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Shirato Y, Hsueh AJ, Ab Mutalib NA, Deng Y, Suematsu R, Kato A, Kearney BM, Kinoshita M, Suzuki H. Bipolar Clark-Type Oxygen Electrode Arrays for Imaging and Multiplexed Measurements of the Respiratory Activity of Cells. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10825-10833. [PMID: 38463262 PMCID: PMC10918805 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Various miniature Clark-type oxygen electrodes (COEs), which are typically used to measure dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in cellular respiration, have been developed since the 1980s. Arrays with individually addressable electrodes that constitute the sensor were used for various applications. However, the large number of leads and contact pads required for connecting the electrodes and the external instrument complicate the electrode layout and make the operation of integrated COE arrays challenging. Here, we fabricated closed bipolar electrochemical systems comprising 6 × 8 and 4 × 4 arrays of COEs for imaging and multiplexed detection. The cathodic compartment was sealed with a hydrophobic oxygen-permeable membrane to separate the internal electrolyte solution from the sample solutions. Using the bipolar Clark-type oxygen electrode (BCOE) arrays and electrochemiluminescence (ECL), we measured the DO concentration at each cathode. The results revealed that the ECL intensity changed linearly with the DO concentration. In addition, we used ECL imaging to investigate the respiratory activity of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in suspensions with different cell densities. The ECL images showed that the ECL intensity changed noticeably with the bacterial density. The bacterial respiratory activity was then qualitatively analyzed based on the ECL images acquired successively over a time duration. Further, we measured the antibiotic efficacy of piperacillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, and cefmetazole against E. coli and P. aeruginosa using the BCOE. We found that the ECL intensity increased with the antibiotic concentration, thus indicating the suppression of the bacterial respiratory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shirato
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - An-Ju Hsueh
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Nurul Asyikeen Ab Mutalib
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yi Deng
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Ryohei Suematsu
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Azusa Kato
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Bradley M. Kearney
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department
of Immunology and Microbiology, National
Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Graduate
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- Faculty
of Pure and Applied Sciences, University
of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Spanu A, Martines L, Tedesco M, Martinoia S, Bonfiglio A. Simultaneous recording of electrical and metabolic activity of cardiac cells in vitro using an organic charge modulated field effect transistor array. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:945575. [PMID: 35992349 PMCID: PMC9385991 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.945575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro electrogenic cells monitoring is an important objective in several scientific and technological fields, such as electrophysiology, pharmacology and brain machine interfaces, and can represent an interesting opportunity in other translational medicine applications. One of the key aspects of cellular cultures is the complexity of their behavior, due to the different kinds of bio-related signals, both chemical and electrical, that characterize these systems. In order to fully understand and exploit this extraordinary complexity, specific devices and tools are needed. However, at the moment this important scientific field is characterized by the lack of easy-to-use, low-cost devices for the sensing of multiple cellular parameters. To the aim of providing a simple and integrated approach for the study of in vitro electrogenic cultures, we present here a new solution for the monitoring of both the electrical and the metabolic cellular activity. In particular, we show here how a particular device called Micro Organic Charge Modulated Array (MOA) can be conveniently engineered and then used to simultaneously record the complete cell activity using the same device architecture. The system has been tested using primary cardiac rat myocytes and allowed to detect the metabolic and electrical variations thar occur upon the administration of different drugs. This first example could lay the basis for the development of a new generation of multi-sensing tools that can help to efficiently probe the multifaceted in vitro environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Martines
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Tedesco
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Martinoia
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Motor Neuron Diseases, Cagliari, Italy
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
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Fedi A, Vitale C, Giannoni P, Caluori G, Marrella A. Biosensors to Monitor Cell Activity in 3D Hydrogel-Based Tissue Models. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:1517. [PMID: 35214418 PMCID: PMC8879987 DOI: 10.3390/s22041517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture models have gained relevant interest in tissue engineering and drug discovery owing to their suitability to reproduce in vitro some key aspects of human tissues and to provide predictive information for in vivo tests. In this context, the use of hydrogels as artificial extracellular matrices is of paramount relevance, since they allow closer recapitulation of (patho)physiological features of human tissues. However, most of the analyses aimed at characterizing these models are based on time-consuming and endpoint assays, which can provide only static and limited data on cellular behavior. On the other hand, biosensing systems could be adopted to measure on-line cellular activity, as currently performed in bi-dimensional, i.e., monolayer, cell culture systems; however, their translation and integration within 3D hydrogel-based systems is not straight forward, due to the geometry and materials properties of these advanced cell culturing approaches. Therefore, researchers have adopted different strategies, through the development of biochemical, electrochemical and optical sensors, but challenges still remain in employing these devices. In this review, after examining recent advances in adapting existing biosensors from traditional cell monolayers to polymeric 3D cells cultures, we will focus on novel designs and outcomes of a range of biosensors specifically developed to provide real-time analysis of hydrogel-based cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Fedi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.V.)
- Department of Computer Science, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering (DIBRIS), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Vitale
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.V.)
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Paolo Giannoni
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Guido Caluori
- IHU LIRYC, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, Fondation Bordeaux Université, 33600 Pessac, France;
- INSERM UMR 1045, Cardiothoracic Research Center of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alessandra Marrella
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (IEIIT), 16149 Genoa, Italy; (A.F.); (C.V.)
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Lopez-Muñoz GA, Mughal S, Ramón-Azcón J. Sensors and Biosensors in Organs-on-a-Chip Platforms. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:55-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Salidroside attenuates CoCl 2-simulated hypoxia injury in PC12 cells partly by mitochondrial protection. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174617. [PMID: 34748770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Salidroside has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects against hypoxia. However, its mitochondrial protective mechanisms still remain elusive. The present study aimed to explore the mitochondrial protection of salidroside on PC12 cells and the involved mechanisms. The hypoxic injury of PC12 cells was triggered by CoCl2 stimulus. The contents of LDH release, SOD, GSH-PX, Na+-K+-ATPase, ATP, NAD+ and NADH were determined by using commercial biochemical kits. Clark-type oxygen electrode and Seahorse XFe24 analyzer were employed to evaluate cell respiration and measure oxygen consumption rate (OCR), respectively. Mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were measured by using isolated mitochondria from the brain tissue of mice. The proteins expression of cleaved Caspase-3, HIF-1α, ISCU1/2, COX10 and PFKP were tested by immunofluorescence and Western blot. While the genes expression of Caspase-3, HIF-1α, ISCU1/2, COX10 and miR-210 were tested by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Salidroside alleviated CoCl2-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells as evidenced by increased cell viability, decreased LDH release and elevated GSH-PX and SOD activities. Salidroside could inhibit apoptosis by suppressing the level of cleaved Caspase-3 and Caspase-3. The enhanced mitochondrial energy synthesis by salidroside treatment was evidenced by the increases of Na+-K+-ATPase activity, ATP content, NAD+/NADH ratio, cellular respiration and OCR. In addition, salidroside could reduce mitochondrial swelling and MMP dissipation in isolated mitochondria. The results of immunofluorescence, Western blot and qRT-PCR analyses further revealed that salidroside raised the level of HIF-1α, ISCU1/2, COX10, and miR-210. Collectively, salidroside can reverse CoCl2-simulated hypoxia injury in PC12 cells partly by mitochondrial protection via inhibiting oxidative stress event, anti-apoptosis and enhancing mitochondrial energy synthesis.
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Real-Time Analysis of Oxygen Gradient in Oocyte Respiration Using a High-Density Microelectrode Array. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11080256. [PMID: 34436058 PMCID: PMC8393405 DOI: 10.3390/bios11080256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physiological events related to oxygen concentration gradients provide valuable information to determine the state of metabolizing biological cells. The existing oxygen sensing methods (i.e., optical photoluminescence, magnetic resonance, and scanning electrochemical) are well-established and optimized for existing in vitro analyses. However, such methods also present various limitations in resolution, real-time sensing performance, complexity, and costs. An electrochemical imaging system with an integrated microelectrode array (MEA) would offer attractive means of measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) based on the cell’s two-dimensional (2D) oxygen concentration gradient. This paper presents an application of an electrochemical sensor platform with a custom-designed complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based microchip and its Pt-coated surface MEA. The high-density MEA provides 16,064 individual electrochemical pixels that cover a 3.6 mm × 3.6 mm area. Utilizing the three-electrode configuration, the system is capable of imaging low oxygen concentration (18.3 µM, 0.58 mg/L, or 13.8 mmHg) at 27.5 µm spatial resolution and up to 4 Hz temporal resolution. In vitro oxygen imaging experiments were performed to analyze bovine cumulus-oocytes-complexes cells OCR and oxygen flux density. The integration of a microfluidic system allows proper bio-sample handling and delivery to the MEA surface for imaging. Finally, the imaging results are processed and presented as 2D heatmaps, representing the dissolved oxygen concentration in the immediate proximity of the MEA. This paper provides the results of real-time 2D imaging of OCR of live cells/tissues to gain spatial and temporal dynamics of target cell metabolism.
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Hsueh AJ, Park S, Satoh T, Shimizu T, Koiwai K, Nakashima M, Morimoto Y, Kinoshita M, Suzuki H. Microdevice with an Integrated Clark-Type Oxygen Electrode for the Measurement of the Respiratory Activity of Cells. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5577-5585. [PMID: 33769050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A microdevice for the measurement of the respiratory activity of cells was fabricated using a microfabricated Clark-type oxygen electrode. The oxygen electrode was completed in a dry state and was activated by introducing water necessary for the reduction of oxygen in the form of water vapor through an oxygen-permeable membrane, which significantly facilitated handling of the device even by nonspecialists. The use of a thin paper layer stabilized the current response and enabled stable continuous operation of the oxygen electrode without current disturbance caused by the evaporation of water. The microdevice was tested in some model experiments including the measurement of the respiratory activity of Escherichia coli (E. coli), evaluation of the efficacy of antibiotics, and measurement of the antibacterial activity of neutrophils, all of which demonstrated that the consumption of dissolved oxygen by cells can be monitored clearly by following an easy procedure for the preparation of the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ju Hsueh
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Sunho Park
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Satoh
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kazuki Koiwai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Physiology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Manabu Kinoshita
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, National Defense Medical College, Namiki 3-2, Tokorozawa 359-8513, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Marland JR, Gray ME, Dunare C, Blair EO, Tsiamis A, Sullivan P, González-Fernández E, Greenhalgh SN, Gregson R, Clutton RE, Parys MM, Dyson A, Singer M, Kunkler IH, Potter MA, Mitra S, Terry JG, Smith S, Mount AR, Underwood I, Walton AJ, Argyle DJ, Murray AF. Real-time measurement of tumour hypoxia using an implantable microfabricated oxygen sensor. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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9
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Tedjo W, Chen T. An Integrated Biosensor System With a High-Density Microelectrode Array for Real-Time Electrochemical Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:20-35. [PMID: 31751250 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2953579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods have been shown to be advantageous to life sciences by supporting studies and discoveries in metabolism activities, DNA analysis, and neurotransmitter signaling. Meanwhile, the integration of Microelectrode Array (MEA) and the accessibility of CMOS technology permit high-density electrochemical sensing method. This paper describes an electrochemical imaging system equipped with a custom CMOS microchip. The microchip holds a 3.6 mm × 3.6 mm sensing area containing 16,064 Pt MEA, the associated 16,064 integrated read channels, and digital control circuits. The novel three-electrode system geometry with a 27.5 μm spatial pitch enables cellular level chemical gradient imaging of bio-samples. The noise level of the on-chip read channel array allows amperometric detection of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE) with concentrations from 4 μM to 512 μM with 4.7 pA/μM sensitivity (R2 = 0.98). Electrochemical response to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was also characterized by deoxygenated deionized water containing 5% to 80% of the ambient oxygen concentrations with 86 pA/mg/L sensitivity (R2 = 0.89). The system also demonstrated selectivity to different target analytes using cyclic voltammetry method to simultaneously detect NE and uric acid. Also, a custom indium tin oxide with deposited Au glass electrode was integrated into the microfluidic system to enable pH measurement, ensuring the viability of bio-samples during experiments. Electrochemical images confirm the spatiotemporal performance at four frames per second while maintaining the sensitivity to target analytes. Finally, the overall system is controlled and continuously monitored by a MATLAB-based custom user interface, which is optimized for real-time high spatiotemporal resolution chemical imaging.
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10
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Shi J, Tong L, Tong W, Chen H, Lan M, Sun X, Zhu Y. Current progress in long-term and continuous cell metabolite detection using microfluidics. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Rivera KR, Yokus MA, Erb PD, Pozdin VA, Daniele M. Measuring and regulating oxygen levels in microphysiological systems: design, material, and sensor considerations. Analyst 2019; 144:3190-3215. [PMID: 30968094 PMCID: PMC6564678 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As microfabrication techniques and tissue engineering methods improve, microphysiological systems (MPS) are being engineered that recapitulate complex physiological and pathophysiological states to supplement and challenge traditional animal models. Although MPS provide unique microenvironments that transcend common 2D cell culture, without proper regulation of oxygen content, MPS often fail to provide the biomimetic environment necessary to activate and investigate fundamental pathways of cellular metabolism and sub-cellular level. Oxygen exists in the human body in various concentrations and partial pressures; moreover, it fluctuates dramatically depending on fasting, exercise, and sleep patterns. Regulating oxygen content inside MPS necessitates a sensitive biological sensor to quantify oxygen content in real-time. Measuring oxygen in a microdevice is a non-trivial requirement for studies focused on understanding how oxygen impacts cellular processes, including angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Quantifying oxygen inside a microdevice can be achieved via an array of technologies, with each method having benefits and limitations in terms of sensitivity, limits of detection, and invasiveness that must be considered and optimized. This article will review oxygen physiology in organ systems and offer comparisons of organ-specific MPS that do and do not consider oxygen microenvironments. Materials used in microphysiological models will also be analyzed in terms of their ability to control oxygen. Finally, oxygen sensor technologies are critically compared and evaluated for use in MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Rivera
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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12
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Moya A, Ortega-Ribera M, Guimerà X, Sowade E, Zea M, Illa X, Ramon E, Villa R, Gracia-Sancho J, Gabriel G. Online oxygen monitoring using integrated inkjet-printed sensors in a liver-on-a-chip system. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2023-2035. [PMID: 29892739 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00456k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The demand for real-time monitoring of cell functions and cell conditions has dramatically increased with the emergence of organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems. However, the incorporation of co-cultures and microfluidic channels in OOC systems increases their biological complexity and therefore makes the analysis and monitoring of analytical parameters inside the device more difficult. In this work, we present an approach to integrate multiple sensors in an extremely thin, porous and delicate membrane inside a liver-on-a-chip device. Specifically, three electrochemical dissolved oxygen (DO) sensors were inkjet-printed along the microfluidic channel allowing local online monitoring of oxygen concentrations. This approach demonstrates the existence of an oxygen gradient up to 17.5% for rat hepatocytes and 32.5% for human hepatocytes along the bottom channel. Such gradients are considered crucial for the appearance of zonation of the liver. Inkjet printing (IJP) was the selected technology as it allows drop on demand material deposition compatible with delicate substrates, as used in this study, which cannot withstand temperatures higher than 130 °C. For the deposition of uniform gold and silver conductive inks on the porous membrane, a primer layer using SU-8 dielectric material was used to seal the porosity of the membrane at defined areas, with the aim of building a uniform sensor device. As a proof-of-concept, experiments with cell cultures of primary human and rat hepatocytes were performed, and oxygen consumption rate was stimulated with carbonyl-cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone (FCCP), accelerating the basal respiration of 0.23 ± 0.07 nmol s-1/106 cells up to 5.95 ± 0.67 nmol s-1/106 cells s for rat cells and the basal respiration of 0.17 ± 0.10 nmol s-1/106 cells by up to 10.62 ± 1.15 nmol s-1/106 cells for human cells, with higher oxygen consumption of the cells seeded at the outflow zone. These results demonstrate that the approach of printing sensors inside an OOC has tremendous potential because IJP is a feasible technique for the integration of different sensors for evaluating metabolic activity of cells, and overcomes one of the major challenges still remaining on how to tap the full potential of OOC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moya
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Esfera UAB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Electrospun nanofibers and spin coated films prepared from side-chain copolymers with chemically bounded platinum (II) porphyrin moieties for oxygen sensing and pressure sensitive paints. Talanta 2018; 188:124-134. [PMID: 30029354 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pressure sensitive paints (PSP) containing oxygen probes were primarily used to measure air pressure. In this perspective, a polymerizable methacrylate-derived tetraphenylporphinato platinum(II) (PtTPP-MA) monomer was copolymerized with acrylic/vinyl monomers to produce four different copolymers. Octafluoropentyl methacrylate (OCFPM) and pentafluorophenyl acrylate (PFPA) were used as fluorinated monomers. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene (S) were used as non-fluorinated monomers. The structures and physical properties of the polymers were confirmed by 1H NMR, 19F NMR, GPC, and DSC. Experimental conditions were optimized to get fine nanofibers. Pressure sensing electrospun membranes and spin coated films were fabricated. Nanofibers showed fast response and good sensitivity towards gaseous oxygen. The influence of types of substrate and polymer natures on response time, oxygen sensitivity, and pressure responses were deliberated. Among our synthesized copolymers, poly(PS-co-PFPA-co-OCFPM-co-PtTPPMA) (Polymer P3) showed fast response time and good pressure sensitivity both as spin coated films and nanofibers.
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Kieninger J, Weltin A, Flamm H, Urban GA. Microsensor systems for cell metabolism - from 2D culture to organ-on-chip. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:1274-1291. [PMID: 29619452 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microsensor systems for cell metabolism are essential tools for investigation and standardization in cell culture. Electrochemical and optical read-out schemes dominate, which enable the marker-free, continuous, online recording of transient effects and deliver information beyond microscopy and end-point tests. There has been much progress in microfluidics and microsensors, but the translation of both into standard cell culture procedures is still limited. Within this critical review, we discuss different cell culture formats ranging from standard culture vessels to dedicated microfluidic platforms. Key aspects are the appropriate supply of cells, mass transport of metabolites to the sensors and generation of stimuli. Microfluidics enable the transition from static to dynamic conditions in culture and measurement. We illustrate the parameters oxygen (respiration), pH (acidification), glucose and lactate (energy metabolism) as well as short-lived reactive species (ROS/RNS) from the perspective of microsensor integration in 2D and 3D cell culture. We discuss different sensor principles and types, along with their limitations, microfabrication technologies and materials. The state-of-the-art of microsensor platforms for cell culture is discussed with respect to sensor performance, the number of parameters and timescale of application. That includes the advances from 2D culture to the increasingly important 3D approaches, with specific requirements for organotypic microtissues, spheroids and solid matrix cultures. We conclude on the current progress, potential, benefits and limitations of cell culture monitoring systems from monolayer culture to organ-on-chip systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kieninger
- Laboratory for Sensors, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Hou XS, Wang HS, Mugaka BP, Yang GJ, Ding Y. Mitochondria: promising organelle targets for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:2786-2797. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00673c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial-mediated tumor monitoring provides a new perspective on mitochondria-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Shuang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Huai-Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Benson Peter Mugaka
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Gong-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Ya Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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16
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Single-cell time-lapse imaging of intracellular O 2 in response to metabolic inhibition and mitochondrial cytochrome-c release. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2853. [PMID: 28569778 PMCID: PMC5520905 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The detection of intracellular molecular oxygen (O2) levels is important for understanding cell physiology, cell death, and drug effects, and has recently been improved with the development of oxygen-sensitive probes that are compatible with live cell time-lapse microscopy. We here provide a protocol for the use of the nanoparticle probe MitoImage-MM2 to monitor intracellular oxygen levels by confocal microscopy under baseline conditions, in response to mitochondrial toxins, and following mitochondrial cytochrome-c release. We demonstrate that the MitoImage-MM2 probe, which embeds Pt(II)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl)-porphyrin as oxygen sensor and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) as an O2-independent component, enables quantitative, ratiometric time-lapse imaging of intracellular O2. Multiplexing with tetra-methyl-rhodamine-methyl ester in HeLa cervical cancer cells showed significant increases in intracellular O2 accompanied by strong mitochondrial depolarization when respiratory chain complexes III or IV were inhibited by Antimycin A or sodium azide, respectively, and when cells were maintained at 'physiological' tissue O2 levels (5% O2). Multiplexing also allowed us to monitor intracellular O2 during the apoptotic signaling process of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization in HeLa expressing cytochrome-c-eGFP, and demonstrated that mitochondria post cytochrome-c release are able to retain their capacity to respire at physiological O2 despite a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential.
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17
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Oomen PE, Skolimowski MD, Verpoorte E. Implementing oxygen control in chip-based cell and tissue culture systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3394-414. [PMID: 27492338 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00772d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is essential in the energy metabolism of cells, as well as being an important regulatory parameter influencing cell differentiation and function. Interest in precise oxygen control for in vitro cultures of tissues and cells continues to grow, especially with the emergence of the organ-on-a-chip and the desire to emulate in vivo conditions. This was recently discussed in this journal in a Critical Review by Brennan et al. (Lab Chip (2014). DOI: ). Microfluidics can be used to introduce flow to facilitate nutrient supply to and waste removal from in vitro culture systems. Well-defined oxygen gradients can also be established. However, cells can quickly alter the oxygen balance in their vicinity. In this Tutorial Review, we expand on the Brennan paper to focus on the implementation of oxygen analysis in these systems to achieve continuous monitoring. Both electrochemical and optical approaches for the integration of oxygen monitoring in microfluidic tissue and cell culture systems will be discussed. Differences in oxygen requirements from one organ to the next are a challenging problem, as oxygen delivery is limited by its uptake into medium. Hence, we discuss the factors determining oxygen concentrations in solutions and consider the possible use of artificial oxygen carriers to increase dissolved oxygen concentrations. The selection of device material for applications requiring precise oxygen control is discussed in detail, focusing on oxygen permeability. Lastly, a variety of devices is presented, showing the diversity of approaches that can be employed to control and monitor oxygen concentrations in in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter E Oomen
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1 (XB20), 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Pham TD, Wallace DC, Burke PJ. Microchambers with Solid-State Phosphorescent Sensor for Measuring Single Mitochondrial Respiration. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16071065. [PMID: 27409618 PMCID: PMC4970112 DOI: 10.3390/s16071065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is now well established that, even within a single cell, multiple copies of the mitochondrial genome may be present (genetic heteroplasmy). It would be interesting to develop techniques to determine if and to what extent this genetic variation results in functional variation from one mitochondrion to the next (functional heteroplasmy). Measuring mitochondrial respiration can reveal the organelles’ functional capacity for Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and determine mitochondrial damage that may arise from genetic or age related defects. However, available technologies require significant quantities of mitochondria. Here, we develop a technology to assay the respiration of a single mitochondrion. Our “micro-respirometer” consists of micron sized chambers etched out of borofloat glass substrates and coated with an oxygen sensitive phosphorescent dye Pt(II) meso-tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphine (PtTFPP) mixed with polystyrene. The chambers are sealed with a polydimethylsiloxane layer coated with oxygen impermeable Viton rubber to prevent diffusion of oxygen from the environment. As the mitochondria consume oxygen in the chamber, the phosphorescence signal increases, allowing direct determination of the respiration rate. Experiments with coupled vs. uncoupled mitochondria showed a substantial difference in respiration, confirming the validity of the microchambers as single mitochondrial respirometers. This demonstration could enable future high-throughput assays of mitochondrial respiration and benefit the study of mitochondrial functional heterogeneity, and its role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted D Pham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Peter J Burke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Tsopela A, Laborde A, Salvagnac L, Ventalon V, Bedel-Pereira E, Séguy I, Temple-Boyer P, Juneau P, Izquierdo R, Launay J. Development of a lab-on-chip electrochemical biosensor for water quality analysis based on microalgal photosynthesis. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:568-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Wang XH, Peng HS, Yang L, You FT, Teng F, Hou LL, Wolfbeis OS. Targetable phosphorescent oxygen nanosensors for the assessment of tumor mitochondrial dysfunction by monitoring the respiratory activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:12471-5. [PMID: 25044871 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cellular respiration is a worthwhile criterion to evaluate mitochondrial dysfunction by measuring the dissolved oxygen. However, most of the existing sensing strategies merely report extracellular (ec-) or intracellular (ic-) O2 rather than intramitochondrial (im-) O2 . Herein we present a method to assess tumor mitochondrial dysfunction with three phosphorescent nanosensors, which respond to ec-, ic-, and im-O2 . Time-resolved luminescence is applied to determine the respective oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) under varying respiratory conditions. Data obtained for the OCRs and on (intra)cellular O2 gradients demonstrate that mitochondria in tumor cells are distinctly less active than those of healthy cells, resulting from restrained glucose utilization of and physical injury to the mitochondria. We believe that such a site-resolved sensing strategy can be applied to numerous other situations, for example to evaluate the adverse effects of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044 (China)
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Wang XH, Peng HS, Yang L, You FT, Teng F, Hou LL, Wolfbeis OS. Targetable Phosphorescent Oxygen Nanosensors for the Assessment of Tumor Mitochondrial Dysfunction By Monitoring the Respiratory Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Zhdanov AV, Dmitriev RI, Hynes J, Papkovsky DB. Kinetic Analysis of Local Oxygenation and Respiratory Responses of Mammalian Cells Using Intracellular Oxygen-Sensitive Probes and Time-Resolved Fluorometry. Methods Enzymol 2014; 542:183-207. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416618-9.00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Miniaev MV, Belyakova MB, Kostiuk NV, Leshchenko DV, Fedotova TA. Non-obvious Problems in Clark Electrode Application at Elevated Temperature and Ways of Their Elimination. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2013; 2013:249752. [PMID: 23984188 PMCID: PMC3747604 DOI: 10.1155/2013/249752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Well-known cause of frequent failures of closed oxygen sensors is the appearance of gas bubbles in the electrolyte. The problem is traditionally associated with insufficient sealing of the sensor that is not always true. Study of a typical temperature regime of measurement system based on Clark sensor showed that spontaneous release of the gas phase is a natural effect caused by periodic warming of the sensor to a temperature of the test liquid. The warming of the sensor together with the incubation medium causes oversaturation of electrolyte by dissolved gases and the allocation of gas bubbles. The lower rate of sensor heating in comparison with the medium reduces but does not eliminate the manifestation of this effect. It is experimentally established, that with each cycle of heating of measuring system up to 37°C followed by cooling the volume of gas phase in the electrolyte (KCl; 60 g/L; 400 μ L) increased by 0.6 μ L approximately. Thus, during just several cycles it can dramatically degrade the characteristics of the sensor. A method was developed in which the oxygen sensor is heated in contact with the liquid, (depleted of dissolved gases), allowing complete exclusion of the above-mentioned effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Miniaev
- Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Biology, Tver State Medical Academy, 4 Sovetskaya Street, Tver 170100, Russia
| | - M. B. Belyakova
- Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Biology, Tver State Medical Academy, 4 Sovetskaya Street, Tver 170100, Russia
| | - N. V. Kostiuk
- Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Biology, Tver State Medical Academy, 4 Sovetskaya Street, Tver 170100, Russia
| | - D. V. Leshchenko
- Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Biology, Tver State Medical Academy, 4 Sovetskaya Street, Tver 170100, Russia
| | - T. A. Fedotova
- Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Department of Biology, Tver State Medical Academy, 4 Sovetskaya Street, Tver 170100, Russia
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24
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Slow scan voltammetry for diffusion-controlled currents in sodium alginate solutions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Kondrashina AV, Papkovsky DB, Dmitriev RI. Measurement of cell respiration and oxygenation in standard multichannel biochips using phosphorescent O2-sensitive probes. Analyst 2013; 138:4915-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00658a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Koren K, Dmitriev RI, Borisov SM, Papkovsky DB, Klimant I. Complexes of Ir(III)-octaethylporphyrin with peptides as probes for sensing cellular O2. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1184-90. [PMID: 22532338 PMCID: PMC3437475 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ir(III)-porphyrins are a relatively new group of phosphorescent dyes that have potential for oxygen sensing and labeling of biomolecules. The requirement of two axial ligands for the Ir(III) ion permits simple linkage of biomolecules by a one-step ligand-exchange reaction, for example, using precursor carbonyl chloride complexes and peptides containing histidine residue(s). Using this approach, we produced three complexes of Ir(III)-octaethylporphyrin with cell-penetrating (Ir1 and Ir2) and tumor-targeting (Ir3) peptides and studied their photophysical properties. All of the complexes were stable and possessed bright, long-decay (unquenched lifetimes exceeding 45 μs) phosphorescence at around 650 nm, with moderate sensitivity to oxygen. The Ir1 and Ir2 complexes showed positive staining of a number of mammalian cell types, thus demonstrating localization similar to endoplasmic reticulum and ATP- and temperature-independent intracellular accumulation (direct translocation mechanism). Their low photo- and cytotoxicity allows intracellular oxygen to be probed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Koren
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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28
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Dmitriev RI, Zhdanov AV, Jasionek G, Papkovsky DB. Assessment of Cellular Oxygen Gradients with a Panel of Phosphorescent Oxygen-Sensitive Probes. Anal Chem 2012; 84:2930-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Optical probes and techniques for O2 measurement in live cells and tissue. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:2025-39. [PMID: 22249195 PMCID: PMC3371327 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0914-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in the sensing and imaging of molecular oxygen (O2) in biological samples containing live cells and tissue. We review recent developments in the measurement of O2 in such samples by optical means, particularly using the phosphorescence quenching technique. The main types of soluble O2 sensors are assessed, including small molecule, supramolecular and particle-based structures used as extracellular or intracellular probes in conjunction with different detection modalities and measurement formats. For the different O2 sensing systems, particular attention is paid to their merits and limitations, analytical performance, general convenience and applicability in specific biological applications. The latter include measurement of O2 consumption rate, sample oxygenation, sensing of intracellular O2, metabolic assessment of cells, and O2 imaging of tissue, vasculature and individual cells. Altogether, this gives the potential user a comprehensive guide for the proper selection of the appropriate optical probe(s) and detection platform to suit their particular biological applications and measurement requirements.
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30
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Huang SH, Hsu YH, Wu CW, Wu CJ. Light-addressable measurements of cellular oxygen consumption rates in microwell arrays based on phase-based phosphorescence lifetime detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2012; 6:44118. [PMID: 24348889 PMCID: PMC3555697 DOI: 10.1063/1.4772604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A digital light modulation system that utilizes a modified commercial digital micromirror device (DMD) projector, which is equipped with a UV light-emitting diode as a light modulation source, has been developed to spatially direct excited light toward a microwell array device to detect the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of single cells via phase-based phosphorescence lifetime detection. The microwell array device is composed of a combination of two components: an array of glass microwells containing Pt(II) octaethylporphine (PtOEP) as the oxygen-sensitive luminescent layer and a microfluidic module with pneumatically actuated glass lids set above the microwells to controllably seal the microwells of interest. By controlling the illumination pattern on the DMD, the modulated excitation light can be spatially projected to only excite the sealed microwell for cellular OCR measurements. The OCR of baby hamster kidney-21 fibroblast cells cultivated on the PtOEP layer within a sealed microwell has been successfully measured at 104 ± 2.96 amol s(-1) cell(-1). Repeatable and consistent measurements indicate that the oxygen measurements did not adversely affect the physiological state of the measured cells. The OCR of the cells exhibited a good linear relationship with the diameter of the microwells, ranging from 400 to 1000 μm and containing approximately 480 to 1200 cells within a microwell. In addition, the OCR variation of single cells in situ infected by Dengue virus with a different multiplicity of infection was also successfully measured in real-time. This proposed platform provides the potential for a wide range of biological applications in cell-based biosensing, toxicology, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hao Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Beining Rd., Keelung 202-24, Taiwan ; Center for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology (CMBB), National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Beining Rd., Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, No. 2, Beining Rd., Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Jer Wu
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202-24, Taiwan
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Santos LS, Landers R, Gushikem Y. Application of manganese (II) phthalocyanine synthesized in situ in the SiO2/SnO2 mixed oxide matrix for determination of dissolved oxygen by electrochemical techniques. Talanta 2011; 85:1213-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Fercher A, Borisov SM, Zhdanov AV, Klimant I, Papkovsky DB. Intracellular O2 sensing probe based on cell-penetrating phosphorescent nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2011; 5:5499-5508. [PMID: 21671589 DOI: 10.1021/nn200807g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new intracellular O(2) (icO(2)) sensing probe is presented, which comprises a nanoparticle (NP) formulation of a cationic polymer Eudragit RL-100 and a hydrophobic phosphorescent dye Pt(II)-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (PtPFPP). Using the time-resolved fluorescence (TR-F) plate reader set-up, cell loading was investigated in detail, particularly the effects of probe concentration, loading time, serum content in the medium, cell type, density, etc. The use of a fluorescent analogue of the probe in conjunction with confocal microscopy and flow cytometry analysis, revealed that cellular uptake of the NPs is driven by nonspecific energy-dependent endocytosis and that the probe localizes inside the cell close to the nucleus. Probe calibration in biological environment was performed, which allowed conversion of measured phosphorescence lifetime signals into icO(2) concentration (μM). Its analytical performance in icO(2) sensing experiments was demonstrated by monitoring metabolic responses of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells under ambient and hypoxic macroenvironment. The NP probe was seen to generate stable and reproducible signals in different types of mammalian cells and robust responses to their metabolic stimulation, thus allowing accurate quantitative analysis. High brightness and photostability allow its use in screening experiments with cell populations on a commercial TR-F reader, and for single cell analysis on a fluorescent microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fercher
- Biochemistry Department, University College Cork, Cavanagh Building, College Road, Cork, Ireland
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Ona T, Shibata J. Advanced dynamic monitoring of cellular status using label-free and non-invasive cell-based sensing technology for the prediction of anticancer drug efficacy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:2505-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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