phosphate) over a range of concentrations (0.01-100 μM) and analyzed for cytotoxicity. PX induced cytotoxicity in HSG cells at most of the exposure concentrations as revealed by MTT assay, however, the release of LDH only occurred at the highest concentration of PX tested (100 μM) at 48 h. Slight increases in cellular ATP levels were measured in PX-exposed (10 μM) HSG cells at 24 h. Exposing HSG cells to 10 μM PX also led to an increase in DNA fragmentation prior to loss of cellular membrane integrity implicating reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a trigger of toxicity. The ROS genes gss, gstm2, gstt2 and sod2 were upregulated, and the presence of superoxide following 10 μM PX exposure was determined via dihydroethidium fluorescence studies further implicating PX-induced oxidative stress in HSG cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Prins
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Saskia M Jacobson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States
| | - Charles M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
| | - Kathleen M George
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Professions and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, United States.
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Jehs T, Faber C, Juel HB, Nissen MH. Astrocytoma cells upregulate expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines after co-culture with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. APMIS 2011; 119:551-61. [PMID: 21749456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2011.02773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of CD3/CD28-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on two human astrocytoma cell lines (1321N1 and CCF-STTG1), with respect to the expression of cytokines and chemokines. We used an in vitro co-culture system in which the astrocytoma cells and PBMCs were separated by a membrane in a transwell system. Proliferation of T cells was quantified by a [(3) H]-thymidine incorporation assay. Differential gene expression of astrocytoma cells cultured alone or with PBMCs was identified using gene arrays. Protein expression of CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL6, and IL1β was determined by Luminex. Co-culture of activated T cells and astrocytoma cells resulted in inhibition of T cell proliferation. Moreover, astrocytoma cells upregulated a number of pro-inflammatory genes including CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, IL6, and IL1β upon co-culture with activated PBMCs. These results were confirmed on the protein level. Astrocytoma cells inhibited the proliferation of T cells, indicating that astrocytes may play an important role in controlling T cell mediated immune responses in the brain. Contrary to this, soluble factors derived from CD3/CD28-activated PBMCs affected the transcriptome of astrocytoma cells, which then upregulated several pro-inflammatory genes and proteins. This could be part of neuroinflammatory events and may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jehs
- Eye Research Unit, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Prins JM, George KM, Thompson CM. Paraoxon-induced protein expression changes to SH-SY5Y cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1656-62. [PMID: 20931991 DOI: 10.1021/tx100192f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were examined to determine changes in protein expression following exposure to the organophosphate paraoxon (O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenoxy phosphate). Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to paraoxon (20 μM) for 48 h showed no significant change in cell viability as established using an MTT assay. Protein expression changes from the paraoxon-treated SH-SY5Y cells were determined using a comparative, subproteome approach by fractionation into cytosolic, membrane, nuclear, and cytoskeletal fractions. The fractionated proteins were separated by 2D-PAGE, identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and expression changes determined by densitometry. Over 400 proteins were separated from the four fractions, and 16 proteins were identified with altered expression ≥1.3-fold including heat shock protein 90 (-1.3-fold), heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (+2.8-fold), and H(+) transporting ATP synthase beta chain (-3.1-fold). Western blot analysis conducted on total protein isolates confirmed the expression changes in these three proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Prins
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, USA
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11
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Li L, Cao Z, Jia P, Wang Z. Calcium signals and caspase-12 participated in paraoxon-induced apoptosis in EL4 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:728-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Lorke DE, Hasan MY, Nurulain SM, Kuca K, Schmitt A, Petroianu GA. Efficacy of two new asymmetric bispyridinium oximes (K-27 and K-48) in rats exposed to diisopropylfluorophosphate: comparison with pralidoxime, obidoxime, trimedoxime, methoxime, and HI-6. Toxicol Mech Methods 2009; 19:327-33. [PMID: 19778224 DOI: 10.1080/15376510902798695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The new K-oximes, K-27 [1-(4-hydroxyimino-methylpyridinium)-4-(4-carbamoylpyridinium) propane dibromide] and K-48 [1-(4-hydroxyimino-methylpyridinium)-4-(4-carbamoylpyridinium) butane dibromide], show good in vitro efficacy in protecting acetylcholinesterase from inhibition by different organophosphorus compounds (OPCs), including nerve agents. To assess their efficacy in vivo, the extent of oxime-conferred protection from mortality induced by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) was quantified and compared with that of five established oximes. Materials and Methods. Rats received DFP intraperitoneally in a dosage of 6, 8, or 10 micromol/rat and immediately thereafter intraperitoneal injections of K-27, K-48, pralidoxime, obidoxime, trimedoxime, methoxime, or HI-6. The relative risk (RR) of death over time (48 h) was estimated by Cox survival analysis, comparing results with the no-treatment group. Results. Best protection was observed when K-27 was used, reducing the RR of death to 19% of control RR (p < or = 0.005), whereas obidoxime (RR = 26%, p < or = 0.01), K-48 (RR = 29%, p < or = 0.005) and methoxime (RR = 26%, p < or = 0.005) were comparable. The RR of death was reduced only to about 35% of control by HI-6, to 45% by trimedoxime, and to 59% by 2-PAM (p < or = 0.005). Whereas the differences between the best oximes (K-27, obidoxime, methoxime, and K-48) were not statistically significant; these four oximes were significantly more effective than 2-PAM (p < or = 0.05). The efficacy of K-27 was also significantly higher than that of HI-6, trimedoxime, and 2-PAM (p < or = 0.05). Conclusion. Our data provide further evidence that K-27 is a very promising candidate for the treatment of intoxication with a broad spectrum of OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Lorke
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
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13
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Zhou S, Wang L, Li L, Liu W. Stereoisomeric separation and bioassay of a new organophosphorus compound, O,S-dimethyl-N-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-methoxyethyl)phosphoramidothioate: some implications for chiral switch. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6920-6926. [PMID: 19603750 DOI: 10.1021/jf901643x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The manufacture and use of single- or enriched-enantiomer pesticides are green-chemistry developments advocated in the 21st century, but predictive work for chiral switch of newly produced chiral active ingredients is limited. In the present study, the stereoselective separation, target activity, and nontarget toxicity of O,S-dimethyl-N-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-methoxyethyl)phosphoramidothioate (MCP), a new organophosphorus compound, were investigated. Because being highly active and safe is a prerequisite for marketing single-isomer products, the above studies were used to offer some implications for the chiral switch of racemic MCP. The results showed that all four stereoisomers of MCP were successfully separated with a Chiralpak AD column on HPLC. The resolved isomers and the pairs of enantiomers were further distinguished using a circular dichroism detector, designating the first and third eluted peaks as one pair of enantiomers and the second and fourth peaks as the other pair. Then, the insecticidal activities and acute and delayed toxicities of the resolved isomers of MCP were evaluated by their acute lethal efficacy against Daphina magna , their inhibitory potentials to acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and axon-like outgrowth of the SH-SY5Y cells, respectively. The inhibition potencies of the isomers against AChE in SH-SY5Y cells were low and slightly stereoselective. On the other hand, a significant difference was observed among the isomers in their activities and delayed neurotoxicities. The 48 h acute toxicities of isomers to D. magna followed the order peak 1 approximately pair 1 (i.e., equimolar mixture of peaks 1 and 3) > peak 4 approximately racemate > pair 2 (i.e., equimolar mixture of peaks 2 and 4) > peak 2 > peak 3, with 1.0-6.3-fold differences among them. In comparison, the inhibitory potentials of the isomers toward axon growth of SH-SY5Y cells decreased in the order peak 2 > pair 2 > peak 4 > racemate > peak 3 > pair 1 approximately peak 1, with at least a 60-fold difference between the strongest and weakest inhibitors. Those results imply that peak 1 has the optimal target selectivity and ecological profile among the four stereoisomers. It was calculated that two-thirds of the usual pesticide usage can be saved concomitantly with a substantial decrease in neuropathic risk if MCP is present only as peak 1 rather than the racemate. When considering the absence of the economically feasible synthetic methods and techniques to produce optically pure isomers of organophosphorus pesticides, pair 1 of MCP shows considerable worth for future applications on the basis of its biological predominance and cost effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- Research Center of Green Chirality, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
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Musilova L, Kuca K, jung YS, Jun D. In vitrooxime-assisted reactivation of paraoxon-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 47:545-50. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650903058914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Dried–Reswollen Immobilized Biocatalysts for Detoxification of Organophosphorous Compounds in the Flow Systems. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 159:251-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8564-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Barhoumi R, Qian Y, Burghardt RC, Tiffany-Castiglioni E. Image analysis of Ca2+ signals as a basis for neurotoxicity assays: promises and challenges. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:16-24. [PMID: 19555758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Free intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) controls a wide range of cellular functions such as contraction, neurotransmitter and hormone release, metabolism, cell division and differentiation. Cytosolic Ca(2+) levels are abnormal in cells exposed to toxicants and understanding how these levels become altered may improve our ability to design high-throughput methods for the sensitive detection of cellular responses to a toxic exposure. Because Ca(2+) is involved in multiple aspects of cellular function, its role in signaling is complex. It is therefore necessary to identify the individual pathways targeted during toxicant exposure in order to use them as a tool for predictive measurements of toxicity and as targets for prevention or reversal of injury. This review illustrates several methods available for analysis of Ca(2+) responses in vitro and their applicability for understanding mechanisms of toxicity at the molecular and cellular levels. The review will also consider the usefulness of Ca(2+) imaging for predicting a unique signature for classes of toxicants. Towards this end, two methodological approaches for assessment of Ca(2+) responses to toxicants are examined: steady state measurements and complex spatial and/or temporal measurements. Each of the methods described and appropriately used results in reliable and reproducible measurements which may be applied in a high-throughput fashion to individualize in vitro assessment of cellular responses caused by toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA.
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Holden LJ, Coleman MD. Assessment of the astrogliotic responses of three human astrocytoma cell lines to ethanol, trimethyltin chloride and acrylamide. Toxicology 2007; 241:75-83. [PMID: 17875352 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The astrogliotic responses of the CCF-STTG1, U251-MG, and U373-MG human astrocytoma lines were determined after exposure to ethanol, trimethyltin chloride (TMTC), and acrylamide over 4, 16, and 24h. Basal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the U-251MG and U373-MG cells was 10-fold greater than the CCF-STGG1 line. Ethanol treatment over 24h, but not at 4 and 16h, resulted in significant increases in GFAP in all three glioma lines at sub-cytotoxic levels; the GFAP responses in the CCF-STTG1 line were the most sensitive, as concentrations of 0.1 and 1mM led to increases in GFAP expression compared with control of 56.8+/-15.7 and 58.9+/-11.5%, respectively (P<0.05). Treatment with TMTC (1 microM) over 4h showed elevated GFAP expression in the U251-MG cell line to 28.0+/-15.7% above control levels (P<0.01), but not in the other U373-MG or CCF-STTG1 cells. At 4h, MTT turnover was markedly increased compared with control, particularly in the U373-MG line at concentrations as low as 1 microM (17.1+/-2.3%; P<0.01). TMTC exposure over 16 and 24h resulted in reduction in GFAP expression in all three lines at concentrations; at 24h incubation, the reduction was >50% (P<0.01). There were no changes in GFAP expression or MTT turnover in response to acrylamide except at the highest concentration ranges of 10-100 mM. This study underlines the significance of period of exposure, as well as toxin concentration in astrocytoma cellular response to toxic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay J Holden
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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