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Zhai Y, Bai J, Peng Y, Cao J, Fang G, Dong Y, Wang Z, Lu Y, Wang M, Liu M, Liu Y, Li X, Dong J, Zhao X. Ginsenoside Rb1 attenuates doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity by suppressing autophagy and ferroptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 710:149910. [PMID: 38593619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.149910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1), an active component isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Ginseng, is beneficial to many cardiovascular diseases. However, whether it can protect against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) is not clear yet. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of Rb1 in DIC. Mice were injected with a single dose of doxorubicin (20 mg/kg) to induce acute cardiotoxicity. Rb1 was given daily gavage to mice for 7 days. Changes in cardiac function, myocardium histopathology, oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte mitochondrion morphology were studied to evaluate Rb1's function on DIC. Meanwhile, RNA-seq analysis was performed to explore the potential underline molecular mechanism involved in Rb1's function on DIC. We found that Rb1 treatment can improve survival rate and body weight in Dox treated mice group. Rb1 can attenuate Dox induced cardiac dysfunction and myocardium hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. The oxidative stress increase and cardiomyocyte mitochondrion injury were improved by Rb1 treatment. Mechanism study found that Rb1's beneficial role in DIC is through suppressing of autophagy and ferroptosis. This study shown that Ginsenoside Rb1 can protect against DIC by regulating autophagy and ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Zhai
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jinmeng Bai
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Ying Peng
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jinhua Cao
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Guangming Fang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yiming Dong
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Ze Wang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yanyu Lu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Mengduan Liu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jianzeng Dong
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China; Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China.
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Behrooz AB, Cordani M, Fiore A, Donadelli M, Gordon JW, Klionsky DJ, Ghavami S. The obesity-autophagy-cancer axis: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 99:24-44. [PMID: 38309540 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, a self-degradative process vital for cellular homeostasis, plays a significant role in adipose tissue metabolism and tumorigenesis. This review aims to elucidate the complex interplay between autophagy, obesity, and cancer development, with a specific emphasis on how obesity-driven changes affect the regulation of autophagy and subsequent implications for cancer risk. The burgeoning epidemic of obesity underscores the relevance of this research, particularly given the established links between obesity, autophagy, and various cancers. Our exploration delves into hormonal influence, notably INS (insulin) and LEP (leptin), on obesity and autophagy interactions. Further, we draw attention to the latest findings on molecular factors linking obesity to cancer, including hormonal changes, altered metabolism, and secretory autophagy. We posit that targeting autophagy modulation may offer a potent therapeutic approach for obesity-associated cancer, pointing to promising advancements in nanocarrier-based targeted therapies for autophagy modulation. However, we also recognize the challenges inherent to these approaches, particularly concerning their precision, control, and the dual roles autophagy can play in cancer. Future research directions include identifying novel biomarkers, refining targeted therapies, and harmonizing these approaches with precision medicine principles, thereby contributing to a more personalized, effective treatment paradigm for obesity-mediated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Fiore
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Donadelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Joseph W Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, College of Medicine, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Priyono AK, Miake J, Sawano T, Ichihara Y, Nagata K, Okamura A, Tomomori T, Takami A, Notsu T, Yamamoto K, Imamura T. Mitochondrial Responses to Sublethal Doxorubicin in H9c2 Cardiomyocytes: The Role of Phosphorylated CaMKII. Yonago Acta Med 2024; 67:41-51. [PMID: 38371275 PMCID: PMC10867231 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Background Doxorubicin (Dox) is effective against different types of cancers, but it poses cardiotoxic side effects, frequently resulting in irreversible heart failure. However, the complexities surrounding this cardiotoxicity, especially at sublethal dosages, remain to be fully elucidated. We investigated early cellular disruptions in response to sublethal Dox, with a specific emphasis on the role of phosphorylated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in initiating mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods This study utilized the H9c2 cardiomyocyte model to identify a sublethal concentration of Dox and investigate its impact on mitochondrial health using markers such as mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitophagy initiation, and mitochondrial calcium dynamics. We examined the roles of and interactions between CaMKII, dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) in Dox-induced mitochondrial disruption using specific inhibitors, such as KN-93, Mdivi-1, and Ru360, respectively. Results Exposure to a sublethal dose of Dox reduced the MMP red-to-green fluorescence ratio in H9c2 cells by 40.6% compared with vehicle, and increased the proportion of cells undergoing mitophagy from negligible levels compared with vehicle to 62.2%. Mitochondrial calcium levels also increased by 8.7-fold compared with the vehicle group. Notably, the activation of CaMKII, particularly its phosphorylated form, was pivotal in driving these mitochondrial changes, as inhibition using KN-93 restored MMP and decreased mitophagy. However, inhibition of Drp1 and MCU functions had a limited impact on the observed mitochondrial disruptions. Conclusion Sublethal administration of Dox is closely linked to CaMKII activation through phosphorylation, emphasizing its pivotal role in early mitochondrial disruption. These findings present a promising direction for developing therapeutic strategies that may alleviate the cardiotoxic effects of Dox, potentially increasing its clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Kurniawan Priyono
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Junichiro Miake
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawano
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ichihara
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Keiko Nagata
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Akihiro Okamura
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takuya Tomomori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Aiko Takami
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Tomomi Notsu
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Genomic Medicine and Regenerative Therapy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imamura
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Sciences, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Shuey A, Patricelli C, Oxford JT, Pu X. Effects of doxorubicin on autophagy in fibroblasts. Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241231947. [PMID: 38324556 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241231947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Objectives: Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic used to treat many adult and pediatric cancers, such as solid tumors, leukemia, lymphomas and breast cancer. It can also cause injuries to multiple organs, including the heart, liver, and brain or kidney, although cardiotoxicity is the most prominent side effect of DOX. In this study, we examined the potential effects of DOX on autophagy activity in two different mouse fibroblasts.Methods: Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH3T3) and mouse primary cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were treated with DOX to assess changes in the expression of two commonly used autophagy protein markers, LC3II and p62. We also examined the effects of DOX the on expression of key genes that encode components of the molecular machinery and regulators modulating autophagy in response to both extracellular and intracellular signals.Results: We observed that LC3II levels increased and p62 levels decreased following the DOX treatment in NIH3T3 cells. However, similar effects were not observed in primary cardiac fibroblasts. In addition, DOX treatment induced the upregulation of a significant number of genes involved in autophagy in NIH3T3 cells, but not in primary cardiac fibroblasts.Conclusions: Taken together, these results indicate that DOX upregulates autophagy in fibroblasts in a cell-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shuey
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Conner Patricelli
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Julia T Oxford
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Xinzhu Pu
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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Chandy M, Conklin DJ. Recent advances in the cardiotoxicity of anti-cancer drugs: Navigating the landscape of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 482:116791. [PMID: 38103743 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Chandy
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5K8, Canada; Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Center for Cardiometabolic Science, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America.
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Patricelli C, Lehmann P, Oxford JT, Pu X. Doxorubicin-induced modulation of TGF-β signaling cascade in mouse fibroblasts: insights into cardiotoxicity mechanisms. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18944. [PMID: 37919370 PMCID: PMC10622533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity has been widely observed, yet the specific impact on cardiac fibroblasts is not fully understood. Additionally, the modulation of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway by DOX remains to be fully elucidated. This study investigated DOX's ability to modulate the expression of genes and proteins involved in the TGF-β signaling cascade in mouse fibroblasts from two sources by assessing the impact of DOX treatment on TGF-β inducible expression of pivotal genes and proteins within fibroblasts. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH3T3) and mouse primary cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) were treated with DOX in the presence of TGF-β1 to assess changes in protein levels by western blot and changes in mRNA levels by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Our results revealed a dose-dependent reduction in cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2) protein levels upon DOX treatment in both NIH3T3 and CFs, suggesting an antifibrotic activity by DOX in these fibroblasts. However, DOX only inhibited the TGF-β1 induced expression of COL1 in NIH3T3 cells but not in CFs. In addition, we observed that DOX treatment reduced the expression of BMP1 in NIH3T3 but not primary cardiac fibroblasts. No significant changes in SMAD2 protein expression and phosphorylation in either cells were observed after DOX treatment. Finally, DOX inhibited the expression of Atf4 gene and increased the expression of Cdkn1a, Id1, Id2, Runx1, Tgfb1, Inhba, Thbs1, Bmp1, and Stat1 genes in NIH3T3 cells but not CFs, indicating the potential for cell-specific responses to DOX and its modulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conner Patricelli
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725-1512, USA
| | - Parker Lehmann
- Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine, Meridian, ID, 83642-8046, USA
| | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725-1512, USA
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725-1511, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725-1515, USA
| | - Xinzhu Pu
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725-1511, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, 83725-1515, USA.
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7
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Alizadeh J, Kavoosi M, Singh N, Lorzadeh S, Ravandi A, Kidane B, Ahmed N, Mraiche F, Mowat MR, Ghavami S. Regulation of Autophagy via Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082195. [PMID: 37190124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes are an important component of tumor cell progression. Tumor cells adapt to environmental stresses via changes to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Autophagy, a physiological process in mammalian cells that digests damaged organelles and misfolded proteins via lysosomal degradation, is closely associated with metabolism in mammalian cells, acting as a meter of cellular ATP levels. In this review, we discuss the changes in glycolytic and lipid biosynthetic pathways in mammalian cells and their impact on carcinogenesis via the autophagy pathway. In addition, we discuss the impact of these metabolic pathways on autophagy in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Kavoosi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Navjit Singh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Albrechtsen Research Centre, St. Boniface Hospital, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Biniam Kidane
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Health Sciences Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 6C5, Canada
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Naseer Ahmed
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Section of Radiation Oncology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Michael R Mowat
- CancerCare Manitoba Research Institute, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
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Temozolomide, Simvastatin and Acetylshikonin Combination Induces Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis in GBM Cells, Which Is Regulated by Autophagy. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020302. [PMID: 36829578 PMCID: PMC9953749 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the deadliest cancers. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the most common chemotherapy used for GBM patients. Recently, combination chemotherapy strategies have had more effective antitumor effects and focus on slowing down the development of chemotherapy resistance. A combination of TMZ and cholesterol-lowering medications (statins) is currently under investigation in in vivo and clinical trials. In our current investigation, we have used a triple-combination therapy of TMZ, Simvastatin (Simva), and acetylshikonin, and investigated its apoptotic mechanism in GBM cell lines (U87 and U251). We used viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase-3/-7, acridine orange (AO) and immunoblotting autophagy assays. Our results showed that a TMZ/Simva/ASH combination therapy induced significantly more apoptosis compared to TMZ, Simva, ASH, and TMZ/Simva treatments in GBM cells. Apoptosis via TMZ/Simva/ASH treatment induced mitochondrial damage (increase of ROS, decrease of MMP) and caspase-3/7 activation in both GBM cell lines. Compared to all single treatments and the TMZ/Simva treatment, TMZ/Simva/ASH significantly increased positive acidic vacuole organelles. We further confirmed that the increase of AVOs during the TMZ/Simva/ASH treatment was due to the partial inhibition of autophagy flux (accumulation of LC3β-II and a decrease in p62 degradation) in GBM cells. Our investigation also showed that TMZ/Simva/ASH-induced cell death was depended on autophagy flux, as further inhibition of autophagy flux increased TMZ/Simva/ASH-induced cell death in GBM cells. Finally, our results showed that TMZ/Simva/ASH treatment potentially depends on an increase of Bax expression in GBM cells. Our current investigation might open new avenues for a more effective treatment of GBM, but further investigations are required for a better identification of the mechanisms.
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Zhou W, Ouyang J, Hu N, Wang H. Flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. Revert Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity through Inhibition of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043174. [PMID: 36834585 PMCID: PMC9961788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is one of the most frequently prescribed anti-cancer drugs. However, treatment with Dox is limited due to cumulative cardiotoxicity. 3-O-β-d-Sophorosylkaempferol-7-O-{3-O-[2(E)-2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxyocta-2,7-dienoyl]}-α-L-rhamnoside (F-A), kaempferol 3-sophoroside 7-rhamnoside (F-B), and hippophanone (F-C) were successfully obtained by purification and separation of seabuckthorn seed residue in our previous research. This study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of three flavonoids against Dox-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay. 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was used to determine the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). ATP content was measured using an assay kit. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure. The expression levels of proteins (p-JNK, JNK, p-Akt, Akt, p-P38, P38, p-ERK, ERK, p-Src, Src, Sab, IRE1α, Mfn1, Mfn2, and cleaved caspase-3) were evaluated by Western blot. Molecular docking was performed using AutoDock Vina. The three flavonoids could significantly relieve Dox-induced cardiac injury and inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The mechanisms were mainly related to the stability of mitochondrial structure and function maintained by suppressing the production of intracellular ROS, p-JNK and cleaved caspase-3, and increasing ATP contents and protein expression of mitochondrial mitofusin (Mfn1, Mfn2), Sab and p-Src. Pretreatment with flavonoids from Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. can reduce Dox-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis based on the 'JNK-Sab-Ros' signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Life and Health Sciences, Huzhou College, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining 810008, China
- Huzhou Plateau Biological Resource Centre of Innovation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou 313000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Hu
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining 810008, China
| | - Honglun Wang
- Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining 810008, China
- Huzhou Plateau Biological Resource Centre of Innovation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huzhou 313000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13997384106
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