1
|
Bramanti E, Onor M, Colombaioni L. Neurotoxicity Induced by Low Thallium Doses in Living Hippocampal Neurons: Evidence of Early Onset Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Correlation with Ethanol Production. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:451-459. [PMID: 30346713 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy metal thallium is an emerging pollutant among the most potentially toxic species to which human populations are exposed. Its harmful effects on living organisms are well-known at high doses, typical of acute intoxication. Its harmful effects at low doses are by far less known. In a previous paper, we reported a TlCl-induced metabolic shift to lactate and ethanol production in living hippocampal HN9.10e neurons that appeared after a single short exposure (48 h) at low doses (1-100 μg/L). This metabolic shift to lactate and ethanol suggests a marked impairment of cell bioenergetics. In this work, we provide detailed evidence for TlCl-induced changes of neuronal morphology and mitochondrial activity. Confocal microscopy and fluorescent probes were used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze, at the subcellular level, living HN9.10e neurons during and after TlCl exposure. An early onset mitochondrial dysfunction appeared, associated with signs of cellular deregulation such as neurite shortening, loss of substrate adhesion, and increase of cytoplasmic calcium. The dose-dependent alteration of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) level and of transmembrane mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm) has been observed also for very low TlCl doses (1 μg/L). The treatment with the ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin revealed a severe impairment of the mitochondrial function, more significant than that measured by the simple quantification of the tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) fluorescence. These results highlight that mitochondria are a key subcellular target of TlCl neurotoxicity. The transmembrane mitochondrial potential was significantly correlated with the ethanol concentration in cell culture medium ( P < 0.001, r = -0.817), suggesting that ethanol could be potentially used as a biomarker of mitochondrial impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Bramanti
- Institute of Chemsitry of Organo Metallic Compounds-ICCOM, National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Massimo Onor
- Institute of Chemsitry of Organo Metallic Compounds-ICCOM, National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Laura Colombaioni
- CNR Neuroscience
Institute, Area della Ricerca CNR, Pisa 56124, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Colombaioni L, Onor M, Benedetti E, Bramanti E. Thallium stimulates ethanol production in immortalized hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188351. [PMID: 29161327 PMCID: PMC5697870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate and ethanol (EtOH) were determined in cell culture medium (CCM) of immortalized hippocampal neurons (HN9.10e cell line) before and after incubation with Thallium (Tl). This cell line is a reliable, in vitro model of one of the most vulnerable regions of central nervous system. Cells were incubated for 48 h with three different single Tl doses: 1, 10, 100 μg/L (corresponding to 4.9, 49 and 490 nM, respectively). After 48 h, neurons were "reperfused" with fresh CCM every 24/48 h until 7 days after the treatment and the removed CCM was collected and analysed. Confocal microscopy was employed to observe morphological changes. EtOH was determined by head space-solid phase microextraction -gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GCMS), lactate by RP-HPLC with UV detection. Tl exposure had significant effects on neuronal growth rate and morphology. The damage degree was dose-dependent. In not exposed cells, EtOH concentration was 0.18 ± 0.013 mM, which represents about 5% of lactate concentration (3.4 ± 0.10 mM). After Tl exposure lactate and EtOH increased. In CCM of 100 and 10 μg/L Tl-treated cells, lactate increased 24 h after reperfusion up to 2 and 3.3 times the control value, respectively. In CCM of 10 and 100 μg/L Tl-treated cells 24 h after reperfusion, EtOH increased up to 0.3 and 0.58 mmol/L. respectively. These results are consistent with significant alterations in energy metabolism, despite the low doses of Tl employed and the relatively short incubation time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Onor
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemsitry of Organo Metallic Compounds-ICCOM, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Benedetti
- Hematology Unit, Department of Oncology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emilia Bramanti
- National Research Council of Italy, C.N.R., Institute of Chemsitry of Organo Metallic Compounds-ICCOM, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rödling L, Schwedhelm I, Kraus S, Bieback K, Hansmann J, Lee-Thedieck C. 3D models of the hematopoietic stem cell niche under steady-state and active conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4625. [PMID: 28676663 PMCID: PMC5496931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow are able to differentiate into all types of blood cells and supply the organism each day with billions of fresh cells. They are applied to cure hematological diseases such as leukemia. The clinical need for HSCs is high and there is a demand for being able to control and multiply HSCs in vitro. The hematopoietic system is highly proliferative and thus sensitive to anti-proliferative drugs such as chemotherapeutics. For many of these drugs suppression of the hematopoietic system is the dose-limiting toxicity. Therefore, biomimetic 3D models of the HSC niche that allow to control HSC behavior in vitro and to test drugs in a human setting are relevant for the clinics and pharmacology. Here, we describe a perfused 3D bone marrow analog that allows mimicking the HSC niche under steady-state and activated conditions that favor either HSC maintenance or differentiation, respectively, and allows for drug testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rödling
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ivo Schwedhelm
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Kraus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Karen Bieback
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University; German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Würzburg, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lee-Thedieck
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hamm J, Sullivan K, Clippinger AJ, Strickland J, Bell S, Bhhatarai B, Blaauboer B, Casey W, Dorman D, Forsby A, Garcia-Reyero N, Gehen S, Graepel R, Hotchkiss J, Lowit A, Matheson J, Reaves E, Scarano L, Sprankle C, Tunkel J, Wilson D, Xia M, Zhu H, Allen D. Alternative approaches for identifying acute systemic toxicity: Moving from research to regulatory testing. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 41:245-259. [PMID: 28069485 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute systemic toxicity testing provides the basis for hazard labeling and risk management of chemicals. A number of international efforts have been directed at identifying non-animal alternatives for in vivo acute systemic toxicity tests. A September 2015 workshop, Alternative Approaches for Identifying Acute Systemic Toxicity: Moving from Research to Regulatory Testing, reviewed the state-of-the-science of non-animal alternatives for this testing and explored ways to facilitate implementation of alternatives. Workshop attendees included representatives from international regulatory agencies, academia, nongovernmental organizations, and industry. Resources identified as necessary for meaningful progress in implementing alternatives included compiling and making available high-quality reference data, training on use and interpretation of in vitro and in silico approaches, and global harmonization of testing requirements. Attendees particularly noted the need to characterize variability in reference data to evaluate new approaches. They also noted the importance of understanding the mechanisms of acute toxicity, which could be facilitated by the development of adverse outcome pathways. Workshop breakout groups explored different approaches to reducing or replacing animal use for acute toxicity testing, with each group crafting a roadmap and strategy to accomplish near-term progress. The workshop steering committee has organized efforts to implement the recommendations of the workshop participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hamm
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Kristie Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave NW, Ste 400, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Judy Strickland
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Shannon Bell
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Bas Blaauboer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Toxicology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Warren Casey
- NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David Dorman
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Anna Forsby
- Stockholm University and Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rabea Graepel
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Alternatives to Animal Testing, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Anna Lowit
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elissa Reaves
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Louis Scarano
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Wilson
- The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Chemistry(,) Rutgers University-Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - David Allen
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prieto P, Kinsner-Ovaskainen A, Stanzel S, Albella B, Artursson P, Campillo N, Cecchelli R, Cerrato L, Díaz L, Di Consiglio E, Guerra A, Gombau L, Herrera G, Honegger P, Landry C, O’Connor J, Páez J, Quintas G, Svensson R, Turco L, Zurich M, Zurbano M, Kopp-Schneider A. The value of selected in vitro and in silico methods to predict acute oral toxicity in a regulatory context: Results from the European Project ACuteTox. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1357-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
6
|
Clothier R, Gómez-Lechón M, Kinsner-Ovaskainen A, Kopp-Schneider A, O’Connor J, Prieto P, Stanzel S. Comparative analysis of eight cytotoxicity assays evaluated within the ACuteTox Project. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1347-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
7
|
Kinsner-Ovaskainen A, Prieto P, Stanzel S, Kopp-Schneider A. Selection of test methods to be included in a testing strategy to predict acute oral toxicity: an approach based on statistical analysis of data collected in phase 1 of the ACuteTox project. Toxicol In Vitro 2012. [PMID: 23178337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
More than 50 different in vitro and in silico methods assessing specific organ- and system-toxicity, such as haemato-, neuro-, nephro- and hepatotoxicity, as well as intestinal absorption, distribution and metabolism, have been used in the first phase of the ACuteTox project to test a common set of 57 chemicals. This paper describes the methods used for statistical evaluation of concentration-response data collected for each of the endpoint assays, and for the development of a testing strategy applicable for acute toxicity classification of chemicals based on the achieved results of the concentration-response analysis. A final list of in vitro test methods considered to be promising candidates for building blocks of the testing strategy is presented. Only these selected test methods were further investigated in the prevalidation phase of the project. The test methods were chosen according to their reproducibility and reliability and most importantly, according to their potential to classify chemicals into the official acute oral toxicity categories of the EU Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation. The potential of the test methods to correctly classify the chemicals was assessed by Classification and Regression Trees (CART) analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Kinsner-Ovaskainen
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Via Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Valeri A, Alonso-Ferrero ME, Cerrato L, Martínez S, Bueren JA, Albella B. Development of an in vitro model for the simultaneous study of the efficacy and hematotoxicity of antileukemic compounds. Toxicol Lett 2010; 199:317-22. [PMID: 20883753 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic system displays a wide spectrum of cell populations hierarchically organized in the bone marrow. Homeostasis in this system requires equilibrium between the self-renewal of the stem cells and their capacity of differentiation. Any failure on this equilibrium could lead to fatal consequences, such as the development of leukemia. Due to its rapid rate of renewal, hematopoietic tissue is a major target for antitumoral compounds and often becomes a dose limiting factor in the development of antineoplastics. Our aim was to develop an in vitro model for predicting the efficacy of antitumoral compounds on leukemic cells and their toxic effects on the healthy hematopoietic cells. The mouse myelomonocytic leukemia WEHI-3b was transduced with a lentiviral vector for expressing the green fluorescence protein. Mixed semisolid clonogenic cultures of transduced WEHI-3b and murine bone marrow cells were exposed to five pharmaceuticals: daunorubicin (positive control), atropine sulphate (negative control) and three in different stages of clinical development (trabectedin, Zalypsis(®) and PM01183). Colonies of leukemic cells were distinguishable from healthy CFU-GM under fluorescence microscope. The sensitivity of leukemic cells to daunorubicin, trabectedin, Zalypsis(®) and PM01183 was higher compared to healthy cells. The effect of a non-antitumoral compound, atropine sulphate, was the same on both populations. Our results show that this in vitro model is a valuable tool for studying the effect of antitumoral compounds in both tumoral and normal hematopoietic cells under the same toxic microenvironment and could safe time and facilitate the reduction of the number of animals used in preclinical development of pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Valeri
- CIEMAT, Division of Hematopoiesis. Avenida Complutense, No. 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kooijman R, Devos S, Hooghe-Peters E. Inhibition of in vitro cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with xenobiotics: Implications for the prediction of general toxicity and immunotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1782-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
10
|
Haglund C, Åleskog A, Håkansson LD, Höglund M, Jacobsson S, Larsson R, Lindhagen E. The FMCA-GM assays, high throughput non-clonogenic alternatives to CFU-GM in preclinical hematotoxicity testing. Toxicol Lett 2010; 194:102-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|