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Sakamoto E, Katahira Y, Mizoguchi I, Watanabe A, Furusaka Y, Sekine A, Yamagishi M, Sonoda J, Miyakawa S, Inoue S, Hasegawa H, Yo K, Yamaji F, Toyoda A, Yoshimoto T. Chemical- and Drug-Induced Allergic, Inflammatory, and Autoimmune Diseases Via Haptenation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010123. [PMID: 36671815 PMCID: PMC9855847 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Haptens are small molecules that only elicit an immune response when bound to proteins. Haptens initially bind to self-proteins and activate innate immune responses by complex mechanisms via inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns and the subsequent upregulation of costimulatory signals such as cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86) on dendritic cells. Subsequent interactions between CD86 and CD28 on T cells are critically important for properly activating naive T cells and inducing interleukin 2 production, leading to the establishment of adaptive immunity via effector and memory T cells. Accumulating evidence revealed the involvement of haptens in the development of various autoimmune-like diseases such as allergic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases including allergic contact dermatitis, atopy, asthma, food allergy, inflammatory bowel diseases, hemolytic anemia, liver injury, leukoderma, and even antitumor immunity. Therefore, the development of in vitro testing alternatives to evaluate in advance whether a substance might lead to the development of these diseases is highly desirable. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in chemical- and drug-induced allergic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases via haptenation and the possible molecular underlying mechanisms, as well as in vitro testing alternatives to evaluate in advance whether a substance might cause the development of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Sakamoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Katahira
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Izuru Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Aruma Watanabe
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Yuma Furusaka
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Ami Sekine
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Miu Yamagishi
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Jukito Sonoda
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Satomi Miyakawa
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Shinya Inoue
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hasegawa
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yo
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi 244-0812, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiya Yamaji
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi 244-0812, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akemi Toyoda
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., 560 Kashio-cho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama-shi 244-0812, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3351-6141
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Yan Y, Wang J, Huang D, Lv J, Li H, An J, Cui X, Zhao H. Plasma lipidomics analysis reveals altered lipids signature in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Metabolomics 2022; 18:14. [PMID: 35147763 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01872-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although studies have established a link between lipid metabolism disorder and osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), the characteristics of the circulating lipidome signature of ONFH have not yet been investigated and need to be explored. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the plasma lipidome signatures in patients with ONFH, and to identify specific lipid biomarkers of ONFH. METHODS In this study, a comprehensive detection and analysis of plasma lipidomics was conducted in clinical human cohort, including 32 healthy normal control (NC) subjects and 91 ONFH patients in different subgroups [alcohol-induced ONFH (AONFH), steroid-induced ONFH (SONFH), and traumatic-induced ONFH (TONFH)] or at different disease stages (stage I, II, III and IV of ONFH) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). RESULTS Overall, the plasma lipidome profile differs between ONFH and NC samples. Lipidome signature including 22 common differentially expressed lipids (DELs) in all three subgroups (variable importance in projection > 1, P < 0.05, fold change > 1.5 or < 0.67, compared to the NC group) was identified. Besides, the subtype-specific lipidome profiles for each ONFH subgroup were also analyzed. Generally, the AONFH subgroup has the largest number of DELs, and the plasma levels of triacylglycerol lipid compounds increased obviously in the AONFH samples. In the subgroup of SONFH, the relative abundance of lipid 4-Aminobenzoic acid increased significantly with changes in the expression of several of its interactive genes. We have identified that 9 stage-positive and 2 stage-negative lipids may function as novel biomarkers predicting the progression of ONFH. CONCLUSION Our study presents an overview of the phenotype-related plasma lipidome signature of patients with ONFH. The results will provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the metabolism of lipids in the pathogenesis and progression of ONFH and help identify novel lipids biomarkers or disease diagnosis and treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Yan
- Clinical Laboratory of Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jihan Wang
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Dageng Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jing Lv
- Clinical Laboratory of Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Jing An
- Translational Medicine Center, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xiaojian Cui
- Department of Radiology, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Heping Zhao
- Clinical Laboratory of Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710054, China.
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Huppert C, Paris C, Langonné I, Muller S, Mathiot J, Abdessadeq H, Gagnaire F, Battais F, Sponne I. Activation of T cells by dendritic cells exposed to a reference sensitizer: Towards a promising model to assess the allergenic potential of chemicals. Contact Dermatitis 2018; 79:67-75. [PMID: 29635784 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low molecular weight chemicals constitute one of the major causes of occupational allergies. European legislation on chemicals recommends limiting the use of in vivo models for assessing the sensitizing potential of chemicals, and encourages the development of integrated alternative methods. An in vitro mouse model of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) that showed good accuracy (75%) and sensitivity (69%) has previously been developed to assess the sensitizing potential of chemicals. OBJECTIVE To assess the ability of BMDCs to activate T cells (TCs) in vitro. METHODS BMDCs pre-exposed to the reference sensitizer ammonium hexachloroplatinate (AHCP) were co-cultured with different subpopulations of TCs. TC activation was assessed by surface marker expression, proliferation, and cytokine release. RESULTS The results showed significant activation of TCs co-cultured with dendritic cells pre-exposed to AHCP as evaluated by CD124 expression, proliferation, and cytokine secretion. Moreover, the response of TCs appeared to be Th2-oriented. Naive TCs were shown to be involved in this response, and the removal of regulatory TCs did not improve the cell response. CONCLUSIONS The BMDCs used in this previously developed model appear to have the ability to activate TCs, confirming that the BMDC model represents a reliable assay for assessing the sensitizing potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Huppert
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France.,Faculté de Médecine, INGRES, EA 7298, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Christophe Paris
- Faculté de Médecine, INGRES, EA 7298, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,INSERM, Unité U1085-IRSET, Rennes, France
| | - Isabelle Langonné
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Samuel Muller
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Julianne Mathiot
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Hakima Abdessadeq
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - François Gagnaire
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Battais
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Sponne
- Department of Toxicology and Biometrology, National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS), Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
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Park HJ, Choi WS, Lee WY, Choi Y, Park C, Kim JH, Hong KH, Song H. A novel mouse model of atopic dermatitis that is T helper 2 (Th2)-polarized by an epicutaneous allergen. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 58:122-130. [PMID: 29329020 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) involves T helper 2 (Th2) cells, and effective therapies remain elusive due to the paucity of animal models. We aimed to develop a mouse model of an immune system aberration caused by allergen. Experiments were conducted in two phases. In experiment 1, BALB/c mice were sensitized with one of four chemical allergens - toluene diisocyanate (TDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trimellitic anhydride (TMA), or 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) - for 3 weeks. Based on results of experiment 1, immunological features were compared between TMA-sensitized BALB/c mice and NC/Nga mice, after exposure to mite extracts, harmful chemicals and detergents in experiment 2. Sensitization by allergen caused a large number of pathological changes in the skin, and an increase in mast cell number. TMA-sensitized BALB/c mice models showed higher sensitivity to an environmental allergen than NC/Nga mice did. Overall, the initial sensitization with TMA leads to disturbances in Th2-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Wahn Soo Choi
- School of Medicine, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Young Lee
- Department of Beef and Dairy Science, Korea National College of Agricultures and Fisheries, Jeonju-si 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chankyu Park
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon Ho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdongro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Xiang M, Wu L, Su H, Han B, Liu H, Xiao X, Yin X, Fan Y, Zhang L, Huang Y, Zhao L, Yang G. Biyuanling suppresses the toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate induced allergic rhinitis in guinea pigs. Oncotarget 2017; 9:12620-12629. [PMID: 29560095 PMCID: PMC5849159 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis (AR), one of the common diseases of the upper respiratory system, is associated with high risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Biyuanling Granules (BLG), a formulated preparation of traditional Chinese medicine, has been used in China for treatment of AR for more than a decade; however, its exact action against allergic rhinitis and the mechanism involved remain unclear. In this study, we studied the effects of BLG on allergic rhinitis induced by toluene-2, 4- diisocyanate (TDI) in guinea pigs. The anti-AR effects of BLG were evaluated by behavior observations, histological examinations of the nasal tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E), immunohistochemical analyses of pulmonary surfactant associated protein (SP), Bcl-2 Associated X Protei (Bax), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the nasal mucosa, and serum tests of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and human SARS-specific immunoglobulin (SIgE) levels. We observed that in the AR-positive animals treated with BLG, the symptom scores were significantly higher (P < 0.01), the nasal mucosa edemas and inflammatory infiltrates were significantly alleviated (P < 0.01) and the serum IL-4 and SIgE levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) as compared with the control group. Immunohistochemical examinations of the nasal mucosa demonstrated that the expressions of TNF-α, SP and VCAM-1 were significantly decreased (P < 0.01), whereas Bax expression was increased in the BLG treatment groups (P < 0.05). These results indicate that BLG can effectively suppress the TDI-induced AR, and that the protective effects of BLG were associated with reductions of TNF-α, SP and VCAM-1, and an elevation of Bax, suggesting that BLG exerts its AR-suppressive effects through inhibition of inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixian Xiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hanwen Su
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xincai Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xian Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ya Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong university of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, 430022, PR China
| | - Guangzhong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
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Mizoguchi I, Ohashi M, Chiba Y, Hasegawa H, Xu M, Owaki T, Yoshimoto T. Prediction of Chemical Respiratory and Contact Sensitizers by OX40L Expression in Dendritic Cells Using a Novel 3D Coculture System. Front Immunol 2017; 8:929. [PMID: 28824649 PMCID: PMC5543289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of animal models in chemical safety testing will be significantly limited due to the recent introduction of the 3Rs principle of animal experimentation in research. Although several in vitro assays to predict the sensitizing potential of chemicals have been developed, these methods cannot distinguish chemical respiratory sensitizers and skin sensitizers. In the present study, we describe a novel in vitro assay that can discriminate respiratory sensitizers from chemical skin sensitizers by taking advantage of the fundamental difference between their modes of action, namely the development of the T helper 2 immune response, which is critically important for respiratory sensitization. First, we established a novel three-dimensional (3D) coculture system of human upper airway epithelium using a commercially available scaffold. It consists of human airway epithelial cell line BEAS-2B, immature dendritic cells (DCs) derived from human peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes, and human lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5. Respective cells were first cultured in individual scaffolds and subsequently assembled into a 3D multi-cell tissue model to more closely mimic the in vivo situation. Then, three typical chemicals that are known respiratory sensitizers (ortho-phthaldialdehyde, hexamethylene diisocyanate, and trimellitic anhydride) and skin sensitizers (oxazolone, formaldehyde, and dinitrochlorobenzene) were added individually to the 3D coculture system. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that DCs do not migrate into other scaffolds under the experimental conditions. Therefore, the 3D structure was disassembled and real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis was performed in individual scaffolds to analyze the expression levels of molecules critical for Th2 differentiation such as OX40 ligand (OX40L), interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Both sensitizers showed similarly augmented expression of DC maturation markers (e.g., CD86), but among these molecules, OX40L expression in DCs was most consistently and significantly enhanced by respiratory sensitizers as compared to that by skin sensitizers. Thus, we have established a 3D coculture system mimicking the airway upper epithelium that may be successfully applied to discriminate chemical respiratory sensitizers from skin sensitizers by measuring the critical molecule for Th2 differentiation, OX40L, in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izuru Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Ohashi
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukino Chiba
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hasegawa
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mingli Xu
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Owaki
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Mekenyan O, Patlewicz G, Kuseva C, Popova I, Mehmed A, Kotov S, Zhechev T, Pavlov T, Temelkov S, Roberts DW. A mechanistic approach to modeling respiratory sensitization. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:219-39. [PMID: 24422459 DOI: 10.1021/tx400345b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemical respiratory sensitization is an important occupational health problem which may lead to severely incapacitated human health, yet there are currently no validated or widely accepted models for identifying and characterizing the potential of a chemical to induce respiratory sensitization. This is in part due to the ongoing uncertainty about the immunological mechanisms through which respiratory sensitization may be acquired. Despite the lack of test method, regulations such as REACH still require an assessment of respiratory sensitization for risk assessment and/or for the purposes of classification and labeling. The REACH guidance describes an integrated evaluation strategy to characterize what information sources could be available to facilitate such an assessment. The components of this include a consideration of well-established structural alerts and existing data (whether it be derived from read-across, (quantitative) structure-activity relationships ((Q)SAR), in vivo studies etc.). There has been some progress in developing SARs as well as a handful of empirical QSARs. More recently, efforts have been focused on exploring whether the reaction chemistry mechanistic domains first characterized for skin sensitization are relevant for respiratory sensitization and to what extent modifications or refinements are needed to rationalize the differences between the two end points as far as their chemistry is concerned. This study has built upon the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization that was developed and published by the OECD in 2012. We have structured a workflow to characterize the initiating events that are relevant in driving respiratory sensitization. OASIS pipeline technology was used to encode these events as components in a software platform to enable a prediction of respiratory sensitization potential to be made for new untested chemicals. This prediction platform could be useful in the assessment of respiratory sensitization potential or for grouping chemicals for subsequent read-across.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovanes Mekenyan
- Laboratory of Mathematical Chemistry, University "Prof As Zlatarov" , 1 Yakim Street, Bourgas, Bulgaria
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