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Ruijter N, van der Zee M, Katsumiti A, Boyles M, Cassee FR, Braakhuis H. Improving the dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein (DCFH) assay for the assessment of intracellular reactive oxygen species formation by nanomaterials. NANOIMPACT 2024; 35:100521. [PMID: 38901707 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2024.100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
To facilitate Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) strategies during the development of nanomaterials (NMs), quick and easy in vitro assays to test for hazard potential at an early stage of NM development are essential. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the induction of oxidative stress are considered important mechanisms that can lead to NM toxicity. In vitro assays measuring oxidative stress are therefore commonly included in NM hazard assessment strategies. The fluorescence-based dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein (DCFH) assay for cellular oxidative stress is a simple and cost-effective assay, making it a good candidate assay for SSbD hazard testing strategies. It is however subject to several pitfalls and caveats. Here, we provide further optimizations to the assay using 5-(6)-Chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA-AE, referred to as DCFH probe), known for its improved cell retention. We measured the release of metabolic products of the DCFH probe from cells to supernatant, direct reactions of CM-H2DCFDA-AE with positive controls, and compared the commonly used plate reader-based DCFH assay protocol with fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry-based protocols. After loading cells with DCFH probe, translocation of several metabolic products of the DCFH probe to the supernatant was observed in multiple cell types. Translocated DCFH products are then able to react with test substances including positive controls. Our results also indicate that intracellularly oxidized fluorescent DCF is able to translocate from cells to the supernatant. In either way, this will lead to a fluorescent supernatant, making it difficult to discriminate between intra- and extra-cellular ROS production, risking misinterpretation of possible oxidative stress when measuring fluorescence on a plate reader. The use of flow cytometry instead of plate reader-based measurements resolved these issues, and also improved assay sensitivity. Several optimizations of the flow cytometry-based DCFH ISO standard (ISO/TS 19006:2016) were suggested, including loading cells with DCFH probe before incubation with the test materials, and applying an appropriate gating strategy including live-death staining, which was not included in the ISO standard. In conclusion, flow cytometry- and fluorescence microscopy-based read-outs are preferred over the classical plate reader-based read-out to assess the level of intracellular oxidative stress using the cellular DCFH assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Ruijter
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Margriet van der Zee
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Science Lines, Emmalaan 8, 3451 CT Vleuten, the Netherlands
| | - Alberto Katsumiti
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | - Matthew Boyles
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, UK; Centre for Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hedwig Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; TNO Risk Analysis for Products in Development, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
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2
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Ruijter N, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Carrière M, Boyles M, McLean P, Catalán J, Katsumiti A, Cabellos J, Delpivo C, Sánchez Jiménez A, Candalija A, Rodríguez-Llopis I, Vázquez-Campos S, Cassee FR, Braakhuis H. The State of the Art and Challenges of In Vitro Methods for Human Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials in the Context of Safe-by-Design. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:472. [PMID: 36770432 PMCID: PMC9920318 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Safe-by-Design (SbD) concept aims to facilitate the development of safer materials/products, safer production, and safer use and end-of-life by performing timely SbD interventions to reduce hazard, exposure, or both. Early hazard screening is a crucial first step in this process. In this review, for the first time, commonly used in vitro assays are evaluated for their suitability for SbD hazard testing of nanomaterials (NMs). The goal of SbD hazard testing is identifying hazard warnings in the early stages of innovation. For this purpose, assays should be simple, cost-effective, predictive, robust, and compatible. For several toxicological endpoints, there are indications that commonly used in vitro assays are able to predict hazard warnings. In addition to the evaluation of assays, this review provides insights into the effects of the choice of cell type, exposure and dispersion protocol, and the (in)accurate determination of dose delivered to cells on predictivity. Furthermore, compatibility of assays with challenging advanced materials and NMs released from nano-enabled products (NEPs) during the lifecycle is assessed, as these aspects are crucial for SbD hazard testing. To conclude, hazard screening of NMs is complex and joint efforts between innovators, scientists, and regulators are needed to further improve SbD hazard testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Ruijter
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie Carrière
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, SyMMES-CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew Boyles
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Katsumiti
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabel Rodríguez-Llopis
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | | | - Flemming R. Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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3
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Nymark P, Karlsson HL, Halappanavar S, Vogel U. Adverse Outcome Pathway Development for Assessment of Lung Carcinogenicity by Nanoparticles. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2021; 3:653386. [PMID: 35295099 PMCID: PMC8915843 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2021.653386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, one of the most common and deadly forms of cancer, is in some cases associated with exposure to certain types of particles. With the rise of nanotechnology, there is concern that some engineered nanoparticles may be among such particles. In the absence of epidemiological evidence, assessment of nanoparticle carcinogenicity is currently performed on a time-consuming case-by-case basis, relying mainly on animal experiments. Non-animal alternatives exist, including a few validated cell-based methods accepted for regulatory risk assessment of nanoparticles. Furthermore, new approach methodologies (NAMs), focused on carcinogenic mechanisms and capable of handling the increasing numbers of nanoparticles, have been developed. However, such alternative methods are mainly applied as weight-of-evidence linked to generally required animal data, since challenges remain regarding interpretation of the results. These challenges may be more easily overcome by the novel Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework, which provides a basis for validation and uptake of alternative mechanism-focused methods in risk assessment. Here, we propose an AOP for lung cancer induced by nanosized foreign matter, anchored to a selection of 18 standardized methods and NAMs for in silico- and in vitro-based integrated assessment of lung carcinogenicity. The potential for further refinement of the AOP and its components is discussed in relation to available nanosafety knowledge and data. Overall, this perspective provides a basis for development of AOP-aligned alternative methods-based integrated testing strategies for assessment of nanoparticle-induced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Nymark
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L. Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- DTU Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Schulte P, Leso V, Niang M, Iavicoli I. Biological monitoring of workers exposed to engineered nanomaterials. Toxicol Lett 2018; 298:112-124. [PMID: 29920308 PMCID: PMC6239923 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As the number of nanomaterial workers increase there is need to consider whether biomonitoring of exposure should be used as a routine risk management tool. Currently, no biomonitoring of nanomaterials is mandated by authoritative or regulatory agencies. However, there is a growing knowledge base to support such biomonitoring, but further research is needed as are investigations of priorities for biomonitoring. That research should be focused on validation of biomarkers of exposure and effect. Some biomarkers of effect are generally nonspecific. These biomarkers need further interpretation before they should be used. Overall biomonitoring of nanomaterial workers may be important to supplement risk assessment and risk management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, MS C-14, Cincinnati, OH 45226, USA.
| | - V Leso
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - M Niang
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - I Iavicoli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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5
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Castro VL, Clemente Z, Jonsson C, Silva M, Vallim JH, de Medeiros AMZ, Martinez DST. Nanoecotoxicity assessment of graphene oxide and its relationship with humic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1998-2012. [PMID: 29608220 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The risk assessment of nanomaterials is essential for regulatory purposes and for sustainable nanotechnological development. Although the application of graphene oxide has been widely exploited, its environmental risk is not well understood because several environmental conditions can affect its behavior and toxicity. In the present study, the graphene oxide effect from aquatic ecosystems was assessed considering the interaction with humic acid on 9 organisms: Raphidocelis subcapitata (green algae), Lemna minor (aquatic plant), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), Daphnia magna (planktonic microcrustacean), Artemia salina (brine shrimp), Chironomus sancticaroli (Chironomidae), Hydra attenuata (freshwater polyp), and Caenorhabditis elegans and Panagrolaimus sp. (nematodes). The no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was calculated for each organism. The different criteria used to calculate NOEC values were transformed and plotted as a log-logistic function. The hypothetical 5 to 50% hazardous concentration values were, respectively, 0.023 (0.005-0.056) and 0.10 (0.031-0.31) mg L-1 for graphene oxide with and without humic acid, respectively. The safest scenario associated with the predicted no-effect concentration values for graphene oxide in the aquatic compartment were estimated as 20 to 100 μg L-1 (in the absence of humic acid) and 5 to 23 μg L-1 (in the presence of humic acid). Finally, the present approach contributed to the risk assessment of graphene oxide-based nanomaterials and the establishment of nano-regulations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1998-2012. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Castro
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Zaira Clemente
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research on Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio Jonsson
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Silva
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecosystems, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Henrique Vallim
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Maria Zigiotto de Medeiros
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research on Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Stéfani T Martinez
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture (CENA), University of São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Brazilian National Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research on Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gajewicz A, Puzyn T, Odziomek K, Urbaszek P, Haase A, Riebeling C, Luch A, Irfan MA, Landsiedel R, van der Zande M, Bouwmeester H. Decision tree models to classify nanomaterials according to the DF4nanoGrouping scheme. Nanotoxicology 2017; 12:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1415388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gajewicz
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Puzyn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Odziomek
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Urbaszek
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Riebeling
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhammad A. Irfan
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Hans Bouwmeester
- RIKILT – Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Gandon A, Werle K, Neubauer N, Wohlleben W. Surface reactivity measurements as required for grouping and read-across: An advanced FRAS protocol. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/838/1/012033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Clemente Z, Castro VLSS, Franqui LS, Silva CA, Martinez DST. Nanotoxicity of graphene oxide: Assessing the influence of oxidation debris in the presence of humic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:118-128. [PMID: 28363143 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the toxicological effects of graphene oxide (GO) through tests with Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos, considering the influence of the base washing treatment and the interaction with natural organic matter (i.e., humic acid, HA). A commercial sample of GO was refluxed with NaOH to remove oxidation debris (OD) byproducts, which resulted in a base washed GO sample (bw-GO). This process decreased the total oxygenated groups in bw-GO and its stability in water compared to GO. When tested in the presence of HA, both GO and bw-GO stabilities were enhanced in water. Although the embryo exposure showed no acute toxicity or malformation, the larvae exposed to GO showed a reduction in their overall length and acetylcholinesterase activity. In the presence of HA, GO also inhibited acid phosphatase activity. Our findings indicate a mitigation of material toxicity after OD removal. The difference in the biological effects may be related to the materials' bioavailability and biophysicochemical interactions. This study reports for the first time the critical influence of OD on the GO material biological reactivity and HA interaction, providing new data for nanomaterial environmental risk assessment and sustainable nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Clemente
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Environment), Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vera Lúcia S S Castro
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Biosafety, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Environment), Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
| | - Lidiane S Franqui
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane A Silva
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Stéfani T Martinez
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Thongkam W, Gerloff K, van Berlo D, Albrecht C, Schins RPF. Oxidant generation, DNA damage and cytotoxicity by a panel of engineered nanomaterials in three different human epithelial cell lines. Mutagenesis 2016; 32:105-115. [PMID: 27834732 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gew056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the steeply increased use of nanomaterials (NMs) for commercial and industrial applications, toxicological assessment of their potential harmful effects is urgently needed. In this study, we compared the DNA-damaging properties and concurrent cytotoxicity of a panel of 10 engineered NMs in three different cell lines in relation to their intrinsic oxidant generating properties. The human epithelial cell lines A549, HK-2 and HepG2 were chosen to represent relevant target organs for NMs in the lung, kidney and liver. Cytotoxicity, evaluated by WST-1 assay in the treatment concentration range of 0.3-80 µg/cm2, was shown for Ag and ZnO NM in all three cell lines. Cytotoxicity was absent for all other NMs, i.e. five types of TiO2 and two types of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. DNA damage, evaluated by the alkaline comet assay, was observed with Ag and ZnO, albeit only at cytotoxic concentrations. DNA damage varied considerably with the cell line. The oxidant generating properties of the NMs, evaluated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy in cell free conditions, did not correlate with their cytotoxic or DNA-damaging properties. DNA damage by the nanosilver could be partly attributed to its surfactant-containing dispersant. The coating of a TiO2 sample with the commercial surfactant Curosurf augmented its DNA-damaging properties in A549 cells, while surface modification with serum tended to reduce damage. Our findings indicate that measurement of the intrinsic oxidant-generating capacity of NMs is a poor predictor of DNA damage and that the cytotoxic and DNA-damaging properties of NMs can vary substantially with experimental conditions. Our study also underlines the critical importance of selecting appropriate cell systems and aligned testing protocols. Selection of a cell line on the mere basis of its origin may provide only poor insight on organ-specific hazards of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waluree Thongkam
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 DE Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kirsten Gerloff
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 DE Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Damien van Berlo
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 DE Düsseldorf, Germany.,Present address: Triskelion B.V., Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 DE Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 DE Düsseldorf, Germany
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Dekkers S, Oomen AG, Bleeker EA, Vandebriel RJ, Micheletti C, Cabellos J, Janer G, Fuentes N, Vázquez-Campos S, Borges T, Silva MJ, Prina-Mello A, Movia D, Nesslany F, Ribeiro AR, Leite PE, Groenewold M, Cassee FR, Sips AJ, Dijkzeul A, van Teunenbroek T, Wijnhoven SW. Towards a nanospecific approach for risk assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:46-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Gonzalez L, Kirsch-Volders M. Reprint of “Biomonitoring of genotoxic effects for human exposure to nanomaterials: The challenge ahead”. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:204-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Biomonitoring of genotoxic effects for human exposure to nanomaterials: The challenge ahead. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 768:14-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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