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Purification Process and In Vitro and In Vivo Bioactivity Evaluation of Pectolinarin and Linarin from Cirsium japonicum. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248695. [PMID: 36557828 PMCID: PMC9780979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectolinarin and linarin are two major flavone O-glycosides of Cirsium japonicum, which has been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine. Pharmacological research on pectolinarin and linarin is meaningful and necessary. Here, a process for the purification of pectolinarin and linarin from C. japonicum was established using macroporous resin enrichment followed by prep-HPLC separation. The results show the purity of pectolinarin and linarin reached 97.39% and 96.65%, respectively. The in vitro bioactivities result shows the ORAC values of pectolinarin and linarin are 4543 and 1441 µmol TE/g, respectively, meanwhile their inhibition rate of BSA-MGO-derived AGEs is 63.58% and 19.31% at 2 mg/mL, which is 56.03% and 30.73% in the BSA-fructose system, respectively. The COX-2 inhibition rate at 50 µg/mL of linarin and pectolinarin reached 55.35% and 40.40%, respectively. Furthermore, the in vivo bioassay combining of histopathologic evaluation and biochemical analysis of liver glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum creatinine and TNF-α show pectolinarin can alleviate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver and kidney injury in mice. Metabolomics analysis shows that pectolinarin attenuates LPS-challenged liver and kidney stress through regulating the arachidonic acid metabolism and glutathione synthesis pathways. Collectively, our work presents a solid process for pectolinarin and linarin purification and has discovered a promising natural therapeutic agent-pectolinarin.
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Kurma SH, Karri S, Kuncha M, Sistla R, Bhimapaka CR. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of 2-oxo-2H-chromenyl and 2H-chromenyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127341. [PMID: 32631542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cycloaddition reaction of 4-chloro-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehydes (3a-g) and 4-chloro-2H-chromene-3-carbaldehydes (7a-h) with activated alkynes (4a-b) provided the 2-oxo-2H-chromenyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylates (5a-n) and 2H-chromenyl-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylates (8a-p). All the prepared compounds were screened for anti-inflammatory activity. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity data demonstrated that the compounds 5g, 5i, 5k-l and 8f are effective among the tested compounds against TNF-α (1.108 ± 0.002, 0.423 ± 0.022, 0.047 ± 0.001, 0.070 ± 0.002 and 0.142 ± 0.001 µM) in comparison with standard compound Prednisolone (0.033 ± 0.002 µM). Based on in vitro results, three compounds (5i, 5k and 8f) have been selected for in vivo experiments and these compounds are identified as better compounds with respect to anti-inflammatory activity in LPS induced mice model. Compound 5i was identified as potent and showed significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Hariprasad Kurma
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; AcSIR-Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Shailaja Karri
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Madhusudana Kuncha
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Ramakrishna Sistla
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - China Raju Bhimapaka
- Department of Organic Synthesis & Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India; AcSIR-Postal Staff College Area, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel 1,2,3-triazole hybrids of myrrhanone B isolated from Commiphora mukul gum resin: Identification of potent antiproliferative leads active against prostate cancer cells (PC-3). Eur J Med Chem 2020; 188:111974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mediating the invasion of smooth muscle cells into a cell-responsive hydrogel under the existence of immune cells. Biomaterials 2018; 180:193-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Rama Krishna B, Thummuri D, Naidu V, Ramakrishna S, Venkata Mallavadhani U. Synthesis of some novel orcinol based coumarin triazole hybrids with capabilities to inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through NF-κB signaling pathway. Bioorg Chem 2018; 78:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dayakar C, Kumar BS, Sneha G, Sagarika G, Meghana K, Ramakrishna S, Prakasham RS, China Raju B. Synthesis, pharmacological activities and molecular docking studies of pyrazolyltriazoles as anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5678-5691. [PMID: 28927905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel pyrazolyl alcohols (5a-h), pyrazolyl azides (6a-h), and pyrazolyltriazoles (8a-h, 10a-p and 12a-l) were prepared and evaluated for their bioactivity (anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory) profile. The compound 5c displayed the potent anti-bacterial activity against Micrococcus luteus (MIC 3.9 and MBC 7.81µg/mL). In vitro anti-inflammatory activity data denoted that compound 8b is effective among the tested compounds against IL-6 (IC50 6.23μM). Docking analysis of compounds 5f, 8a-b, 8e-f and 8h displayed high binding energies for the compounds 8a-b and 8h towards TNF-α dimer (2AZ5 protein) and IL-6 (1ALU protein). In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 8b and 8h with respect to LPS induced mice model indicated that compound 8h showed significant reduction in TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherupally Dayakar
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Buddana Sudheer Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Galande Sneha
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Gudem Sagarika
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Koneru Meghana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Sistla Ramakrishna
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Reddy Shetty Prakasham
- Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Bhimapaka China Raju
- Natural Products Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India.
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Jeon W, Park SJ, Kim BC. n -Propyl gallate suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase activation through protein kinase Cδ-mediated up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 in RAW264.7 macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 801:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of novel triazole hybrids of (+)-usnic acid, the major dibenzofuran metabolite of the lichen Usnea longissima. Mol Divers 2017; 21:273-282. [PMID: 28130662 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-016-9716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
(+)-Usnic acid ((R)-2,6-diacetyl-7,9-dihydroxy-8,9b-dimethyl-1,3(2H,9bH)-dibenzo-furandione), a dibenzofuran isolated from the lichen Usnea longissima, has been chemically transformed to synthesize a series of sixteen novel triazole analogs by click chemistry approach. The synthesized compounds were tested for their anti-inflammatory potential against the cytokines TNF-[Formula: see text] and IL-1[Formula: see text] in U937 cell lines. The bromo enamines (2a, 2b), azido enamines (3a, 3b) and triazole analogs (4f, 4g, 4h, 5f, 5g and 5h) exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activity against TNF-[Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] values ranging from 1.40 to 5.70 [Formula: see text]M. Most significantly, the [Formula: see text] values of compounds 5f (1.40 [Formula: see text]M) and 5h (1.88 [Formula: see text]M) are the lowest among the compounds tested and found close to that of standard prednisolone. Hence, these two compounds can be considered as lead molecules for further fine tuning to make highly potent anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.
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ZHANG QIAN, YANG FAN, LI XUN, WANG LUWEN, CHU XIAOGANG, ZHANG HONG, GONG ZUOJIONG. Trichostatin A inhibits inflammation in phorbol myristate acetate-induced macrophages by regulating the acetylation of histone and/or non-histone proteins. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:845-52. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Basketter D, Ashikaga T, Casati S, Hubesch B, Jaworska J, de Knecht J, Landsiedel R, Manou I, Mehling A, Petersohn D, Rorije E, Rossi LH, Steiling W, Teissier S, Worth A. Alternatives for skin sensitisation: Hazard identification and potency categorisation: Report from an EPAA/CEFIC LRI/Cosmetics Europe cross sector workshop, ECHA Helsinki, April 23rd and 24th 2015. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:660-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Yang F, Li X, Wang LK, Wang LW, Han XQ, Zhang H, Gong ZJ. Inhibitions of NF-κB and TNF-α result in differential effects in rats with acute on chronic liver failure induced by d-Gal and LPS. Inflammation 2015; 37:848-57. [PMID: 24385241 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we induced an acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) model by human serum albumin (HSA), D-galactosamine (D-Gal) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. Anti-TNF-α polyclonal antibody (as TNF-α inhibitor) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, a NF-κB inhibitor) were used to treat the liver failure animals, respectively. The results showed that TNF-α inhibition was beneficial, but NF-κB inhibition failed to protect the rats in ACLF. However, HMGB1 levels, cytokine production and activation of TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway were all suppressed by both TNF-α and NF-κB inhibition. In order to verify the effect of PDTC on inflammatory response, we further explored its effect in vitro. Anti-inflammatory activity of PDTC was proved in U937 cell line. To conclude, both inhibitions of TNF-α and NF-κB are able to suppress the activation of TLR4 and NF-κB signaling pathway. However, NF-κB inhibition with PDTC failed to protect the rats in ACLF induced by D-Gal and LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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Lefèvre L, Authier H, Stein S, Majorel C, Couderc B, Dardenne C, Eddine MA, Meunier E, Bernad J, Valentin A, Pipy B, Schoonjans K, Coste A. LRH-1 mediates anti-inflammatory and antifungal phenotype of IL-13-activated macrophages through the PPARγ ligand synthesis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6801. [PMID: 25873311 PMCID: PMC4410638 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1) is a nuclear receptor involved in the repression of inflammatory processes in the hepatointestinal tract. Here we report that LRH-1 is expressed in macrophages and induced by the Th2 cytokine IL-13 via a mechanism involving STAT6. We show that loss-of-function of LRH-1 in macrophages impedes IL-13-induced macrophage polarization due to impaired generation of 15-HETE PPARγ ligands. The incapacity to generate 15-HETE metabolites is at least partially caused by the compromised regulation of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. Mice with LRH-1-deficient macrophages are, furthermore, highly susceptible to gastrointestinal and systemic Candida albicans infection. Altogether, these results identify LRH-1 as a critical component of the anti-inflammatory and fungicidal response of alternatively activated macrophages that acts upstream from the IL-13-induced 15-HETE/PPARγ axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Lefèvre
- 1] UMR MD3, EA2405 Polarisation des Macrophages et Récepteurs Nucléaires dans les Pathologies Inflammatoires et Infectieuses, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France [2] Université de Toulouse, UMR 152, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Hélène Authier
- 1] UMR MD3, EA2405 Polarisation des Macrophages et Récepteurs Nucléaires dans les Pathologies Inflammatoires et Infectieuses, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France [2] Université de Toulouse, UMR 152, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Sokrates Stein
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Bettina Couderc
- EA4553 Individualisation des traitements des cancers ovariens et ORL, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Christophe Dardenne
- 1] UMR MD3, EA2405 Polarisation des Macrophages et Récepteurs Nucléaires dans les Pathologies Inflammatoires et Infectieuses, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France [2] Université de Toulouse, UMR 152, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | | | - Etienne Meunier
- 1] UMR MD3, EA2405 Polarisation des Macrophages et Récepteurs Nucléaires dans les Pathologies Inflammatoires et Infectieuses, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France [2] Université de Toulouse, UMR 152, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - José Bernad
- 1] UMR MD3, EA2405 Polarisation des Macrophages et Récepteurs Nucléaires dans les Pathologies Inflammatoires et Infectieuses, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France [2] Université de Toulouse, UMR 152, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Alexis Valentin
- Université de Toulouse, UMR 152, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Bernard Pipy
- 1] UMR MD3, EA2405 Polarisation des Macrophages et Récepteurs Nucléaires dans les Pathologies Inflammatoires et Infectieuses, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France [2] Université de Toulouse, UMR 152, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Metabolic Signaling, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Agnès Coste
- 1] UMR MD3, EA2405 Polarisation des Macrophages et Récepteurs Nucléaires dans les Pathologies Inflammatoires et Infectieuses, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France [2] Université de Toulouse, UMR 152, UPS, Toulouse 31400, France
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Kurpios-Piec D, Woźniak K, Kowalewski C, Gajewska B, Rahden-Staroń I. Thiram modulates pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 37:90-102. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.987924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Vocanson M, Nicolas JF, Basketter D. In vitroapproaches to the identification and characterization of skin sensitizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/17469872.2013.814882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
The implementation of new antiretroviral therapies targeting transcription of early viral proteins in postintegrated HIV-1 can aid in overcoming current therapy limitations. Using high-throughput screening assays, we have previously described a novel Tat-dependent HIV-1 transcriptional inhibitor named 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (6BIO). The screening of 6BIO derivatives yielded unique compounds that show potent inhibition of HIV-1 transcription. We have identified a second-generation derivative called 18BIOder as an inhibitor of HIV-1 Tat-dependent transcription in TZM-bl cells and a potent inhibitor of GSK-3β kinase in vitro. Structurally, 18BIOder is half the molecular weight and structure of its parental compound, 6BIO. More importantly, we also have found a different GSK-3β complex present only in HIV-1-infected cells. 18BIOder preferentially inhibits this novel kinase complex from infected cells at nanomolar concentrations. Finally, we observed that neuronal cultures treated with Tat protein are protected from Tat-mediated cytotoxicity when treated with 18BIOder. Overall, our data suggest that HIV-1 Tat-dependent transcription is sensitive to small-molecule inhibition of GSK-3β.
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Cisplatin protects against acute liver failure by inhibiting nuclear HMGB1 release. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11224-37. [PMID: 23712360 PMCID: PMC3709729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is one of the most widely used chemical drugs for anticancer treatment. Recent studies have focused on the ability of cisplatin to retain the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in cisplatin-DNA adducts, thereby preventing its release from the nucleus. Because HMGB1 is a powerful inflammatory mediator in many diseases, the aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effect of cisplatin acute liver failure. In this study, low-dose cisplatin was administered to treat PMA-induced macrophage-like cells induced by PMA and rats with acute liver failure. We found that cell viability and liver injury were greatly improved by cisplatin treatment. The extracellular levels of HMGB1, TNF-α and IFN-γ were also significantly decreased by the administration of cisplatin. During inflammation, nuclear HMGB1 translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The administration of cisplatin reduced the cytoplasmic levels of HMGB1 and increased nuclear HMGB1 levels in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, cisplatin can protect against acute liver failure by retaining HMGB1 in the nucleus and preventing its release into the extracellular milieu.
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Kendall AC, Nicolaou A. Bioactive lipid mediators in skin inflammation and immunity. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 52:141-64. [PMID: 23124022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the primary barrier from the outside environment, protecting the host from injury, infectious pathogens, water loss and solar ultraviolet radiation. In this role, it is supported by a highly organized system comprising elements of innate and adaptive immunity, responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The cutaneous immune system is regulated by mediators such as cytokines and bioactive lipids that can initiate rapid immune responses with controlled inflammation, followed by efficient resolution. However, when immune responses are inadequate or mounted against non-infectious agents, these mediators contribute to skin pathologies involving unresolved or chronic inflammation. Skin is characterized by active lipid metabolism and fatty acids play crucial roles both in terms of structural integrity and functionality, in particular when transformed to bioactive mediators. Eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids are such key bioactive lipids, intimately involved in skin biology, inflammation and immunity. We discuss their origins, role and influence over various cells of the epidermis, dermis and cutaneous immune system and examine their function in examples of inflammatory skin conditions. We focus on psoriasis, atopic and contact dermatitis, acne vulgaris, wound healing and photodermatology that demonstrate dysregulation of bioactive lipid metabolism and examine ways of using this insight to inform novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Kendall
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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