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Barla I, Dagla IV, Daskalopoulou A, Panagiotopoulou M, Kritikaki M, Dalezis P, Thomaidis N, Tsarbopoulos A, Trafalis D, Gikas E. Metabolomics highlights biochemical perturbations occurring in the kidney and liver of mice administered a human dose of colistin. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1338497. [PMID: 39050734 PMCID: PMC11266156 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1338497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Colistin (CMS) is used for the curation of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. CMS is constrained by toxicity, particularly in kidney and neuronal cells. The recommended human doses are 2.5-5 mg/kg/day, and the toxicity is linked to higher doses. So far, the in vivo toxicity studies have used doses even 10-fold higher than human doses. It is essential to investigate the impact of metabolic response of doses, that are comparable to human doses, to identify biomarkers of latent toxicity. The innovation of the current study is the in vivo stimulation of CMS's impact using a range of CMS doses that have never been investigated before, i.e., 1 and 1.5 mg/kg. The 1 and 1.5 mg/kg, administered in mice, correspond to the therapeutic and toxic human doses, based on previous expertise of our team, regarding the human exposure. The study mainly focused on the biochemical impact of CMS on the metabolome, and on the alterations provoked by 50%-fold of dose increase. The main objectives were i) the comprehension of the biochemical changes resulting after CMS administration and ii) from its dose increase; and iii) the determination of dose-related metabolites that could be considered as toxicity monitoring biomarkers. Methods: The in vivo experiment employed two doses of CMS versus a control group treated with normal saline, and samples of plasma, kidney, and liver were analysed with a UPLC-MS-based metabolomics protocol. Both univariate and multivariate statistical approaches (PCA, OPLS-DA, PLS regression, ROC) and pathway analysis were combined for the data interpretation. Results: The results pointed out six dose-responding metabolites (PAA, DA4S, 2,8-DHA, etc.), dysregulation of renal dopamine, and extended perturbations in renal purine metabolism. Also, the study determined altered levels of liver suberylglycine, a metabolite linked to hepatic steatosis. One of the most intriguing findings was the detection of elevated levels of renal xanthine and uric acid, that act as AChE activators, leading to the rapid degradation of acetylcholine. This evidence provides a naïve hypothesis, for the potential association between the CMS induced nephrotoxicity and CMS induced 39 neurotoxicity, that should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Barla
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - I. V. Dagla
- GAIA Research Center, The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Kifissia, Greece
| | - A. Daskalopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M. Panagiotopoulou
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M. Kritikaki
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P. Dalezis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N. Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A. Tsarbopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - D. Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E. Gikas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Yen NTH, Tien NTN, Anh NTV, Le QV, Eunsu C, Kim HS, Moon KS, Nguyen HT, Kim DH, Long NP. Cyclosporine A-induced systemic metabolic perturbations in rats: A comprehensive metabolome analysis. Toxicol Lett 2024; 395:50-59. [PMID: 38552811 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A better understanding of cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephro- and hepatotoxicity at the molecular level is necessary for safe and effective use. Utilizing a sophisticated study design, this study explored metabolic alterations after long-term CsA treatment in vivo. Rats were exposed to CsA with 4, 10, and 25 mg/kg for 4 weeks and then sacrificed to obtain liver, kidney, urine, and serum for untargeted metabolomics analysis. Differential network analysis was conducted to explore the biological relevance of metabolites significantly altered by toxicity-induced disturbance. Dose-dependent toxicity was observed in all biospecimens. The toxic effects were characterized by alterations of metabolites related to energy metabolism and cellular membrane composition, which could lead to the cholestasis-induced accumulation of bile acids in the tissues. The unfavorable impacts were also demonstrated in the serum and urine. Intriguingly, phenylacetylglycine was increased in the kidney, urine, and serum treated with high doses versus controls. Differential correlation network analysis revealed the strong correlations of deoxycytidine and guanosine with other metabolites in the network, which highlighted the influence of repeated CsA exposure on DNA synthesis. Overall, prolonged CsA administration had system-level dose-dependent effects on the metabolome in treated rats, suggesting the need for careful usage and dose adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Hai Yen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Tran Nam Tien
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Thi Van Anh
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Quoc-Viet Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Cho Eunsu
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sook Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea.
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Kankılıç NA, Şimşek H, Akaras N, Gür C, İleritürk M, Küçükler S, Akarsu SA, Kandemir FM. Protective effects of naringin on colistin-induced damage in rat testicular tissue: Modulating the levels of Nrf-2/HO-1, AKT-2/FOXO1A, Bax/Bcl2/Caspase-3, and Beclin-1/LC3A/LC3B signaling pathways. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23643. [PMID: 38348713 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial agent resistance has become a growing health issue across the world. Colistin (COL) is one of the drugs used in the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria resulting in toxic effects. Naringin (NRG), a natural flavonoid, has come to the fore as its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. The aim of the present study was to determine whether NRG has protective effects on COL-induced toxicity in testicular tissue. Thirty-five male Spraque rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7 per group): Control, COL, NRG, COL + NRG 50, COL + NRG 100. COL (15 mg/kg b.w., i.p., once per/day), and NRG (50 or 100 mg/kg, oral, b.w./once per/day) were administered for 7 days. The parameters of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagic damage were evaluated by using biochemical, molecular, western blot, and histological methods in testicular issues. NRG treatment reversed the increased malondialdehyde level and reduced antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione) levels due to COL administration (p < 0.001), and oxidative stress damage was mitigated. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 pathway, one of the antioxidant defence systems, was stimulated by NRG (p < 0.001). NRG treatment reduced the levels of markers for the pathways of apoptotic (p < 0.001) and autophagic (p < 0.001) damages induced by COL. Sperm viability and the live/dead ratio were reduced by COL but enhanced by NRG treatment. Testicular tissue integrity was damaged by COL but showed a tendency to improve by NRG. In conclusion, COL exhibited toxic effect on testicular tissue by elevating the levels of oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, and tissue damage. NRG demonstrated a protective effect by alleviating toxic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasan Şimşek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Akaras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Cihan Gür
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa İleritürk
- Department of Animal Science, Horasan Vocational College, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sefa Küçükler
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan A Akarsu
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fatih M Kandemir
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
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Yen NTH, Phat NK, Oh JH, Park SM, Moon KS, Thu VTA, Cho YS, Shin JG, Long NP, Kim DH. Pathway-level multi-omics analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity of long-term tacrolimus exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 473:116597. [PMID: 37321324 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tacrolimus (TAC)-based treatment is associated with nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for this toxicity have not been fully explored. This study elucidated the molecular processes underlying the toxic effects of TAC using an integrative omics approach. Rats were sacrificed after 4 weeks of daily oral TAC administration at a dose of 5 mg/kg. The liver and kidney underwent genome-wide gene expression profiling and untargeted metabolomics assays. Molecular alterations were identified using individual data profiling modalities and further characterized by pathway-level transcriptomics-metabolomics integration analysis. Metabolic disturbances were mainly related to an imbalance in oxidant-antioxidant status, as well as in lipid and amino acid metabolism in the liver and kidney. Gene expression profiles also indicated profound molecular alterations, including in genes associated with a dysregulated immune response, proinflammatory signals, and programmed cell death in the liver and kidney. Joint-pathway analysis indicated that the toxicity of TAC was associated with DNA synthesis disruption, oxidative stress, and cell membrane permeabilization, as well as lipid and glucose metabolism. In conclusion, our pathway-level integration of transcriptome and metabolome and conventional analyses of individual omics profiles, provided a more comprehensive picture of the molecular changes resulting from TAC toxicity. This study also serves as a valuable resource for subsequent investigations aiming to understand the mechanism underlying the molecular toxicology of TAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Hai Yen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Ky Phat
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Myo Park
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Vo Thuy Anh Thu
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea.
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Stamatiou R, Vasilaki A, Tzini D, Tsolaki V, Zacharouli K, Ioannou M, Fotakopoulos G, Sgantzos M, Makris D. Critical-Illness: Combined Effects of Colistin and Vasoactive Drugs: A Pilot Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1057. [PMID: 37370376 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin is often used as a last resort for treating multidrug-resistant infections, particularly in critically ill patients in intensive care units. Nonetheless, its side effects, including myopathy, require careful monitoring. Vasoconstrictive drugs are also used in intensive care to increase blood pressure and improve blood flow to vital organs, which can be compromised in critically ill patients. The exact mechanism of colistin-induced muscle toxicity is of significant interest due to its potential intensive-care clinical implications. Colistin alone or in combination with vasoconstrictive agents was administrated in non-septic and LPS-induced septic animals for 10 days. Histopathological evaluation of the gastrocnemius muscle and dot-blot protein tissue analysis were performed. Increased intramuscular area, de-organization of the muscle fibers and signs of myopathy were observed in colistin-treated animals. This effect was ameliorated in the presence of vasoconstrictive drugs. Administration of colistin to septic animals resulted in a decrease of AMPK and cyclin-D1 levels, while it had no effect on caspase 3 levels. Vasoconstrictive drugs' administration reversed the effects of colistin on AMPK and cyclin D1 levels. Colistin's effects on muscle depend on septic state and vasoconstriction presence, highlighting the need to consider these factors when administering it in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodopi Stamatiou
- Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Anna Vasilaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitra Tzini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Tsolaki
- Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Konstantina Zacharouli
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria Ioannou
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - George Fotakopoulos
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Larissa, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Markos Sgantzos
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Makris
- Intensive Care Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41500 Larissa, Greece
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Yen NTH, Oh JH, Van Anh NT, Le QV, Park SM, Park YJ, Cho YS, Moon KS, Nguyen HT, Shin JG, Long NP, Kim DH. Systems-level multi-omics characterization provides novel molecular insights into indomethacin toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 375:110430. [PMID: 36868495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of indomethacin toxicity at the systemic level is largely unknown. In this study, multi-specimen molecular characterization was conducted in rats treated with three doses of indomethacin (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) for 1 week. Kidney, liver, urine, and serum samples were collected and analyzed using untargeted metabolomics. The kidney and liver transcriptomics data (10 mg indomethacin/kg and control) were subjected to a comprehensive omics-based analysis. Indomethacin exposure at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg doses did not cause significant metabolome changes, whereas considerable alterations in the metabolic profile compared to the control were induced by a dose of 10 mg/kg. Decreased levels of metabolites and an increased creatine level in the urine metabolome indicated injury to the kidney. The integrated omics analysis in both liver and kidney revealed an oxidant-antioxidant imbalance due to an excess of reactive oxygen species, likely originating from dysfunctional mitochondria. Specifically, indomethacin exposure induced changes in metabolites related to the citrate cycle, cell membrane composition, and DNA synthesis in the kidney. The dysregulation of genes related to ferroptosis and suppression of amino acid and fatty acid metabolism were evidence of indomethacin-induced nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, a multi-specimen omics investigation provided important insights into the mechanism of indomethacin toxicity. The identification of targets that ameliorate indomethacin toxicity will enhance the therapeutic utility of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Hai Yen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Thi Van Anh
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Quoc-Viet Le
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Se-Myo Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Park
- Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sik Moon
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Huy Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Viet Nam
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea.
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Yen NTH, Park SM, Thu VTA, Phat NK, Cho YS, Yoon S, Shin JG, Kim DH, Oh JH, Long NP. Genome-wide gene expression analysis reveals molecular insights into the drug-induced toxicity of nephrotoxic agents. Life Sci 2022; 306:120801. [PMID: 35850247 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is frequently reported. However, the mechanisms underlying nephrotoxic medications and their overlapping molecular events, which might have therapeutic value, are unclear. We performed a genome-wide analysis of gene expression and a gene set enrichment analysis to identify common and unique pathways associated with the toxicity of colistin, ifosfamide, indomethacin, and puromycin. Rats were randomly allocated into the treatment or control group. The treatment group received a toxic dose once daily of each investigated drug for 1 week. Differentially expressed genes were found in the drug-treated kidney and liver compared to the control, except for colistin in the liver. Upregulated pathways were mainly related to cell death, cell cycle, protein synthesis, and immune response modulation in the kidney. Cell cycle was upregulated by all drugs. Downregulated pathways were associated with carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. Indomethacin, colistin, and puromycin shared the most altered pathways in the kidney. Ifosfamide and indomethacin affected molecular processes greatly in the liver. Our findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the renal and hepatic adverse effects of the four drugs. Further investigation should explore the combinatory drug therapies that attenuate the toxic effects and maximize the effectiveness of nephrotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Hai Yen
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Myo Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Vo Thuy Anh Thu
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Nguyen Ky Phat
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soon Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gook Shin
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nguyen Phuoc Long
- Department of Pharmacology and PharmacoGenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea; Center for Personalized Precision Medicine of Tuberculosis, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan 614-735, Republic of Korea.
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