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Nascimento LES, Thapa B, Oliveira WDS, Prata R, Godoy HT, Anderson JL. A practical and eco-friendly method for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in açaí-based food products by vacuum-assisted sorbent extraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465104. [PMID: 38905947 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
For the first time, a method for the simultaneous analysis of fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including light and heavy PAHs, in açaí-based food products (AFPs) was developed using vacuum-assisted sorbent extraction (VASE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method requires no organic solvents and is amenable to full automation. To achieve optimal analytical extraction conditions, VASE parameters including stirring rate, extraction time, desorption temperature, desorption time, preheat time, and preheat temperature were optimized using sequential multivariate optimization. The method was validated and yielded limits of quantification below 1 µg kg-1 for all analytes, with recoveries ranging from 65 % to 112 % and good precision (≤11 % relative standard deviation). Additionally, the greenness and practical aspects of the method were investigated using the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), eco-scale, and the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), respectively. The VASE-GC-MS approach is suitable for routine analysis and exhibits characteristics of a green analytical method. No PAHs were detected above the limits of detection in thirty samples of AFPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Silva Nascimento
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Bhawana Thapa
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Wellington da Silva Oliveira
- Reference Laboratory for Physical, Sensory and Statistics Analysis, Science and Food Quality Center, Food Technology Institute (ITAL), Avenida Brasil 2880, Campinas, SP, 13070-178, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Prata
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Helena Teixeira Godoy
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, 2415 Osborn Drive, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Mohebbi A, Fathi AA, Afshar Mogaddam MR, Farajzadeh MA, Yaripour S, Fattahi N. Application of magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction combined with solidification of floating organic droplet-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and GC-MS in the extraction and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in honey. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:175-187. [PMID: 38252747 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2301664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
A magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction method combined with solidification of floating organic droplet-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction has been validated for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from honey samples. For this purpose, a carbonised cellulose-ferromagnetic nanocomposite was used as a sorbent through the magnetic dispersive solid phase extraction. For preparation of the sorbent, first, carbonised cellulose nanoparticles were created by treating cellulose filter paper with concentrated solution of sulfuric acid. Then, the prepared nanoparticles were loaded onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles through coprecipitation. In the extraction process, first, a few mg of the sorbent was added to the diluted honey solution and dispersed in it using vortex agitation. The particles were then separated and the adsorbed analytes were eluted with an organic solvent. The eluent was taken and after mixing with a water-immiscible extraction solvent was used in the following solidification of floating organic droplet-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure. By performing the extraction process under the obtained optimum conditions, low limits of detection (0.08-0.17 ng g-1) and quantification (0.27-0.57 ng g-1), satisfactory precision (relative standard deviations ≤ 5.0%), and wide linear range (0.57-500 ng g-1) with great coefficients of determination (r2≥ 0.9986) were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohebbi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Fathi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mir Ali Farajzadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
- Engineering Faculty, Near East University, Nicosia, Turkey
| | - Saeid Yaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nazir Fattahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Zhang X, Gu Y, Wang Y, Liu J, Jiang Y, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Tan C, Wang Y, Li H, Hu Y. Occurrence and risk assessment of PAHs from athletic fields under typical rainfall events. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:2159-2171. [PMID: 37186621 PMCID: wst_2023_092 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Six polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including naphthalene (Nap), fluorene (Flu), phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Fla), pyrene (Pyr), and chrysene (Chr) were detected in runoff from five athletic fields during three rainfall events. The event mean concentration (EMC) of ∑6PAHs ranged from 3.96 to 23.23 μg/L, which was much higher than the EMC in urban traffic area runoff. Except for Nap, the PAH concentrations followed in the order of artificial turf > badminton court > basketball court > plastic runway > optennis court. The surface characteristics of the athletic fields, such as the composition of materials and roughness, played an essential role in the release of PAHs. ∑6PAHs concentration during the 2nd rainfall event (July 22nd) was the highest among the three rainfall events, indicating that high rainfall intensity facilitated the PAHs release. PAHs during three rainfall events showed little first flush effect except for the artificial turf during the 2nd (22nd July) and 3rd (29th July) rainfall events. The first flush effect could be affected by rainfall characters, PAH properties, and surface characteristics of athletic fields. Ecological risk assessment showed that PAHs in runoff corresponded to moderate-to-high risk, while health risk assessment showed that PAHs could pose a potential carcinogenic danger to human health via dermal contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China E-mail: ; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yuyang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China E-mail: ; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yinrui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China E-mail:
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Department of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Yucheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China E-mail:
| | - Yiran Tian
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China E-mail: ; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chaohong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China E-mail: ; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China E-mail:
| | - Haiyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 102616, China E-mail: ; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yuansheng Hu
- Department of Civil Engineering and Construction, Faculty of Engineering and Design, Atlantic Technological University Sligo, Sligo F91YW50, Ireland
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Cao C, Wang M, Zhang D, Yu S, Xie H, Wang Q, Yu Z, Gan N. Portable ATP bioluminescence sensor with high specificity for live Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain synergistically enhanced by orientated phage-modified stir bar extraction and bio-proliferation. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kariyawasam T, Doran GS, Howitt JA, Prenzler PD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soils and sediments: Sustainable approaches for extraction and remediation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132981. [PMID: 34826448 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic environmental pollutants that are extremely hydrophobic in nature and resistant to biological degradation. Extraction of PAHs from environmental matrices is the first and most crucial step in PAH quantification. Extraction followed by quantification is essential to understand the extent of contamination prior to the application of remediation approaches. Due to their non-polar structures, PAHs can be adsorbed tightly to the organic matter in soils and sediments, making them more difficult to be extracted. Extraction of PAHs can be achieved by a variety of methods. Techniques such as supercritical and subcritical fluid extraction, microwave-assisted solvent extraction, plant oil-assisted extraction and some microextraction techniques provide faster PAH extraction using less organic solvents, while providing a more environmentally friendly and safer process with minimum matrix interferences. More recently, more environmentally friendly methods for soil and sediment remediation have been explored. This often involves using natural chemicals, such as biosurfactants, to solubilize PAHs in contaminated soils and sediments to allow subsequent microbial degradation. Vermiremediation and microbial enzyme-mediated remediation are emerging approaches, which require further development. The following summarises the existing literature on traditional PAH extraction and bioremediation methods and contrasts them to newer, more environmentally friendly ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiloka Kariyawasam
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia; Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 2702, Australia
| | - Gregory S Doran
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.
| | - Julia A Howitt
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia; Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 2702, Australia
| | - Paul D Prenzler
- School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia
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Campanale C, Massarelli C, Losacco D, Bisaccia D, Triozzi M, Uricchio VF. The monitoring of pesticides in water matrices and the analytical criticalities: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Li J, Zhao B, Guo L, Wang Z, Wang C, Wang Z, Zhang S, Wu Q. Synthesis of hypercrosslinked polymers for efficient solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462428. [PMID: 34329956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Three novel hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) were synthesized via Friedel-Crafts reaction employing 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene as alkylating agent, and triphenylbenzene, tetraphenylethylene and p-quaterphenyl as the aromatic units, respectively. The prepared HCPs were applied as solid-phase microextraction coatings for direct immersion extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated and nitrated derivatives in environmental water samples. The key factors affecting the extraction efficiency including extraction time, extraction temperature, stirring rate, ionic strength and desorption conditions, were carefully studied. Coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis, a new method for determining PAHs and their derivatives was developed. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (S/N=3) and limits of quantitation (the lowest concentration for quantification) of the method were in the range of 2.5-25.0 and 7.5-75.0 ng L-1, respectively. The recoveries of spiked samples were in the range of 73.1-118.3% with relative standard deviations less than 13.0%. The developed method was applied for the simultaneous determination of nine PAHs and their derivatives in environmental water samples, showing good accuracy and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Li
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Liying Guo
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Chun Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Shuaihua Zhang
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- College of Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China.
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8
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Bandow N, Aitken MD, Geburtig A, Kalbe U, Piechotta C, Schoknecht U, Simon FG, Stephan I. Using Environmental Simulations to Test the Release of Hazardous Substances from Polymer-Based Products: Are Realism and Pragmatism Mutually Exclusive Objectives? MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122709. [PMID: 32549187 PMCID: PMC7345583 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The potential release of hazardous substances from polymer-based products is currently in the focus of environmental policy. Environmental simulations are applied to expose such products to selected aging conditions and to investigate release processes. Commonly applied aging exposure types such as solar and UV radiation in combination with water contact, corrosive gases, and soil contact as well as expected general effects on polymers and additional ingredients of polymer-based products are described. The release of substances is based on mass-transfer processes to the material surfaces. Experimental approaches to investigate transport processes that are caused by water contact are presented. For tailoring the tests, relevant aging exposure types and release quantification methods must be combined appropriately. Several studies on the release of hazardous substances such as metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, flame retardants, antioxidants, and carbon nanotubes from polymers are summarized exemplarily. Differences between natural and artificial exposure tests are discussed and demonstrated for the release of flame retardants from several polymers and for biocides from paints. Requirements and limitations to apply results from short-term artificial environmental exposure tests to predict long-term environmental behavior of polymers are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bandow
- German Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Michael D. Aitken
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA;
| | - Anja Geburtig
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ute Kalbe
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Christian Piechotta
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ute Schoknecht
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Franz-Georg Simon
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
| | - Ina Stephan
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), 12200 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.); (C.P.); (U.S.); (F.-G.S.); (I.S.)
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Zhang Q, Liu P, Li S, Zhang X, Chen M. Progress in the analytical research methods of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2020.1746668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongyao Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Detection, College of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Hygiene Detection, College of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Shuling Li
- Department of Hygiene Detection, College of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Detection, College of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
| | - Mengdi Chen
- Department of Hygiene Detection, College of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, P.R. China
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A porous composite monolith sorbent of polyaniline, multiwall carbon nanotubes and chitosan cryogel for aromatic compounds extraction. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Jinadasa BKKK, Monteau F, Morais S. Critical review of micro-extraction techniques used in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biological, environmental and food samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1004-1026. [PMID: 32186468 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1733103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants and their accurate determination is very important to human health and environment safety. In this review, sorptive-based micro-extraction techniques [such as Solid-Phase Micro-extraction (SPME), Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE), Micro-extraction in Packed Sorbent (MEPS)] and solvent-based micro-extraction [Membrane-Mediated Liquid-Phase Micro-extraction (MM-LPME), Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Micro-extraction (DLLME), and Single Drop Micro-extraction (SDME)] developed for quantification of PAHs in environmental, biological and food samples are reviewed. Moreover, recent micro-extraction techniques that have been coupled with other sample extraction strategies are also briefly discussed. The main objectives of these micro-extraction techniques are to perform extraction, pre-concentration and clean up together as one step, and the reduction of the analysis time, cost and solvent following the green chemistry guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K K K Jinadasa
- Laboratoire D'étude Des Résidus Et Contaminants Dans Les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science, and Engineering (ONIRIS) , Nantes, France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- Laboratoire D'étude Des Résidus Et Contaminants Dans Les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science, and Engineering (ONIRIS) , Nantes, France
| | - Simone Morais
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto Superior De Engenharia Do Porto, Instituto Politécnico Do Porto , Porto, Portugal
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12
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Vieira CM, Mafra G, Brognoli R, Richter P, Rosero-Moreano M, Carasek E. A high throughput approach to rotating-disk sorptive extraction (RDSE) using laminar cork for the simultaneous determination of multiclass organic micro-pollutants in aqueous sample by GC-MS. Talanta 2020; 208:120459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Magnetic Stirring Assisted Demulsification Dispersive Liquid⁻Liquid Microextraction for Preconcentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Grilled Pork Samples. TOXICS 2019; 7:toxics7010008. [PMID: 30781846 PMCID: PMC6468843 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A simple microextraction method, magnetic stirring assisted demulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, for preconcentration of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthrene, and pyrene) was investigated prior to analysis by high performance liquid chromatography. In this method, a mixture of extraction solvent and disperser solvent was rapidly injected into sample solution. The magnetic stirrer agitator aided the dispersion of the extraction solvent into the sample solution. After the formation of an emulsion, the demulsifier was added, resulting in the rapid separation of the mixture into two phases. No centrifugation step was required. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency of the proposed method were studied, including addition of salt, kind and volume of extraction solvent, volume of demulsifier solvent, and extraction times. Under the optimum conditions, high enrichment factor, low limit of detections (LODs) and good precision were gained. The proposed method was successfully applied to analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon residues in grilled pork samples.
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Vandergrift GW, Monaghan J, Krogh ET, Gill CG. Direct Analysis of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Aqueous Samples Using Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Low-Energy Liquid Electron Ionization. Anal Chem 2018; 91:1587-1594. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental
Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8P 5C2
| | - Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental
Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, V9R 5S5
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied Environmental
Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8P 5C2
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied Environmental
Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada, V9R 5S5
- Chemistry Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8P 5C2
- Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, V5A 1S6
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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15
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On-line supercritical fluid extraction—supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Scherer N, Marcseková K, Posset T, Winter G. Evaluation of stir-bar sorptive extraction coupled with thermal desorption GC–MS for the detection of leachables from polymer single use systems to drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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López-López JA, Ogalla-Chozas E, Lara-Martín PA, Pintado-Herrera MG. Solvent bar micro-extraction (SBME) based determination of PAHs in seawater samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:58-63. [PMID: 28437771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the impact of PAHs in seawater samples is often difficult due to the low concentrations in which they appear and the complexity of the sample matrix. Traditional methods for sample preparation such as liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction require the use of excessive amounts of solvents and reagents, and sample handling. In this work, hollow fiber liquid phase micro-extraction (HFLPME), in the configuration of solvent bar micro-extraction (SBME), was proposed as an environmentally friendly and more effective tool, for the extraction of the 16 priority PAHs from seawater samples. Extraction was conducted using hexane as a solvent. Enrichment factors from 45 to 163 were obtained after 60min at a stirring rate of 500rpm in the sample. Moreover, a negative linear relationship was observed between the enrichment factor and the molecular weight of the PAHs. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection were in the range from 0.21 to 0.82ngL-1, the method showed a linear response up to 500μgL-1, and the average relative standard deviation for seawater samples spiked with 5ngL-1 was 11.6%. After calibration, the SBME was applied to extract PAHs in seawater samples from the Bay of Cadiz (SW Spain), showing an average recovery of 99%. In conclusion, the SBME is an environmentally friendly, one-step alternative for sample preparation in the determination of PAHs in seawater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A López-López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Esther Ogalla-Chozas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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Santos LO, dos Anjos JP, Ferreira SL, de Andrade JB. Simultaneous determination of PAHS, nitro-PAHS and quinones in surface and groundwater samples using SDME/GC-MS. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Yang L, Zhang J, Zhao F, Zeng B. Electrodeposition of self-assembled poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) @gold nanoparticles on stainless steel wires for the headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatographic determination of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1471:80-86. [PMID: 27765417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)@Au nanoparticles (PEDOT@AuNPs) hybrid coating was prepared and characterized. Firstly, the monomer 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene was self-assembled on AuNPs, and then electropolymerization was performed on a stainless steel wire by cyclic voltammetry. The obtained PEDOT@AuNPs coating was rough and showed cauliflower-like micro-structure with thickness of ∼40μm. It displayed high thermal stability (up to 330°C) and mechanical stability and could be used for at least 160 times of solid phase microextraction (SPME) without decrease of extraction performance. The coating exhibited high extraction capacity for some environmental pollutants (e.g. naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene and phenathrene) due to the hydrophobic interaction between the analytes and PEDOT and the additional physicochemical affinity between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and AuNPs. Through coupling with GC detection, good linearity (correlation coefficients higher than 0.9894), wide linear range (0.01-100μgL-1), low limits of detection (2.5-25ngL-1) were achieved for these analytes. The reproducibility (defined as RSD) was 1.1-4.0% and 5.8-9.9% for single fiber (n=5) and fiber-to-fiber (n=5), respectively. The SPME-GC method was successfully applied for the determination of three real samples, and the recoveries for standards added were 89.9-106% for lake water, 95.7-112% for rain water and 93.2-109% for soil saturated water, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Faqiong Zhao
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
| | - Baizhao Zeng
- Key laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China.
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Rapid, efficient and selective preconcentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) by molecularly imprinted composite cartridge and HPLC. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 70:41-53. [PMID: 27770911 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cryogel-based molecularly imprinted composite cartridges were designed for the rapid, efficient, and selective preconcentration of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) from water samples. First, a BaP-imprinted poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-N-methacryloyl-(L)-phenylalanine) composite cartridge was synthesized under semi-frozen conditions and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and swelling tests. After the optimization of preconcentration parameters, i.e., pH and initial BaP concentration, the selectivity and preconcentration efficiency, and reusability of these cartridges were also evaluated. In selectivity experiments, BaP imprinted composite cartridge exhibited binding capacities 3.09, 9.52, 8.87, and 8.77-fold higher than that of the non-imprinted composite cartridge in the presence of competitors, such as benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP), and 1-naphthol, respectively. The method detection limit (MDL), relative standard deviation (RSD) and preconcentration efficiency (PE) of the synthesized composite cartridge were calculated as 24.86μg/L, 1.60%, and 349.6%, respectively.
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Bunkoed O, Rueankaew T, Nurerk P, Kanatharana P. Polyaniline-coated cigarette filters as a solid-phase extraction sorbent for the extraction and enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in water samples. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:2332-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Opas Bunkoed
- Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
| | - Thanaschaphorn Rueankaew
- Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
| | - Piyaluk Nurerk
- Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Trace Analysis and Biosensor Research Center; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Prince of Songkla University; Hat Yai Songkhla Thailand
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Aragón Á, Toledano RM, Vázquez A, Villén J, Cortés JM. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples by large volume injection gas chromatography–mass spectrometry using the through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface. Talanta 2015; 139:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Microextraction by packed sorbent coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: A comparison between “draw-eject” and “extract-discard” methods under equilibrium conditions for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1371:30-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Pintado-Herrera MG, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA. Atmospheric pressure gas chromatography–time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (APGC–ToF-MS) for the determination of regulated and emerging contaminants in aqueous samples after stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). Anal Chim Acta 2014; 851:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Triñanes S, Pena MT, Casais MC, Mejuto MC. Development of a new sorptive extraction method based on simultaneous direct and headspace sampling modes for the screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Talanta 2014; 132:433-42. [PMID: 25476328 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new straightforward and inexpensive sample screening method for both EPA and EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water has been developed. The method is based on combined direct immersion and headspace (DIHS) sorptive extraction, using low-cost disposable material, coupled to ultraperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV detection (UPLC-FD-UV). Extraction parameters, such as the sampling mode, extraction time and ionic strength were investigated in detail and optimized. Under optimized conditions, water samples (16 mL) were concentrated in silicone disks by headspace (HS) and direct immersion (DI) modes simultaneously, at room temperature for 9h for the majority of the 24 studied compounds. Ultrasound-assisted desorption of extracted analytes in acetonitrile was carried out also at room temperature. The optimized chromatographic method provided a good linearity (R≥0.9991) and a broad linear range for all studied PAHs. The proposed analytical procedure exhibited a good precision level with relative standard deviations below 15% for all analytes. Quantification limits between 0.7 and 2.3 µg L(-1) and 0.16 and 3.90 ng L(-1) were obtained for compounds analyzed by UV (acenaphtylene, cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene and benzo[j]fluoranthene) and fluorescence, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the determination of PAHs in different real tap, river and wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Triñanes
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ma Teresa Pena
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ma Carmen Casais
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ma Carmen Mejuto
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Stir bar sorptive extraction: recent applications, limitations and future trends. Talanta 2014; 130:388-99. [PMID: 25159426 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) has generated growing interest due to its high effectiveness for the extraction of non-polar and medium-polarity compounds from liquid samples or liquid extracts. In particular, in recent years, a large amount of new analytical applications of SBSE has been proposed for the extraction of natural compounds, pollutants and other organic compounds in foods, biological samples, environmental matrices and pharmaceutical products. The present review summarizes and discusses the theory behind SBSE and the most recent developments concerning its effectiveness. In addition, the main results of recent analytical approaches and their applications, published in the last three years, are described. The advantages, limitations and disadvantages of SBSE are described and an overview of future trends and novel extraction sorbents and supports is given.
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27
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Sorption effects interfering with the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aqueous samples. Talanta 2014; 122:151-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Zhao G, Chen Y, Wang S, Yu J, Wang X, Xie F, Liu H, Xie J. Simultaneous determination of 11 monohydroxylated PAHs in human urine by stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 116:822-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Pre-concentration of water samples with BEA zeolite for the direct determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Menezes HC, Paiva MJN, Santos RR, Sousa LP, Resende SF, Saturnino JA, Paulo BP, Cardeal ZL. A sensitive GC/MS method using cold fiber SPME to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in spring water. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Krüger O, Kalbe U, Richter E, Egeler P, Römbke J, Berger W. New approach to the ecotoxicological risk assessment of artificial outdoor sporting grounds. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 175:69-74. [PMID: 23337354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Artificial surfaces for outdoor sporting grounds may pose environmental and health hazards that are difficult to assess due to their complex chemical composition. Ecotoxicity tests can indicate general hazardous impacts. We conducted growth inhibition (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and acute toxicity tests (Daphnia magna) with leachates obtained from batch tests of granular infill material and column tests of complete sporting ground assemblies. Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) leachate showed the highest effect on Daphnia magna (EC(50) < 0.4% leachate) and the leachate of scrap tires made of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) had the highest effect on P. subcapitata (EC(10) = 4.2% leachate; EC(50) = 15.6% leachate). We found no correlations between ecotoxicity potential of leachates and zinc and PAH concentrations. Leachates obtained from column tests revealed lower ecotoxicological potential. Leachates of column tests of complete assemblies may be used for a reliable risk assessment of artificial sporting grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Krüger
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Division 4.4 Thermochemical Residues Treatment and Resource Recovery, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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Yang S, Chen C, Yan Z, Cai Q, Yao S. Evaluation of metal-organic framework 5 as a new SPE material for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental waters. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1283-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaolei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Changsha China
| | - Chunyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Changsha China
| | - Zhihong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Changsha China
| | - Qingyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Changsha China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics; Hunan University; Changsha China
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Spietelun A, Kloskowski A, Chrzanowski W, Namieśnik J. Understanding solid-phase microextraction: key factors influencing the extraction process and trends in improving the technique. Chem Rev 2012; 113:1667-85. [PMID: 23273266 DOI: 10.1021/cr300148j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Spietelun
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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Krüger O, Kalbe U, Berger W, Nordhauβ K, Christoph G, Walzel HP. Comparison of batch and column tests for the elution of artificial turf system components. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:13085-13092. [PMID: 23153171 DOI: 10.1021/es301227y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic athletic tracks and turf areas for outdoor sporting grounds may release contaminants due to the chemical composition of some components. A primary example is that of zinc from reused scrap tires (main constituent, styrene butadiene rubber, SBR), which might be harmful to the environment. Thus, methods for the risk assessment of those materials are required. Laboratory leaching methods like batch and column tests are widely used to examine the soil-groundwater pathway. We tested several components for artificial sporting grounds with batch tests at a liquid to solid (LS) ratio of 2 L/kg and column tests with an LS up to 26.5 L/kg. We found a higher zinc release in the batch test eluates for all granules, ranging from 15% higher to 687% higher versus data from column tests for SBR granules. Accompanying parameters, especially the very high turbidity of one ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) or thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) eluates, reflect the stronger mechanical stress of batch testing. This indicates that batch test procedures might not be suitable for the risk assessment of synthetic sporting ground components. Column tests, on the other hand, represent field conditions more closely and allow for determination of time-dependent contaminants release.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Krüger
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing , Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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35
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da Silva DS, Brenner CGB, Mayer FM, Montipó S, Martins AF. PDMS extraction bars for the determination of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in water and wastewater. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:362-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheila Montipó
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
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36
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Purcaro G, Moret S, Conte LS. Overview on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: occurrence, legislation and innovative determination in foods. Talanta 2012; 105:292-305. [PMID: 23598022 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are ubiquitous compounds, well-known to be carcinogenic, which can reach the food in different ways. Thus the analysis of such compounds has always been of great importance. The aim of the present review, is not only to give an overview of the most recent sample preparation and analytical approaches (such as pressurized liquid extraction, solid-phase microextraction, supercritical fluid extraction, etc.), but also to introduce such a topic to researchers who want to approach it for the first time; therefore, the most significant references related to general aspects, such as formation, toxicity, risk assessment, occurrence in food, are reported and briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Purcaro
- Department of Food Science, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2A, Udine 33100, Italy.
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37
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Quinto M, Amodio P, Spadaccino G, Centonze D. Development of a mathematical model for online microextraction by packed sorbent under equilibrium conditions and its application for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon determination in water by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1262:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Song X, Li J, Xu S, Ying R, Ma J, Liao C, Liu D, Yu J, Chen L. Determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2012; 99:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Wilson WB, Costa AA, Wang H, Dias JA, Dias SC, Campiglia AD. Analytical evaluation of BEA zeolite for the pre-concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their subsequent chromatographic analysis in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 733:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Ademollo N, Patrolecco L, Polesello S, Valsecchi S, Wollgast J, Mariani G, Hanke G. The analytical problem of measuring total concentrations of organic pollutants in whole water. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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