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Campanale C, Triozzi M, Ragonese A, Losacco D, Massarelli C. Dithiocarbamates: Properties, Methodological Approaches and Challenges to Their Control. TOXICS 2023; 11:851. [PMID: 37888701 PMCID: PMC10610574 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) are a group of chemicals used primarily as fungicides, although they are exploited for various other applications. DTCs represent one of the oldest classes of broad-spectrum fungicides employed worldwide to control fungal diseases on many crops. Due to their ease of synthesis, low production costs (cheap and readily available starting materials) and a fungicidal activity with a multi-site mode of action, they are still among modern agriculture's most extensively used pesticides. Although the environmental degradation in air, water, and soil is relatively rapid due to photolysis and/or hydrolysis, they are among the most frequently detected pesticides in the European Union (EU), also with a high frequency of maximum residue level (MRL) exceedances. The current review aims to comprehensively survey all aspects of DTCs, including the environmental fate, toxicity and analytical methods for determining parental compounds and degradation products in environmental and food samples. Furthermore, the accumulation of carbamate and dithiocarbamate pesticides in vegetables, fruits, bioindicator organisms and human biological samples, as well as their health effects on humans, are also considered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Campanale
- CNR-IRSA, National Research Council of Italy, Water Research Institute, V.le F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Triozzi
- CNR-IRSA, National Research Council of Italy, Water Research Institute, V.le F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ragonese
- CNR-IRSA, National Research Council of Italy, Water Research Institute, V.le F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Losacco
- CNR-IRSA, National Research Council of Italy, Water Research Institute, V.le F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmine Massarelli
- CNR-IRSA, National Research Council of Italy, Water Research Institute, V.le F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy
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Recent advances of three-dimensional micro-environmental constructions on cell-based biosensors and perspectives in food safety. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 216:114601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Nanoclays are widespread materials characterized by a layered structure in the nano-scale range. They have multiple applications in diverse scientific and industrial areas, mainly due to their swelling capacity, cation exchange capacity, and plasticity. Due to the cation exchange capacity, nanoclays can serve as host matrices for the stabilization of several molecules and, thus, they can be used as sensors by incorporating electroactive ions, biomolecules as enzymes, or fluorescence probes. In this review, the most recent applications as bioanalyte sensors are addressed, focusing on two main detection systems: electrochemical and optical methods. Particularly, the application of electrochemical sensors with clay-modified electrodes (CLME) for pesticide detection is described. Moreover, recent advances of both electrochemical and optical sensors based on nanoclays for diverse bioanalytes’ detection such as glucose, H2O2, organic acids, proteins, or bacteria are also discussed. As it can be seen from this review, nanoclays can become a key factor in sensors’ development, creating an emerging technology for the detection of bioanalytes, with application in both environmental and biomedical fields.
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Advances in the Detection of Dithiocarbamate Fungicides: Opportunities for Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 11:bios11010012. [PMID: 33396914 PMCID: PMC7824625 DOI: 10.3390/bios11010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dithiocarbamate fungicides (DTFs) are widely used to control various fungal diseases in crops and ornamental plants. Maximum residual limits in the order of ppb-ppm are currently imposed by legislation to prevent toxicity problems associated with excessive use of DTFs. The specific analytical determination of DTFs is complicated by their low solubility in water and organic solvents. This review summarizes the current analytical procedures used for the analysis of DTF, including chromatography, spectroscopy, and sensor-based methods and discusses the challenges related to selectivity, sensitivity, and sample preparation. Biosensors based on enzymatic inhibition demonstrated potential as analytical tools for DTFs and warrant further research, considering novel enzymes from extremophilic sources. Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy and various sensors appear very promising, provided the selectivity issues are solved.
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Lu X, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Sun X. Current research progress of mammalian cell-based biosensors on the detection of foodborne pathogens and toxins. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3819-3835. [PMID: 32885986 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1809341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases caused by pathogens and toxins are a serious threat to food safety and human health; thus, they are major concern to society. Existing conventional foodborne pathogen or toxin detection methods, including microbiological assay, nucleic acid-based assays, immunological assays, and instrumental analytical method, are time-consuming, labor-intensive and expensive. Because of the fast response and high sensitivity, cell-based biosensors are promising novel tools for food safety risk assessment and monitoring. This review focuses on the properties of mammalian cell-based biosensors and applications in the detection of foodborne pathogens (bacteria and viruses) and toxins (bacterial toxins, mycotoxins and marine toxins). We discuss mammalian cell adhesion and how it is involved in the establishment of 3D cell culture models for mammalian cell-based biosensors, as well as evaluate their limitations for commercialization and further development prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, PR China
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Apostolou T, Loizou K, Hadjilouka A, Inglezakis A, Kintzios S. Newly Developed System for Acetamiprid Residue Screening in the Lettuce Samples Based on a Bioelectric Cell Biosensor. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E8. [PMID: 31991561 PMCID: PMC7168231 DOI: 10.3390/bios10020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Population growth and increased production demands on fruit and vegetables have driven agricultural production to new heights. Nevertheless, agriculture remains one of the least optimized industries, with laboratory tests that take days to provide a clear result on the chemical level of produce. To address this problem, we developed a tailor-made solution for the industry that can allow multiple field tests on key pesticides, based on a bioelectric cell biosensor and the measurement of the cell membrane potential changes, according to the principle of the Bioelectric Recognition Assay (BERA). We developed a fully functional system that operates using a newly developed hardware for multiple data sources and an Android application to provide results within 3 min. The presence of acetamiprid residues caused a cell membrane hyperpolarization, which was distinguishable from the control samples. A database that classified samples Below or Above Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) was then created, based on a newly developed algorithm. Additionally, lettuce samples were analyzed with the conventional and the newly developed method, in parallel, revealing a high correlation on sample classification. Thus, it was demonstrated that the novel biosensor system could be used in the food supply chain to increase the number of tested products before they reach the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofylaktos Apostolou
- EMBIO Diagnostics Ltd., Athalassas Ave 8, Strovolos, 2018 Nicosia, Cyprus; (K.L.); (A.H.); (A.I.)
| | - Konstantinos Loizou
- EMBIO Diagnostics Ltd., Athalassas Ave 8, Strovolos, 2018 Nicosia, Cyprus; (K.L.); (A.H.); (A.I.)
| | - Agni Hadjilouka
- EMBIO Diagnostics Ltd., Athalassas Ave 8, Strovolos, 2018 Nicosia, Cyprus; (K.L.); (A.H.); (A.I.)
| | - Antonios Inglezakis
- EMBIO Diagnostics Ltd., Athalassas Ave 8, Strovolos, 2018 Nicosia, Cyprus; (K.L.); (A.H.); (A.I.)
| | - Spyridon Kintzios
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos St., 11855 Athens, Greece;
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Assessment of Cypermethrin Residues in Tobacco by a Bioelectric Recognition Assay (BERA) Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Biosensor. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a bioelectric cell-based biosensor for the monitoring of the pyrethroid pesticide cypermethrin, a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker, in tobacco samples. For this purpose, neuroblastoma cells were used as biorecognition elements. The potential interference by the tobacco major alkaloid nicotine on the detection of cypermethrin was also studied. In addition, fluorescence microscopy revealed a specific pattern of neuroblastoma cell calcium efflux (Ca2+) after treatment with nicotine or cypermethrin. Finally, actual field-derived tobacco extracts were used for assessing matrix effects on the biosensor’s performance. The biosensor could detect cypermethrin in concentrations up to 1.5 μg mL−1 without being influenced by the presence of nicotine and possibly other tobacco alkaloids. Though not selective for cypermethrin, the neuroblastoma-based biosensor system appears to be a promising alternative to laborious analysis methodologies for rapid, high throughput and cost-efficient screening of this pyrethroid in tobacco samples in the near future.
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Mavrikou S, Tsekouras V, Karageorgou MA, Moschopoulou G, Kintzios S. Detection of Superoxide Alterations Induced by 5-Fluorouracil on HeLa Cells with a Cell-Based Biosensor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9040126. [PMID: 31623083 PMCID: PMC6956086 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro cell culture monitoring can be used as an indicator of cellular oxidative stress for the assessment of different chemotherapy agents. METHODS A cell-based bioelectric biosensor was used to detect alterations in superoxide levels in the culture medium of HeLa cervical cancer cells after treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil on HeLa cells were assessed by the MTT proliferation assay, whereas oxidative damage and induction of apoptosis were measured fluorometrically by the mitochondria-targeted MitoSOX™ Red and caspase-3 activation assays, respectively. RESULTS The results of this study indicate that 5-FU differentially affects superoxide production and caspase-3 activation when applied in cytotoxic concentrations against HeLa cells, while superoxide accumulation is in accordance with mitochondrial superoxide levels. Our findings suggest that changes in superoxide concentration could be detected with the biosensor in a non-invasive and rapid manner, thus allowing a reliable estimation of oxidative damage due to cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings may be useful for facilitating future high throughput screening of different chemotherapeutic drugs with a cytotoxic principle based on free radical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Mavrikou
- Faculty of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vasileios Tsekouras
- Faculty of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria-Argyro Karageorgou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece.
- Faculty of Physics, Department of Solid State Physics, NKUA, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Georgia Moschopoulou
- Faculty of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Kintzios
- Faculty of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
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Apostolou T, Moschopoulou G, Kolotourou E, Kintzios S. Assessment of in vitro dopamine-neuroblastoma cell interactions with a bioelectric biosensor: perspective for a novel in vitro functional assay for dopamine agonist/antagonist activity. Talanta 2017; 170:69-73. [PMID: 28501215 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Current receptor-binding assays for dopamine do not measure the in vitro whole cellular response against dopamine or potential agonist/antagonist molecules. We herewith report the development of a novel functional assay concept for studying the in vitro interaction of the neurotransmitter dopamine with neural cells bearing dopamine receptors. The concept is based on the ultra-rapid measurement of changes in the electric properties of cultured N2a mouse neuroblastoma cells (corresponding to cumulative changes of the cell membrane potential). A close relationship between cumulative cell membrane potential and dopamine concentration was observed. Membrane depolarization was observed at nanomolar dopamine concentrations, while hyperpolarization was associated with micromolar ones. Treatment with the dopamine D2-receptor antagonist eticlopride resulted to a concentration-dependent membrane depolarization. Treatment with sodium chloride caused considerable weakening of the dopamine-associated hyperpolarization effect. The observed bioelectric response to dopamine was highly inversely correlated with the pattern of dopamine release-uptake balance by N2a cells, as determined with cyclic voltammetry. The bioelectric approach was also used to evaluate the dopaminergic activity of chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) extracts. The novel assay concept offers promising perspectives for the development of advanced companion diagnostics system for the high throughput, fast functional characterization of neurotransmitter agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofylaktos Apostolou
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Moschopoulou
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Evdokia Kolotourou
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon Kintzios
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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Nanomaterials-based optical techniques for the detection of acetylcholinesterase and pesticides. SENSORS 2014; 15:499-514. [PMID: 25558991 PMCID: PMC4327032 DOI: 10.3390/s150100499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The large amount of pesticide residues in the environment is a threat to global health by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Biosensors for inhibition of AChE have been thus developed for the detection of pesticides. In line with the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials have attracted great attention and have been intensively studied in biological analysis due to their unique chemical, physical and size properties. The aim of this review is to provide insight into nanomaterial-based optical techniques for the determination of AChE and pesticides, including colorimetric and fluorescent assays and surface plasmon resonance.
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Pesticide residue screening using a novel artificial neural network combined with a bioelectric cellular biosensor. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:813519. [PMID: 23984408 PMCID: PMC3745894 DOI: 10.1155/2013/813519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel artificial neural network (ANN) system able to detect and classify pesticide residues. The novel ANN is coupled, in a customized way, to a cellular biosensor operation based on the bioelectric recognition assay (BERA) and able to simultaneously assay eight samples in three minutes. The novel system was developed using the data (time series) of the electrophysiological responses of three different cultured cell lines against three different pesticide groups (carbamates, pyrethroids, and organophosphates). Using the novel system, we were able to classify correctly the presence of the investigated pesticide groups with an overall success rate of 83.6%. Considering that only 70,000–80,000 samples are annually tested in Europe with current conventional technologies (an extremely minor fraction of the actual screening needs), the system reported in the present study could contribute to a screening system milestone for the future landscape in food safety control.
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Yang L, Huo D, He K, Zhang S, Hou C. Role of Tryptophan in the Active Site of Plant Esterase: Chemical Modification and Fluorometric Studies. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:909-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Larou E, Yiakoumettis I, Kaltsas G, Petropoulos A, Skandamis P, Kintzios S. High throughput cellular biosensor for the ultra-sensitive, ultra-rapid detection of aflatoxin M1. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lokka K, Skandamis P, Kintzios S. Screening of Total Organophosphate Pesticides in Agricultural Products with a Cellular Biosensor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2013.23015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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The Use of Artificial Neural Networks as a Component of a Cell-based Biosensor Device for the Detection of Pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Varelas V, Sanvicens N, M-Pilar-Marco, Kintzios S. Development of a cellular biosensor for the detection of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole (TCA). Talanta 2011; 84:936-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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