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Chandrashekar R, Rai M, Kalal BS. Acute and chronic toxicity studies on ethanolic leaf extracts of Clerodendrum viscosum and Leucas indica in Swiss albino mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 13:40-48. [PMID: 36188728 PMCID: PMC9520248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate the safe dose range of Clerodendrum viscosum (C. viscosum) and Leucas indica (L. indica) ethanolic leaf extracts of acute and chronic oral toxicity study in Swiss Albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guideline was used for the toxicity studies. C. viscosum and L. indica plant extract were administered orally in a single dose of 2000 mg/kg, and general behavior, adverse effects, and mortality were studied for 72 h. For the chronic toxicity study, both plant extracts were administered orally to a separate set of animals at 300 mg/kg doses for 90 days. Animals body weight was taken out, blood and gastric juice were collected for biochemical parameters, and vital organs were collected for histopathological studies after sacrificing test and control group animals. RESULTS Both in acute and chronic toxicity assay, there was no significant alteration in body weight, physical signs, symptoms, hematological, biochemical parameters, and body organ weights compared to the normal group. The liver, kidney, and stomach histology did not show any drug-induced lesion. CONCLUSIONS The result indicates that the oral administration of C. viscosum and L. indica ethanolic plant extract did not cause any toxicological effects. Hence it could be regarded as a safe natural product for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Chandrashekar
- Department of Pharmacology, A. J. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research CentreMangaluru 575004, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohandas Rai
- Department of Pharmacology, A. J. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research CentreMangaluru 575004, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhuvanesh Sukhlal Kalal
- Department of Pharmacology, A. J. Institute of Medical Sciences and Research CentreMangaluru 575004, Karnataka, India
- A. J. Research Centre, A. J. Institute of Medical Sciences & Research CentreMangaluru 575004, Karnataka, India
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of KentuckyLexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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Hannon SL, Ding X. Assessing cytochrome P450 function using genetically engineered mouse models. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:253-284. [PMID: 35953157 PMCID: PMC10544722 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to knock out and/or humanize different genes in experimental animals, globally or in cell- and tissue-specific patterns, has revolutionized scientific research in many areas. Genetically engineered mouse models, including knockout models, transgenic models, and humanized models, have played important roles in revealing the in vivo functions of various cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. These functions are very diverse, ranging from the biotransformation of drugs and other xenobiotics, events that often dictate their pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic properties and the associated therapeutic or adverse actions, to the metabolism of endogenous compounds, such as steroid hormones and other bioactive substances, that may determine susceptibility to many diseases, such as cancer and metabolic diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive list of Cyp-knockout, human CYP-transgenic, and CYP-humanized mouse models that target genes in the CYP1-4 gene families, and highlight their utility in assessing the in vivo metabolism, bioactivation, and toxicity of various xenobiotic compounds, including therapeutic agents and chemical carcinogens. We aim to showcase the advantages of utilizing these mouse models for in vivo drug metabolism and toxicology studies, and to encourage and facilitate greater utility of engineered mouse models to further improve our knowledge of the in vivo functions of various P450 enzymes, which is integral to our ability to develop safer and more effective therapeutics and to identify individuals predisposed to adverse drug reactions or environmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah L Hannon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ken R. Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ken R. Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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Balasubramanian K. Combinatorial enumeration of stereo, chiral and position isomers of polysubstituted halocarbons: applications to machine learning of proton and 35Cl NMR spectroscopy of halocarbons. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ding L, Li L, Liu S, Bao X, Dickman KG, Sell SS, Mei C, Zhang QY, Gu J, Ding X. Proximal Tubular Vacuolization and Hypersensitivity to Drug-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Mice With Decreased Expression of the NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase. Toxicol Sci 2020; 173:362-372. [PMID: 31693140 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of variations in the expression of cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR or POR) is determined in mice with decreased POR expression to identify potential vulnerabilities in people with low POR expression. There is an age-dependent appearance of increasing vacuolization in the proximal tubules of the renal cortex in 4- to 9-month-old male (but not female) Cpr-low (CL) mice. These mice have low POR expression in all cells of the body and upregulation of lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 expression in the renal cortex. Vacuolization is also seen in extrahepatic CL and extrarenal CL male mice, but not in mice with tissue-specific Por deletion in liver, intestinal epithelium, or kidney. The occurrence of vacuolization is accompanied by increases in serum blood-urea-nitrogen levels. Male CL mice are hypersensitive to cisplatin- and gentamicin-induced renal toxicity at 3 months of age, before proximal tubular (PT) vacuoles are detectable. At doses that do not cause renal toxicity in wild-type mice, both drugs cause substantial increases in serum blood-urea-nitrogen levels and PT vacuolization in male but not female CL mice. The hypersensitivity to drug-induced renal toxicity is accompanied by increases in circulating drug levels. These novel findings demonstrate deficiency of renal function in mice with globally reduced POR expression and suggest that low POR expression may be a risk factor for drug-induced nephrotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York
| | - Lei Li
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York
| | - Senyan Liu
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York.,Kidney Institute & Division of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaochen Bao
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794
| | - Stewart S Sell
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York.,School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Changlin Mei
- Kidney Institute & Division of Nephrology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York.,School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Jun Gu
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York.,School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, Albany, New York
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Pletz J, Enoch SJ, Jais DM, Mellor CL, Pawar G, Firman JW, Madden JC, Webb SD, Tagliati CA, Cronin MTD. A critical review of adverse effects to the kidney: mechanisms, data sources, and in silico tools to assist prediction. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:1225-1253. [PMID: 30345815 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1539076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The kidney is a major target for toxicity elicited by pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants. Standard testing which often does not investigate underlying mechanisms has proven not to be an adequate hazard assessment approach. As such, there is an opportunity for the application of computational approaches that utilize multiscale data based on the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) paradigm, coupled with an understanding of the chemistry underpinning the molecular initiating event (MIE) to provide a deep understanding of how structural fragments of molecules relate to specific mechanisms of nephrotoxicity. Aims covered: The aim of this investigation was to review the current scientific landscape related to computational methods, including mechanistic data, AOPs, publicly available knowledge bases and current in silico models, for the assessment of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals with regard to their potential to elicit nephrotoxicity. A list of over 250 nephrotoxicants enriched with, where possible, mechanistic and AOP-derived understanding was compiled. Expert opinion: Whilst little mechanistic evidence has been translated into AOPs, this review identified a number of data sources of in vitro, in vivo, and human data that may assist in the development of in silico models which in turn may shed light on the interrelationships between nephrotoxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pletz
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Steven J Enoch
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Diviya M Jais
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Claire L Mellor
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Gopal Pawar
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - James W Firman
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Judith C Madden
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Steven D Webb
- b Department of Applied Mathematics , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Carlos A Tagliati
- c Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Mark T D Cronin
- a School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
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Soo JYC, Jansen J, Masereeuw R, Little MH. Advances in predictive in vitro models of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018; 14:378-393. [PMID: 29626199 PMCID: PMC6013592 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-018-0003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro screens for nephrotoxicity are currently poorly predictive of toxicity in humans. Although the functional proteins that are expressed by nephron tubules and mediate drug susceptibility are well known, current in vitro cellular models poorly replicate both the morphology and the function of kidney tubules and therefore fail to demonstrate injury responses to drugs that would be nephrotoxic in vivo. Advances in protocols to enable the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into multiple renal cell types and the development of microfluidic and 3D culture systems have opened a range of potential new platforms for evaluating drug nephrotoxicity. Many of the new in vitro culture systems have been characterized by the expression and function of transporters, enzymes, and other functional proteins that are expressed by the kidney and have been implicated in drug-induced renal injury. In vitro platforms that express these proteins and exhibit molecular biomarkers that have been used as readouts of injury demonstrate improved functional maturity compared with static 2D cultures and represent an opportunity to model injury to renal cell types that have hitherto received little attention. As nephrotoxicity screening platforms become more physiologically relevant, they will facilitate the development of safer drugs and improved clinical management of nephrotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Y-C Soo
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jitske Jansen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Melissa H Little
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Quintanilha JCF, de Sousa VM, Visacri MB, Amaral LS, Santos RMM, Zambrano T, Salazar LA, Moriel P. Involvement of cytochrome P450 in cisplatin treatment: implications for toxicity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:223-233. [PMID: 28612092 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the CYP450 enzyme family and cisplatin toxicity. METHODS This article examined a collection of studies suggesting that CYP450 enzymes may influence cisplatin toxicity. We performed a narrative mini-review. RESULTS The studies review showed that CYP450 enzymes have an important role in drug-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, mainly CYP2E1 and CYP4A11. The studies also suggested that the cisplatin and CYP2E1 interaction leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other oxidants resulting in renal injury; and that ROS generated by both the use of cisplatin and by the CYP2E1 increases tissue damage, induces apoptosis, and causes liver failure. CONCLUSIONS We observed that there is an important relationship between CYP450 and cisplatin, involving increased toxicity. However, the possible mechanisms described for the involvement of CYP450 enzymes in nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin need to be confirmed by further studies. Therefore, there is a need for a deeper investigation focusing on cisplatin toxicity mediated by CYP450 enzymes, which would undoubtedly contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that have been implicated so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Marcilio de Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 200 Cândido Portinari, Campinas, 13083-871, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Laís Sampaio Amaral
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tomás Zambrano
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Luis Antonio Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Patricia Moriel
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 200 Cândido Portinari, Campinas, 13083-871, SP, Brazil.
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Development of selective chloroform sensor with transition metal oxide nanoparticle/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites by modified glassy carbon electrode. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Arlt VM, Henderson CJ, Wolf CR, Stiborová M, Phillips DH. The Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN™) and Reductase Conditional Null (RCN) mouse models as suitable tools to study metabolism, toxicity and carcinogenicity of environmental pollutants. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the applicability of the Hepatic Reductase Null (HRN) and Reductase Conditional Null (RCN) mouse models to study carcinogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M. Arlt
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- King's College London
- London SE1 9NH
- UK
| | - Colin J. Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research
- Medical Research Institute
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
- University of Dundee
- Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - C. Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research
- Medical Research Institute
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre
- University of Dundee
- Dundee DD1 9SY
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Charles University
- 128 40 Prague 2
- Czech Republic
| | - David H. Phillips
- Analytical and Environmental Sciences Division
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health
- King's College London
- London SE1 9NH
- UK
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