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Lash LH. A Novel Approach to Predicting Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Function in Human Hepatic Drug Disposition and Biliary Clearance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2023; 387:131-134. [PMID: 37844920 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Harold Lash
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Wang S, Wang MY, Shi YF, Han F, Ye HL, Cai YQ, Wu D, Tian LL, Zhang X, Tang YY. Identification of 2,2',4,5,5'-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB101) metabolites and their transmission characteristics in silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119583. [PMID: 35680065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been attracting global concern due to their persistence and toxicity. However, the study on the metabolites of PCBs in freshwater fish is limited. In this study, the metabolites of 2,2',4,5,5'-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB101) in silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) were identified for the first time. After intraperitoneal injection of PCB101 (2 mg/kg), the results showed that it could be metabolized to at least three types of metabolites, including hydroxylated (OH-), methoxylated (MeO-) and methyl sulfonated (MeSO2-) PCB101. The OH- metabolites identified in most tissues were 3-OH-PCB101and 4-OH-PCB101, such as liver, gallbladder, blood and muscle. MeSO2- metabolites identified in gallbladder, blood and brain were 3-MeSO2-PCB101 and 4-MeSO2-PCB101. Meanwhile, the MeO- metabolite identified in liver, gallbladder, blood and spleen of silver crucian carp was 4-MeO-PCB101. The investigation of the types and structures of PCB101 and its metabolites, as well as the tissue distribution and accumulation characteristics in silver crucian carp are beneficial to understand the transformation and metabolic mechanisms of PCBs in aquatic organisms. It is of great significance to identify potential pollution hazards of precursor compounds and their metabolites on aquatic products and ensure the quality and safety of aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, No. 300 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200090, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Linquan County Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Inspection Station, Linquan, Anhui province, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Wang
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, No. 300 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200090, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yong-Fu Shi
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, No. 300 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Feng Han
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, No. 300 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200090, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Hong-Li Ye
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, No. 300 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - You-Qiong Cai
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, No. 300 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Di Wu
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, No. 300 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200090, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Liang-Liang Tian
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, No. 300 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, No. 300 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Yun-Yu Tang
- Fishery Products Quality Inspection and Test Centre (Shanghai), East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, No. 300 Jungong Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200090, China
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Yu Y, Li X, Hu J, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Li G, Ma S, Lei B, Fang X, Fan R, An T. Mechanisms of transplacental transport and barrier of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: A comprehensive human, Sprague-Dawley rat, BeWo cell and molecular docking study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116091. [PMID: 33234377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although studies have reported that polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) can transfer from mothers to fetuses, the underlying transplacental transport and barrier mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, we conducted a series of comprehensive experiments in humans, Sprague-Dawley rats, and a BeWo cell monolayer model, as well as a molecular docking study. PBDEs in mothers can transfer to fetuses with a ratio of approximately 0.46, suggesting that the placenta could not efficiently acts as a barrier to PBDE transplacental transport. Similar results were observed in pregnant rats, although varying times were required for different congeners to reach a steady-state in fetuses. The transport ratios at pregnancy day 14 in rats were generally higher than those at pregnancy day 18, which demonstrated that the barrier capacity of immature placentas was lower than that of mature placentas. None concentration-dependent transplacental transport was observed in BeWo cells with efflux ratios of 1.73-2.32, which suggested passive diffusion mechanisms govern the influx of PBDEs through placenta. The accumulated ratios of PBDEs and the inhibitor assay indicated that the effluent channel of P-glycoprotein was partially inhibited by PBDEs. Using molecular docking studies, three pocket sites were identified for different congeners in P-glycoprotein, which demonstrated that the inhibition of P-glycoprotein efflux pump through the pocket sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Junjie Hu
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zi'an Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Bingli Lei
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Xiangming Fang
- Shanghai Huangpu Maternity & Infant Health Hospital, Shanghai, 200020, PR China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Yu Y, Wang M, Zhang K, Yang D, Zhong Y, An J, Lei B, Zhang X. The transepithelial transport mechanism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human intestine determined using a Caco-2 cell monolayer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:93-100. [PMID: 28056407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral ingestion plays an important role in human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The uptake of PBDEs primarily occurs in the small intestine. The aim of the present study is to investigate the transepithelial transport characteristics and mechanisms of PBDEs in the small intestine using a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The apparent permeability coefficients of PBDEs indicated that tri- to hepta-BDEs were poorly absorbed compounds. A linear increase in transepithelial transport was observed with various concentrations of PBDEs, which suggested that passive diffusion dominated their transport at the concentration range tested. In addition, the pseudo-first-order kinetics equation can be applied to the transepithelial transport of PBDEs. The rate-determining step in transepithelial transport of PBDEs was trans-cell transport including the trans-pore process. The significantly lower transepithelial transport rates at low temperature for bidirectional transepithelial transport suggested that an energy-dependent transport mechanism was involved. The efflux transporters (P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, and breast cancer resistance protein) and influx transporters (organic cation transporters) participated in the transepithelial transport of PBDEs. In addition, the transepithelial transport of PBDEs was pH sensitive; however, more information is required to understand the influence of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Yu
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Kaiqiong Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Dan Yang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yufang Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Jing An
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Bingli Lei
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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Ohta C, Haraguchi K, Kato Y, Endo T, Kimura O, Koga N. Distribution and excretion of 2,2',3,4',5,5',6-heptachlorobiphenyl (CB187) and its metabolites in rats and guinea pigs. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 118:5-11. [PMID: 25433397 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy (OH)-2,2',3,4',5,5',6-heptachlorobiphenyl (CB187) is a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) metabolite present in human serum at the highest concentration of the PCB metabolites. Our previous study demonstrated that CB187 was metabolized by rat and guinea pig liver microsomes to the major metabolite 4'-OH-2,2',3,3',5,5',6-heptachlorobiphenyl (CB178), and the two minor metabolites 4-OH-CB187 and 4'-OH-2,2',3,5,5',6-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB151). In this study, the distribution of these metabolites in serum, liver and kidney, and their fecal excretion, were examined in rats and guinea pigs intraperitoneally dosed with CB187. Similarly to the in vitro study, 4'-OH-CB178 was a major metabolite in the liver, serum and feces of both animal species on day 4 after CB187 injection, and the level in the liver was about 20 times higher in untreated guinea pigs than in untreated rats. In addition, 4-OH-CB187, a minor metabolite, was detected in the serum and kidneys, but not in the feces, of both guinea pigs and rats. Another minor metabolite, 4'-OH-CB151, was detected at a lower level only in guinea pig feces; little was found in the serum or liver of either animals. Over the 30d following CB187 injection into guinea pigs, 4'-OH-CB178 and 4-OH-CB187 in the serum was observed at higher level on day 4 and day 16 after injection, respectively. The majority of the 4'-OH-CB178 was rapidly excreted to the feces following unmetabolized CB187, whereas 4-OH-CB187 was not found in guinea pig feces and liver during 30d. These results support previous reports that 4-OH-CB187 is retained persistently in animal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Ohta
- Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan.
| | - Koichi Haraguchi
- Daiichi College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8511, Japan.
| | - Yoshihisa Kato
- Kagawa School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Osamu Kimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Koga
- Faculty of Nutritional Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan.
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O'Connor IA, Veltman K, Huijbregts MAJ, Ragas AMJ, Russel FGM, Hendriks AJ. Including carrier-mediated transport in oral uptake prediction of nutrients and pharmaceuticals in humans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 38:938-947. [PMID: 25461554 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Most toxicokinetic models consider passive diffusion as the only mechanism when modeling the oral uptake of chemicals. However, the overall uptake of nutrients and xenobiotics, such as pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants, can be increased by influx transport proteins. We incorporated carrier-mediated transport into a one-compartment toxicokinetic model originally developed for passive diffusion only. The predictions were compared with measured oral uptake efficiencies of nutrients and pharmaceuticals, i.e. the fraction of the chemical reaching systemic circulation. Including carrier-mediated uptake improved model predictions for hydrophilic nutrients (RMSE=10% vs. 56%, Coefficient of Efficiency CoE=0.5 vs. -9.6) and for pharmaceuticals (RMSE=21% vs. 28% and CoE=-0.4 vs. -1.1). However, the negative CoE for pharmaceuticals indicates that further improvements are needed. Most important in this respect is a more accurate estimation of vMAX and KM as well as the determination of the amount of expressed and functional transport proteins both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A O'Connor
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin Veltman
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Open University, School of Science, PO Box 2960, NL-6401 DL Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (149), PO Box 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Tung EWY, Boudreau A, Wade MG, Atlas E. Induction of adipocyte differentiation by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in 3T3-L1 cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94583. [PMID: 24722056 PMCID: PMC3983240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants that were extensively used in commercial products. PBDEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are both lipophilic and bioaccumulative. Effects of PBDEs on adipogenesis were studied in the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell model in the presence and absence of a known adipogenic agent, dexamethasone (DEX). A PBDE mixture designed to mimic body burden of North Americans was tested, in addition to the technical mixture DE-71 and the individual congener BDE-47. The mixture, DE-71, and BDE-47 all induced adipocyte differentiation as assessed by markers for terminal differentiation [fatty acid binding protein 4 (aP2) and perilipin] and lipid accumulation. Characterization of the differentiation process in response to PBDEs indicated that adipogenesis induced by a minimally effective dose of DEX was enhanced by these PBDEs. Moreover, C/EBPα, PPARγ, and LXRα were induced late in the differentiation process. Taken together, these data indicate that adipocyte differentiation is induced by PBDEs; they act in the absence of glucocorticoid and enhance glucocorticoid-mediated adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily W. Y. Tung
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adèle Boudreau
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G. Wade
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ella Atlas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Kang Y, Yin Y, Zhang QY, Li LS, Zeng LX, Luo JW, Wong MH. Heavy metal influence on BDE-47 uptake in the human KERTr keratinocyte cell line. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:354-361. [PMID: 23362231 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Significant correlations between concentrations of PBDEs and heavy metals were observed in the human body. However, there is a lack of evidence on the linkage between the uptake of heavy metals and PBDEs. This study is the first report on the BDE-47 uptake profile in a human cell line. Hg and As exposures to KERTr (human skin derived keratinocyte) did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the uptake of BDE47, whereas Pb and Cd significantly (p < 0.05) affected the uptake of BDE-47 in KERTr. The change in Km was minor after exposure to all heavy metals. The maximum transport rate (Vmax) after exposure to Pb (Vmax: 5.23 ± 0.49) and As (Vmax: 4.95 ± 0.60) was significantly increased when compared with the background of the KERTr cell line (Vmax: 4.07 ± 0.35). Real-time RT-PCR indicated that OATP-B, OATP-D, and OATP-E were expressed in the KERTr cell line. The upregulation or downregulation of OATP B and D genes were minor after exposure to heavy metals, but the OATP E gene was upregulated by three to fourfold in KERTr cell line after exposure to Pb an Cd, which may explain the significant increase of uptake of BDE-47 in KERTr after exposures to Pb and Cd. This study indicated that the uptake effects should be considered when performing risk assessment of human exposure to PBDEs and heavy metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kang
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China; Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences and Department of Biology, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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