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Selemani MA, Martin RS. Use of 3D printing to integrate microchip electrophoresis with amperometric detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05260-6. [PMID: 38581532 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes the use of PolyJet 3D printing to fabricate microchip electrophoresis devices with integrated microwire electrodes for amperometric detection. The fabrication process involves 3D printing of two separate pieces, a channel layer and an electrode layer. The channel layer is created by 3D printing on a pre-fabricated mold with a T-intersection. For the electrode layer, a stencil design is printed directly on the printing tray and covered with a piece of transparent glass. Microwire electrodes are adhered over the glass piece (guided by underlaying stencil) and a CAD design of the electrode layer is then printed on top of the microwire electrode. After delamination from the glass after printing, the microwire is embedded in the printed piece, with the stencil design ensuring that alignment and positioning of the electrode is reproducible for each print. After a thermal bonding step between the channel layer and electrode layer, a complete electrophoresis device with integrated microelectrodes for amperometric detection results. It is shown that this approach enables different microwire electrodes (gold or platinum) and sizes (100 or 50 µm) to be integrated in an end-channel configuration with no gap between the electrode and the separation channel. These devices were used to separate a mixture of catecholamines and the effect of separation voltage on the potential voltage applied on the working electrode was also investigated. In addition, the effect of electrode size on the number of theoretical plates and limit of detection was studied. Finally, a device that contains different channel heights and a detection electrode was 3D-printed to integrate continuous flow sampling with microchip electrophoresis and amperometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Major A Selemani
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Scott Martin
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Additive Manufacturing, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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2
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Yin S, Lu R, Liu C, Zhu S, Wan H, Lin Y, Wang Q, Qu X, Li J. Composite Microfluidic Petri Dish-Chip (MPD-Chip) without Protein Coating for 2D Cell Culture. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:15643-15652. [PMID: 37906157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophilicity is a requisite attribute for the 2D cell culture substrate's surface, facilitating cell adhesion and spreading. Conventional poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic chips necessitate protein coatings to enhance hydrophilicity; however, this approach is afflicted by issues of transient efficacy, interference with cell analysis, and high costs. This paper presents a protein-free microfluidic chip, termed a "microfluidic Petri dish-chip (MPD-chip)", integrating PDMS as the cover and a tissue culture-treated (TC-treated) Petri dish as the substrate. Microstructures are hot-embossed onto the Petri dish substrate using a silicon mold. This meticulous replication process serves to establish stable flow field dynamics within the chip. A simplified method for irreversible bonding, utilizing plasma activation and silylation, is proposed for affixing the PDMS cover onto the microstructured Petri dish substrate. The prepared composite chip exhibits remarkable tightness, boasting a notable bond strength of 2825 kPa. Furthermore, the composite microfluidic chip demonstrates the capability to withstand flow velocities of at least 200 μL/min, effectively meeting the required injection standards for both cell suspension and culture medium. SH-SY5Y and HeLa cells are cultured dynamically in the MPD-chip and control groups. Outcomes encompassing normalized cell density, cell adhesion area, and cell viability metrics unequivocally highlight the superiority of the MPD-chip in facilitating long-term two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Yin
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ruoyu Lu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shicheng Zhu
- Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Huifang Wan
- Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yayun Lin
- Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Hebei Sailhero Environmental Protection High-Tech Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050081, China
| | - Xiaohu Qu
- Hebei Sailhero Environmental Protection High-Tech Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050081, China
| | - Jingmin Li
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Technology and System of Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Kaimal R, Mansukhlal PN, Aljafari B, Anandan S, Ashokkumar M. Ultrasound-aided synthesis of gold-loaded boron-doped graphene quantum dots interface towards simultaneous electrochemical determination of guanine and adenine biomolecules. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 83:105921. [PMID: 35066331 PMCID: PMC8783145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To acquire substantial electrochemical signals of guanine-GUA and adenine-ADE present in deoxyribonucleic acid-DNA, it is critical to investigate innovative electrode materials and their interfaces. In this study, gold-loaded boron-doped graphene quantum dots (Au@B-GQDs) interface was prepared via ultrasound-aided reduction method for monitoring GUA and ADE electrochemically. Transmission electron microscopy-TEM, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy-UV-Vis, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy-XPS, cyclic voltammetry-CV, and differential pulse voltammetry-DPV were used to examine the microstructure of the fabricated interfaceand demonstrate its electrochemical characteristics. The sensor was constructed by depositing the as-prepared Au@B-GQDs as a thin layer on a glassy carbon-GC electrode by the drop-casting method and carried out the electrochemical studies. The resulting sensor exhibited a good response with a wide linear range (GUA = 0.5-20 μM, ADE = 0.1-20 μM), a low detection limit-LOD (GUA = 1.71 μM, ADE = 1.84 μM), excellent sensitivity (GUA = 0.0820 µAµM-1, ADE = 0.1561 µAµM-1) and selectivity with common interferents results from biological matrixes. Furthermore, it seems to have prominentselectivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and long-lastingstability. The results demonstrate that the fabricated Au@B-GQDs/GC electrode is a simple and effective sensing platform for detecting GUA and ADE in neutral media at low potential as it exhibited prominent synergistic impact and outstanding electrocatalytic activity corresponding to individual AuNPs and B-GQDs modified electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Kaimal
- Nanomaterials & Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - Patel Nishant Mansukhlal
- Nanomaterials & Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - Belqasem Aljafari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sambandam Anandan
- Nanomaterials & Solar Energy Conversion Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India.
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Subramanian S, Huiszoon RC, Chu S, Bentley WE, Ghodssi R. Microsystems for biofilm characterization and sensing - A review. Biofilm 2020; 2:100015. [PMID: 33447801 PMCID: PMC7798443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2019.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are the primary cause of clinical bacterial infections and are impervious to typical amounts of antibiotics, necessitating very high doses for elimination. Therefore, it is imperative to have suitable methods for characterization to develop novel methods of treatment that can complement or replace existing approaches using significantly lower doses of antibiotics. This review presents some of the current developments in microsystems for characterization and sensing of bacterial biofilms. Initially, we review current standards for studying biofilms that are based on invasive and destructive end-point biofilm characterization. Additionally, biofilm formation and growth is extremely sensitive to various growth and environmental parameters that cause large variability in biofilms between repeated experiments, making it very difficult to compare experimental repeats and characterize the temporal characteristics of these organisms. To address these challenges, recent developments in the field have moved toward systems and miniature devices that can aid in the non-invasive characterization of bacterial biofilms. Our review focuses on several types of microsystems for biofilm evaluation including optical, electrochemical, and mechanical systems. This review will show how these devices can lead to better understanding of the physiology and function of these communities of bacteria, which can eventually lead to the development of novel treatments that do not rely on high-dosage antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Subramanian
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ryan C. Huiszoon
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sangwook Chu
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - William E. Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Reza Ghodssi
- MEMS Sensors and Actuators Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Impact of Silanization Parameters and Antibody Immobilization Strategy on Binding Capacity of Photonic Ring Resonators. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113163. [PMID: 32498466 PMCID: PMC7309079 DOI: 10.3390/s20113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ring resonator-based biosensors have found widespread application as the transducing principle in “lab-on-a-chip” platforms due to their sensitivity, small size and support for multiplexed sensing. Their sensitivity is, however, not inherently selective towards biomarkers, and surface functionalization of the sensors is key in transforming the sensitivity to be specific for a particular biomarker. There is currently no consensus on process parameters for optimized functionalization of these sensors. Moreover, the procedures are typically optimized on flat silicon oxide substrates as test systems prior to applying the procedure to the actual sensor. Here we present what is, to our knowledge, the first comparison of optimization of silanization on flat silicon oxide substrates to results of protein capture on sensors where all parameters of two conjugation protocols are tested on both platforms. The conjugation protocols differed in the chosen silanization solvents and protein immobilization strategy. The data show that selection of acetic acid as the solvent in the silanization step generally yields a higher protein binding capacity for C-reactive protein (CRP) onto anti-CRP functionalized ring resonator sensors than using ethanol as the solvent. Furthermore, using the BS3 linker resulted in more consistent protein binding capacity across the silanization parameters tested. Overall, the data indicate that selection of parameters in the silanization and immobilization protocols harbor potential for improved biosensor binding capacity and should therefore be included as an essential part of the biosensor development process.
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Althagafi II, Kassem MA, Awad MI. Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Paracetamol at DNA Modified Gold Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail I. Althagafi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied ScienceUmm Al-Qura University, Makkah Kingdom Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Kassem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied ScienceUmm Al-Qura University, Makkah Kingdom Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceBenha University Benha 13518 Egypt
| | - Mohamed I. Awad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied ScienceUmm Al-Qura University, Makkah Kingdom Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceCairo University Cairo Egypt
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Abdollahi Aghdam A, Majidi MR, Veladi H, Omidi Y. Microfluidic-based separation and detection of synthetic antioxidants by integrated gold electrodes followed by HPLC-DAD. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Tan Y, Song Q, Liu W, Li M, Xiao J, Chen C. Dual-channel Microchip Electrophoresis with Amperometric Detection System for Rapid Analysis of Cefoperazone and Sulbactam. ANAL SCI 2019; 35:1103-1109. [PMID: 31231088 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A dual-channel microchip electrophoresis (ME) with in-channel amperometric detection was developed for cefoperazone and sulbactam determination simultaneously. In this study, a microelectrode detector was made of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) modified indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) film. The parameters including detection potential applied on working electrode, buffer concentration and pH value were optimized to improve the detection sensitivity and separation efficiency of cefoperazone and sulbactam. Under the optimal conditions, sensitive detection of cefoperazone and sulbactam was obtained with limits of detection (LODs) (S/N = 3) of 0.52 and 0.75 μg/mL, respectively. The plasma sample, which was from a patient with a brain injury taking Sulperazone, was successfully detected with a simple sample pretreatment process by dual-channel ME amperometric detection. This rapid and sensitive method possesses practical potential in clinical applications, and could provide a guidance for clinical rational drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Qianhui Song
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Ming Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University
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Gonzalez-Rivera JC, Osma JF. Fabrication of an Amperometric Flow-Injection Microfluidic Biosensor Based on Laccase for In Situ Determination of Phenolic Compounds. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:845261. [PMID: 26509166 PMCID: PMC4609777 DOI: 10.1155/2015/845261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We aim to develop an in situ microfluidic biosensor based on laccase from Trametes pubescens with flow-injection and amperometry as the transducer method. The enzyme was directly immobilized by potential step chronoamperometry, and the immobilization was studied using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrode response by amperometry was probed using ABTS and syringaldazine. A shift of interfacial electron transfer resistance and the electron transfer rate constant from 18.1 kΩ to 3.9 MΩ and 4.6 × 10(-2) cm s(-1) to 2.1 × 10(-4) cm s(-1), respectively, evidenced that laccase was immobilized on the electrode by the proposed method. We established the optimum operating conditions of temperature (55°C), pH (4.5), injection flow rate (200 µL min(-1)), and applied potential (0.4 V). Finally, the microfluidic biosensor showed better lower limit of detection (0.149 µM) and sensitivity (0.2341 nA µM(-1)) for ABTS than previous laccase-based biosensors and the in situ operation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. Gonzalez-Rivera
- CMUA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Los Andes, Cra 1 E No. 19 A-40, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Johann F. Osma
- CMUA, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Los Andes, Cra 1 E No. 19 A-40, Bogota, Colombia
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10
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Recent applications of microchip electrophoresis to biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:72-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rattanarat P, Teengam P, Siangproh W, Ishimatsu R, Nakano K, Chailapakul O, Imato T. An Electrochemical Compact Disk-type Microfluidics Platform for Use as an Enzymatic Biosensor. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Meneses D, Gunasekara DB, Pichetsurnthorn P, da Silva JAF, de Abreu FC, Lunte SM. Evaluation of in-channel amperometric detection using a dual-channel microchip electrophoresis device and a two-electrode potentiostat for reverse polarity separations. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:441-8. [PMID: 25256669 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In-channel amperometric detection combined with dual-channel microchip electrophoresis is evaluated using a two-electrode isolated potentiostat for reverse polarity separations. The device consists of two separate channels with the working and reference electrodes placed at identical positions relative to the end of the channel, enabling noise subtraction. In previous reports of this configuration, normal polarity and a three-electrode detection system were used. In the two-electrode detection system described here, the electrode in the reference channel acts as both the counter and reference. The effect of electrode placement in the channels on noise and detector response was investigated using nitrite, tyrosine, and hydrogen peroxide as model compounds. The effects of electrode material and size and type of reference electrode on noise and the potential shift of hydrodynamic voltammograms for the model compounds were determined. In addition, the performance of two- and three-electrode configurations using Pt and Ag/AgCl reference electrodes was compared. Although the signal was attenuated with the Pt reference, the noise was also significantly reduced. It was found that lower LOD were obtained for all three compounds with the dual-channel configuration compared to single-channel, in-channel detection. The dual-channel method was then used for the detection of nitrite in a dermal microdialysis sample obtained from a sheep following nitroglycerin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogenes Meneses
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, UFAL, Maceió, AL, Brazil
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Martín A, López MÁ, González MC, Escarpa A. Multidimensional carbon allotropes as electrochemical detectors in capillary and microchip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2014; 36:179-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aída Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - María Cristina González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Alcalá; Madrid Spain
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A comparative study of different microchips for capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-014-0764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Ghanim MH, Najimudin N, Ibrahim K, Abdullah MZ. Low electric field DNA separation and in‐channel amperometric detection by microchip capillary electrophoresis. IET Nanobiotechnol 2014; 8:77-82. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2012.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Motasem Hilmi Ghanim
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringUniversiti Sains MalaysiaEngineering CampusPenang 14300Malaysia
| | - Nazalan Najimudin
- School of Biological SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaPenang 11800Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Zaid Abdullah
- School of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringUniversiti Sains MalaysiaEngineering CampusPenang 14300Malaysia
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Regel A, Lunte S. Integration of a graphite/poly(methyl-methacrylate) composite electrode into a poly(methylmethacrylate) substrate for electrochemical detection in microchips. Electrophoresis 2014; 34:2101-6. [PMID: 23670816 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Traditional fabrication methods for polymer microchips, the bonding of two substrates together to form the microchip, can make the integration of carbon electrodes difficult. We have developed a simple and inexpensive method to integrate graphite/PMMA composite electrodes (GPCEs) into a PMMA substrate. These substrates can be bonded to other PMMA layers using a solvent-assisted thermal bonding method. The optimal composition of the GPCEs for electrochemical detection was determined using cyclic voltammetry with dopamine as a test analyte. Using the optimized GPCEs in an all-PMMA flow cell with flow injection analysis, it was possible to detect 50 nM dopamine under the best conditions. These electrodes were also evaluated for the detection of dopamine and catechol following separation by MCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Regel
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Yamini Y, Seidi S, Rezazadeh M. Electrical field-induced extraction and separation techniques: promising trends in analytical chemistry--a review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 814:1-22. [PMID: 24528839 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is an important issue in analytical chemistry, and is often a bottleneck in chemical analysis. So, the major incentive for the recent research has been to attain faster, simpler, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly sample preparation methods. The use of auxiliary energies, such as heat, ultrasound, and microwave, is one of the strategies that have been employed in sample preparation to reach the above purposes. Application of electrical driving force is the current state-of-the-art, which presents new possibilities for simplifying and shortening the sample preparation process as well as enhancing its selectivity. The electrical driving force has scarcely been utilized in comparison with other auxiliary energies. In this review, the different roles of electrical driving force (as a powerful auxiliary energy) in various extraction techniques, including liquid-, solid-, and membrane-based methods, have been taken into consideration. Also, the references have been made available, relevant to the developments in separation techniques and Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems. All aspects of electrical driving force in extraction and separation methods are too specific to be treated in this contribution. However, the main aim of this review is to provide a brief knowledge about the different fields of analytical chemistry, with an emphasis on the latest efforts put into the electrically assisted membrane-based sample preparation systems. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches as well as the new achievements in these areas have been discussed, which might be helpful for further progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahram Seidi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Anu Prathap M, Srivastava R, Satpati B. Simultaneous detection of guanine, adenine, thymine, and cytosine at polyaniline/MnO2 modified electrode. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Detection of real sample DNA at a cadmium sulfide--chitosan/gelatin modified electrode. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 113:85-91. [PMID: 24060932 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium sulfide (CdS) was combined with chitosan (Chi) and gelatin (Gel) to prepare a CdS-Chi/Gel modified electrode. Chi exhibits a large positive charge density and was to provide a uniform of CdS surface. Gel exhibits high mechanical strength and low toxicity toward mammalian cells, and is non-antigenic biopolymer. CdS-Chi exhibits a lower contact angle than that of bare CdS, indicating that the hydrophilicity of the sample surface had increased. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to determine diffusion coefficients and to characterize the electron transfer kinetics during the redox reactions. The surface morphologies of CdS-Chi and Gel were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to detect the analytes. DPV not only increased the linear range of the electrocatalytic current, but also lowered the overpotential for oxidation interference in the measurements. The CdS electrode exhibited a enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward the analytes evaluated in this study. The presence of Gel enhanced the loading and stability of the electrode. The fabricated electrode was successfully used for the simultaneous electrochemical oxidation of guanine (G) and adenine (A).
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Li X, Chen Z, Pan J, Yang F, Li Y, Yao M. Differential pulsed amperometry coupled to microchip capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1291:174-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ghanim MH, Abdullah MZ. Design of disposable DNA biosensor microchip with amperometric detection featuring PCB substrate. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-013-7108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Recent advances in microchip electrophoresis for amino acid analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7907-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6830-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Masár M, Kruk P, Luc M, Bodor R, Danč L, Troška P. CZE study on adsorption processes of aliphatic and aromatic amines on PMMA chip. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:432-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marián Masár
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Pavol Kruk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Milan Luc
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Róbert Bodor
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Danč
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Peter Troška
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava; Slovakia
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Masuhara Y, Jinno N, Hashimoto M, Tsukagoshi K. The micro-flow reaction system featured the liquid-liquid interface created with ternary mixed carrier solvents in a capillary tube. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:439-44. [PMID: 22687921 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A micro-flow reaction system was developed in which liquid-liquid interface was created based on the tube radial distribution of ternary mixed carrier solvents. The system was constructed from double capillary tubes having different inner diameters (100 and 250 µm i.d.). The smaller tube was inserted into the larger one through a T-type joint. The reaction of a protein with a fluorescence derivatizing reagent was adopted as a model. A water-acetonitrile mixture (3:1 volume ratio) including bovine serum albumin (hydrophilic) was delivered into the large tube from the inside through the small tube and an acetonitrile-ethyl acetate mixture (7:4 volume ratio) containing fluorescamine (hydrophobic) as a derivatizing reagent was delivered from the outside through the joint. Solutions were mixed through the double capillary tubes to promote ternary mixed carrier solvents (water-acetonitrile-ethyl acetate; 1:2:1 volume ratio). The liquid-liquid interface was created based on the tube radial distribution of ternary solvents in the larger tube. The derivatization reaction was performed in the larger, or reaction, tube in the micro-flow system. The fluorescence intensity of the fluorescamine-derivatized bovine serum albumin obtained by the system, which specifically included the kinetic liquid-liquid interface in the tube, was greater than that obtained through a batch reaction using a homogeneous solution of water-acetonitrile (1:2 volume ratio).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Masuhara
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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Ricinus communis agglutinin I functionalisation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a substrate for microfluidic device. Sci China Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Paleček
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612
65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartošík
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 612
65 Brno, Czech Republic
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Kang CM, Joo S, Bae JH, Kim YR, Kim Y, Chung TD. In-Channel Electrochemical Detection in the Middle of Microchannel under High Electric Field. Anal Chem 2011; 84:901-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2016322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung Mu Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Segyeong Joo
- Department of Medical Engineering,
Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Je Hyun Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Yang-Rae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Yongseong Kim
- Department
of Science Education, Kyungnam University, Masan 631-701, Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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Shang F, Guihen E, Glennon JD. Recent advances in miniaturisation - The role of microchip electrophoresis in clinical analysis. Electrophoresis 2011; 33:105-16. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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