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Authier S, Abernathy MM, Correll K, Chui RW, Dalton J, Foley CM, Friedrichs GS, Koerner JE, Kallman MJ, Pannirselvam M, Redfern WS, Urmaliya V, Valentin JP, Wisialowski T, Zabka TS, Pugsley MK. An Industry Survey With Focus on Cardiovascular Safety Pharmacology Study Design and Data Interpretation. Int J Toxicol 2020; 39:274-293. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581820921338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The Safety Pharmacology Society (SPS) conducted a membership survey to examine industry practices related mainly to cardiovascular (CV) safety pharmacology (SP). Methods: Questions addressed nonclinical study design, data analysis methods, drug-induced effects, and conventional and novel CV assays. Results: The most frequent therapeutic area targeted by drugs developed by the companies/institutions that employ survey responders was oncology. The most frequently observed drug-mediated effects included an increased heart rate, increased arterial blood pressure, hERG (IKr) block, decreased arterial blood pressure, decreased heart rate, QTc prolongation, and changes in body temperature. Broadly implemented study practices included Latin square crossover study design with n = 4 for nonrodent CV studies, statistical analysis of data (eg, analysis of variance), use of arrhythmia detection software, and the inclusion of data from all study animals when integrating SP studies into toxicology studies. Most responders frequently used individual animal housing conditions. Responders commonly evaluated drug effects on multiple ion channels, but in silico modeling methods were used much less frequently. Most responders rarely measured the J-Tpeak interval in CV studies. Uncertainties relative to Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data applications for data derived from CV SP studies were common. Although available, the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes remains rare. The respiratory SP study was rarely involved with identifying drug-induced functional issues. Responders indicated that the study-derived no observed effect level was more frequently determined than the no observed adverse effect level in CV SP studies; however, a large proportion of survey responders used neither.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ray W. Chui
- Amgen Research, Safety Pharmacology & Animal Research Center, Amgen, Inc, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - C. Michael Foley
- Department of Safety Pharmacology, Integrated Sciences and Technology, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - John E. Koerner
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Vijay Urmaliya
- Global Safety Pharmacology, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Tanja S. Zabka
- Development Sciences Safety Assessment, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Humanity in a Dish: Population Genetics with iPSCs. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 28:46-57. [PMID: 29054332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are powerful tools for investigating the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Recent publications have described iPSC cohort studies of common genetic variants and their effects on gene expression and cellular phenotypes. These in vitro quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies are the first experiments in a new paradigm with great potential: iPSC-based functional population genetic studies. iPSC collections from large cohorts are currently under development to facilitate the next wave of these studies, which have the potential to discover the effects of common genetic variants on cellular phenotypes and to uncover the molecular basis of common genetic diseases. Here, we describe the recent advances in this developing field, and provide a road map for future in vitro functional population genetic studies and trial-in-a-dish experiments.
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Authier S, Pugsley MK, Koerner JE, Fermini B, Redfern WS, Valentin JP, Vargas HM, Leishman DJ, Correll K, Curtis MJ. Proarrhythmia liability assessment and the comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA): An industry survey on current practice. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 86:34-43. [PMID: 28223123 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Safety Pharmacology Society (SPS) has conducted a survey of its membership to identify industry practices related to testing considered in the Comprehensive In vitro Proarrhythmia Assay (CiPA). METHODS Survey topics included nonclinical approaches to address proarrhythmia issues, conduct of in silico studies, in vitro ion channel testing methods used, drugs used as positive controls during the conduct of cardiac ion channel studies, types of arrhythmias observed in non-clinical studies and use of the anticipated CiPA ion channel assay. RESULTS In silico studies were used to evaluate effects on ventricular action potentials by only 15% of responders. In vitro assays were used mostly to assess QT prolongation (95%), cardiac Ca2+ and Na+ channel blockade (82%) and QT shortening or QRS prolongation (53%). For de-risking of candidate drugs for proarrhythmia, those assays most relevant to CiPA including cell lines stably expressing ion channels used to determine potency of drug block were most frequently used (89%) and human stem cell-derived or induced pluripotent stem cell cardiomyocytes (46%). Those in vivo assays related to general proarrhythmia derisking include ECG recording using implanted telemetry technology (88%), jacketed external telemetry (62%) and anesthetized animal models (53%). While the CiPA initiative was supported by 92% of responders, there may be some disconnect between current practice and future expectations, as explained. DISCUSSION Proarrhythmia liability assessment in drug development presently includes study types consistent with CiPA. It is anticipated that CiPA will develop into a workable solution to the concern that proarrhythmia liability testing remains suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Authier
- CiToxLAB North America, 445, Armand-Frappier Boul, Laval, QC H7V 4B3, Canada.
| | - Michael K Pugsley
- Department of Toxicology & PKDM, Purdue Pharma L.P., Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - John E Koerner
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Bernard Fermini
- Safety & Toxicology Assessment, Coyne Scientific, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | | | | | - Hugo M Vargas
- Integrated Discovery and Safety Pharmacology, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael J Curtis
- Cardiovascular Division, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE17EH, UK
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