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Teuschler LK, Hertzberg RC, McDonald A, Sey YM, Simmons JE. Evaluation of a Proportional Response Addition Approach to Mixture Risk Assessment and Predictive Toxicology Using Data on Four Trihalomethanes from the U.S. EPA's Multiple-Purpose Design Study. TOXICS 2024; 12:240. [PMID: 38668462 PMCID: PMC11053411 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In this study, proportional response addition (Prop-RA), a model for predicting response from chemical mixture exposure, is demonstrated and evaluated by statistically analyzing data on all possible binary combinations of the four regulated trihalomethanes (THMs). These THMs were the subject of a multipurpose toxicology study specifically designed to evaluate Prop-RA. The experimental design used a set of doses common to all components and mixtures, providing hepatotoxicity data on the four single THMs and the binary combinations. In Prop-RA, the contribution of each component to mixture toxicity is proportional to its fraction in the mixture based on its response at the total mixture dose. The primary analysis consisted of 160 evaluations. Statistically significant departures from the Prop-RA prediction were found for seven evaluations, with three predications that were greater than and four that were less than the predicted response; interaction magnitudes (n-fold difference in response vs. prediction) ranged from 1.3 to 1.4 for the former and 2.6 to 3.8 for the latter. These predictions support the idea that Prop-RA works best with chemicals where the effective dose ranges overlap. Prop-RA does not assume the similarity of toxic action or independence, but it can be applied to a mixture of components that affect the same organ/system, with perhaps unknown toxic modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anthony McDonald
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Yusupha Mahtarr Sey
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jane Ellen Simmons
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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2
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Di Candia D, Boracchi M, Muccino E, Gentile G, Zoja R. The Lethal Cutting: An Unexpected Cause of Death. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:e28-e35. [PMID: 33417700 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is among the illicit substances most frequently implicated in deaths related to the use of drugs of abuse both worldwide and in Italy. Cutting agents involved in the adulterations of this substance are many and the process of lacing can take place at various stages of the production of the drug. In this Report we are discussing the case of a 27-year-old woman found death next to her car in a wooded area in the suburban area of Milan. On the crime scene, several specimens of white powder were collected and subsequently analyzed via Q-Exactive Orbitrap with a HPLC system and LC/MS-MS analysis along with biological matrices sampled during autopsy examination. The toxicological analysis revealed that the death could be ascribed to a lethal dose of methomyl, a carbamide pesticide used as cutting agent for cocaine. According to Literature, this is the first time that this substance is used as an adulterant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Di Candia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Boracchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico Muccino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Guendalina Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zoja
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 37, 20133 Milano, Italy
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3
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Souza FD, Rodrigues Garcia D, Cuya T, Pimentel AS, Gonçalves ADS, Alencastro RBD, França TCC. Molecular Modeling Study of Uncharged Oximes Compared to HI-6 and 2-PAM Inside Human AChE Sarin and VX Conjugates. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4490-4500. [PMID: 32175496 PMCID: PMC7066550 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The deleterious effects of nerve agents over the enzymes acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) turned these compounds into the most dangerous chemical weapons known. Among the antidotes in use today against these agents, oximes in combination with other drugs are the only treatment with any action. HI-6 and 2-PAM are cationic oximes proved to be effective for the reactivation of AChE inhibited by the nerve agents VX and sarin (GB). However, when it comes to reactivation of AChE inside the central or peripheral nervous systems, charged molecules present low diffusion due to low penetration through the blood-brain barrier. Uncharged oximes appear as an interesting alternative to solve this problem, but the development and enhancement of more efficient uncharged oximes capable of reactivating human AChE is still necessary. Given the limitations for in vivo and in vitro experimental studies with nerve agents, modeling is an important tool that can contribute to a better understanding of factors that may affect the efficiency of uncharged oximes. In order to investigate the interaction and behavior of cationic and uncharged oximes, we performed here molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and binding energies calculations of the known cationic oximes HI-6 and 2-PAM plus four uncharged oximes found in the literature, complexed with human AChE (HssACHE) conjugated with the nerve agents VX and GB. The uncharged oximes showed different behaviors, especially RS194B, which presented stability inside AChE-VX, but presented free binding energy lower than cationic oximes, suggesting that structural alterations could favor its interactions with these complexes. In contrast, HI-6 and 2-PAM showed higher affinities with more negative binding energy values and larger contribution of the amino acid Asp74, demonstrating the importance of the quaternary nitrogen to the affinity and interaction of oximes with AChE-GB and AChE-VX conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe
Rodrigues de Souza
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied
to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University
of Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Danielle Rodrigues Garcia
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied
to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Teobaldo Cuya
- Faculty
of Technology, University of the State of
Rio de Janeiro, 27537-000 Resende/RJ, Brazil
| | - André Silva Pimentel
- Department
of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University
of Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Arlan da Silva Gonçalves
- Postgraduate
Program in Sustainable Technologies (PPGTECS), Federal Institute of Education Science and Technology of Espírito
Santo, Unit Vila Velha, 29056-255 Vila Velha/ES, Brazil
- Postgraduate
Program in Chemistry (PPGQUI), Federal University
of Espírito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, ESBrazil
| | | | - Tanos Celmar Costa França
- Laboratory
of Molecular Modeling Applied
to Chemical and Biological Defense (LMCBD), Military Institute of Engineering, 22290-270 Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho
62, 50003 Hradec
Kralove, Czech Republic
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4
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Fox MA, Brewer LE, Martin L. An Overview of Literature Topics Related to Current Concepts, Methods, Tools, and Applications for Cumulative Risk Assessment (2007-2016). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14040389. [PMID: 28387705 PMCID: PMC5409590 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative risk assessments (CRAs) address combined risks from exposures to multiple chemical and nonchemical stressors and may focus on vulnerable communities or populations. Significant contributions have been made to the development of concepts, methods, and applications for CRA over the past decade. Work in both human health and ecological cumulative risk has advanced in two different contexts. The first context is the effects of chemical mixtures that share common modes of action, or that cause common adverse outcomes. In this context two primary models are used for predicting mixture effects, dose addition or response addition. The second context is evaluating the combined effects of chemical and nonchemical (e.g., radiation, biological, nutritional, economic, psychological, habitat alteration, land-use change, global climate change, and natural disasters) stressors. CRA can be adapted to address risk in many contexts, and this adaptability is reflected in the range in disciplinary perspectives in the published literature. This article presents the results of a literature search and discusses a range of selected work with the intention to give a broad overview of relevant topics and provide a starting point for researchers interested in CRA applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Fox
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - L Elizabeth Brewer
- Office of the Science Advisor, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Washington, DC 20004, USA.
| | - Lawrence Martin
- Office of the Science Advisor, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20004, USA.
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Spurgeon DJ, Jones OAH, Dorne JLCM, Svendsen C, Swain S, Stürzenbaum SR. Systems toxicology approaches for understanding the joint effects of environmental chemical mixtures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:3725-3734. [PMID: 20231031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Environmental mixtures of chemicals constitute a prevalent issue in ecotoxicology and the development of new methods to reduce the uncertainties associated with their ecological risk assessment is a critical research need. Historically, a number of models have been explored to predict the potential combined effects of chemicals on species. These models, especially concentration addition and the independent action, have been applied to a number of mixtures. While often providing a good prediction of joint effect, there are cases where these models can have limitations: notably in cases where there are interactions for which they fail to adequately predict joint effects. To support the better mechanistic understanding of interactions in mixture toxicology a framework to support experimental studies to investigate the basis of observed interactions is proposed. The conceptual framework is derived from the extension of a three stage scheme which has previously been applied to understand chemical bioavailability. The framework considers that interactions in mixtures result from processes related to 1) the speciation, binding and transport of chemicals in the exposure medium (external exposure); 2) the adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of chemicals within the organisms (toxicokinetics); 3) associations governing the binding and toxicity of the chemical(s) at the target site (toxicodynamics). The current state of the art in (eco)toxicology in relation to investigation of the mechanisms of interactions between chemicals is discussed with particular emphasis towards the multi-disciplinary tools and techniques within environmental chemistry; toxicology; biochemistry and systems biology that can be used to address such effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK.
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Gu C, Shamsi SA. CEC-atmospheric pressure ionization MS of pesticides using a surfactant-bound monolithic column. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1162-1174. [PMID: 20349511 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A surfactant bound poly (11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolithic column was simply prepared by in situ co-polymerization of 11-acrylaminoundecanoic acid and ethylene dimethacrylate with 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol and water as porogens in 100 microm id fused-silica capillary in one step. This column was used in CEC-atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI)-MS system for separation and detection of N-methylcarbamates pesticides. Numerous parameters are optimized for CEC-APPI-MS. After evaluation of the mobile phase composition, sheath liquid composition and the monolithic capillary outlet position, a fractional factorial design was selected as a screening procedure to identify factors of ionization source parameters, such as sheath liquid flow rate, drying gas flow rate, drying gas temperature, nebulizing gas pressure, vaporizer temperature and capillary voltage, which significantly influence APPI-MS sensitivity. A face-centered central composite design was further utilized to optimize the most significant parameters and predict the best sensitivity. Under optimized conditions, S/Ns around 78 were achieved for an injection of 100 ng/mL of each pesticide. Finally, this CEC-APPI-MS method was successfully applied to the analysis of nine N-methylcarbamates in spiked apple juice sample after solid phase extraction with recoveries in the range of 65-109%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Shayeghi M, Nasirian H, Nourjah N, Baniardelan M, Shayeghi F, Aboulhassani M. Cholinesterase activity among spray workers in Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 2009; 12:696-701. [PMID: 19634473 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2009.696.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study whole blood cholinesterase activities of the agriculture and hygiene spray workers exposed to organophosphorus and carbamate compounds from different parts of Tehran Province in Iran were determined. Lovi Bond method was used in three stages including prepare the questionnaires about spray worker body health conditions, taking their blood samples before and after working and their insight to insecticides and prepare the required solutions. Results showed that no any changes were observed in the 50% of the spray worker blood cholinesterase activity after working. In the 32.4% of them, cholinesterase activity has decreased up to extensive poisoning and in the 17.6% of them cholinesterase activity was much decreased at the end of an acute or severe poisoning, whereas in testifier workers less than 5.9% of them cholinesterase activity was decreased and in the 94.1% of testifier workers cholinesterase activity was normal. Analysis of the data demonstrated that no significant relationship between spray worker blood cholinesterase activity, age groups, history of working, knowledge, cigarette smoking, history of toxicity and their responsibilities were observed. The measurement of pre-exposure cholinesterase values is essential for comparison of the values after pesticide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shayeghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Researches, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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