An anionic exchange stir rod sorptive extraction based on monolithic material for the extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in environmental aqueous samples

Magnetic solid phase extraction of aminoglycosides residue in chicken egg samples using Fe3O4-GO-Agarose-Chitosan composite

Difficulties in identification of drug residues in food products arise due to their trace amounts in complex matrices. An eco-friendly and low-cost agarose-chitosan-magnetic graphene oxide based adsorbent was synthesized and employed for determination of aminoglycosides from chicken egg samples through HPLC. Synthesized adsorbent was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, and VSM. Among two investigated aminoglycosides, streptomycin was derivatized with ninhydrin while gentamicin was detected without its derivatization. Impact of experimental variables such as adsorbent dose, extraction time, temperature, pH, and analyte concentration on extraction efficiency was investigated. Statistical analysis for determination of streptomycin and gentamicin demonstrated excellent linearity in the range of 0.2-1.6 µg kg-1, LOQ of 0.3 and 0.6 µg kg-1 for streptomycin and gentamicin, respectively and LOD of 0.1 and 0.19 µg kg-1 for streptomycin and gentamicin, respectively with RSD of 2.5% and recoveries up to 94%. Regeneration studies revealed that composite film can be used four times without considerable reduction in its extraction efficiency.

Functionalized monolithic columns: Recent advancements and their applications for high-efficiency separation and enrichment in food and medicine

The chromatographic column is the core of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, and must have excellent separation efficiency and selectivity. Therefore, functional modification materials for monolithic columns have been rapidly developed. This study is a systematic review of the recently reported functionalized monolithic columns. In particular, the study reviews the types of functional monomers under different modification conditions, as well as the separation and detection techniques combined with chromatography, and their development prospects. In addition, the applications of functionalized monolithic columns in food analysis, biomedicine, and the analysis of active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicines in recent years are also discussed. Also reviewed are the functionalized monolithic columns for qualitative and quantitative analysis. It provided a reference for further development and application of organic polymer monolithic columns.

Solventless Microextration Techniques for Pharmaceutical Analysis: The Greener Solution

Extensive efforts have been made in the last decades to simplify the holistic sample preparation process. The idea of maximizing the extraction efficiency along with the reduction of extraction time, minimization/elimination of hazardous solvents, and miniaturization of the extraction device, eliminating sample pre- and posttreatment steps and reducing the sample volume requirement is always the goal for an analyst as it ensures the method’s congruency with the green analytical chemistry (GAC) principles and steps toward sustainability. In this context, the microextraction techniques such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE), in-tube extraction dynamic headspace (ITEX-DHS), and PAL SPME Arrow are being very active areas of research. To help transition into wider applications, the new solventless microextraction techniques have to be commercialized, automated, and validated, and their operating principles to be anchored to theory. In this work, the benefits and drawbacks of the advanced microextraction techniques will be discussed and compared, together with their applicability to the analysis of pharmaceuticals in different matrices.

Solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in human plasma and water samples using sol-gel-based metal-organic framework coating

In this research, the Cu-based metal-organic framework (MOF-199) was fabricated and coated on the stainless steel mesh as substrates through sol-gel procedure. Then the coated substrates were placed in a small column known as solid-phase extraction cartridge. The SPE based coated stainless steel mesh coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detector (HPLC-UV) was used for the fast extraction, and quantification of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from human plasma and water samples. To find optimum extraction conditions, the impacts of effective parameters on analytical performance like sample pH, sample volume, type, and volume of desorption solvent were optimized. At the optimized conditions, calibration graphs of analytes were linear in the concentration range of 0.03-300 ng mL^-1 for water samples, and 0.1-200 ng mL^-1 for plasma samples. The correlation coefficients were in the range of 0.9938 to 0.9989. Also, the limits of detection (LODs) were from 0.01 to 0.02 ng mL^-1 for water samples and 0.03 to 0.1 ng mL^-1 for plasma samples. The cartridge repeatability was studied at different values, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs%) were achieved between 3.5 and 5.1%. Consequently, this procedure was successfully used in the extraction and detection of NSAIDs in real water and plasma samples with relative recoveries ranged from 93.6 to 99.6%.

In-situ synthesis of nanocubic cobalt oxide @ graphene oxide nanocomposite reinforced hollow fiber-solid phase microextraction for enrichment of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from human urine prior to their quantification via high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection

The in-situ synthesis and application of nanocubic Co₃O₄-coated graphene oxide (Co₃O₄@ GO) was introduced for the first time to present a cost-effective, stable and convenient operation and a simple device for hollow fiber solid-phase microextraction (HF-SPME) of four selected nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including diclofenac, mefenamic acid, ibuprofen and indomethacin. The extracted analytes were desorbed by an appropriate organic solvent and analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). The prepared sorbent was approved using different characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The variables effective on the Co₃O₄@GO-HF-SPME method including extraction time, desorption time, desorption solvent volume, sample pH, stirring rate and ionic strength were screened via Plackett-Burman design and then optimized by Box-Behnken design. Under optimal condition, the calibration curves were linear within the range of 1.0-200.0 µg L^-1 of analyte concentration with detection limits of 0.18-1.1 µg L^-1 and the relative standard deviations less than 10.1%. The limits of quantification (LOQs) were in the range of 0.60-3.67 µg L^-1. Matrix effect was not observed with this method; therefore, standard addition is not necessary for quantification of target compounds. The enrichment factors were obtained in the range of 49-68. The relative recoveries of the urine sample analysis were calculated in the range of 93-102%. Finally, the presented method exhibited good sensitivity, excellent repeatability, high reusability and acceptable precision, which will be a promising method to analyze various nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in urine samples.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the environment: Where were we and how far we have come?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most well-known pharmaceuticals with a broad scope of properties that are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. Because of their extensive utilization, NSAIDs are commonly identified in the environment as trace emerging contaminants. Regardless of vast experience with these drugs, NSAIDs are full of contradictions that trigger major concerns for environmental researchers. A limited understanding on NSAID's occurrence, distribution and eco-toxicological effects have led to an escalated dilemma in the last decade. Thus, a broad-spectrum study covering all aspects of occurrence, detection and removal is required to meet the fundamental levels of knowledge on the effects of NSAIDs in all exposed environmental aspects. Therefore, this paper focuses on classifying the sources and entry points of residual NSAIDs. Further, detecting and regulating their concentrations in both input streams and receiving environments, along with the removal processes of this specific class of emerging compounds, in the direction of developing a management policy is comprehensively reviewed.

A nanohybrid composed of polyoxotungstate and graphene oxide for dispersive micro solid-phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prior to their quantitation by HPLC

A nanohybrid was prepared from polyoxotungstate anion and graphene oxide (POT/GO) and characterized in terms of porosity by applying Fourier transform infrared and transmission electron microscopy. The nanohybrid was applied as a sorbent for the dispersive micro solid-phase extraction of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) ibuprofen, diclofenac, and naproxen. Different types of sorbents were compared, and the POT/GO nanohybrid was found to have the best adsorption affinity. The NSAIDs were quantified via HPLC with UV detection. Under the optimum conditions, the limits of detection (at an S/N ratio of 3) range between 0.02-0.03 ng.mL^-1, and the linear response ranges extend from 0.08-200 ng.mL^-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for five replicates at three concentration levels (0.1, 5 and 100 ng.mL^-1) of NSAIDs ranged from 4.1 to 6.1%. The applicability of the method was confirmed by analyzing spiked real water samples, and satisfactory results were obtained, with recoveries between 95.6 and 99.6%. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the polyoxotungstate/graphene oxide nanohybrid preparation.

Fabrication of calixarene-grafted bio-polymeric magnetic composites for magnetic solid phase extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in water samples

Calixarene framework functionalized bio-polymeric magnetic composites (MSp-TDI-calix) were synthesized and utilized as magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) sorbent for the extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), namely indoprofen (INP), ketoprofen (KTP), ibuprofen (IBP) and fenoprofen (FNP), from environmental water samples. MSp-TDI-calix was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, VSM and BET analysis, and the results were compared with Sp-TDI and Sp-TDI-calix. To maximize the extraction performance of MSp-TDI-calix decisive MSPE affective parameters such as sorbent amount, extraction time, sample volume, type of organic eluent, volume of organic eluent, desorption time and pH were comprehensively optimized prior to HPLC-DAD determination. The analytical validity of the proposed MSPE method was evaluated under optimized conditions and the following figures of merit were acquired: linearity with good determination coefficient (R² ≥ 0.991) over the concentration range of 0.5–500 µg/L, limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.06–0.26 µg/L and limits of quantitation (LOQ) between 0.20–0.89 µg/L. Excellent reproducibility and repeatability under harsh environment with inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations were obtained in the range of 2.5–3.2% and 2.4–3.9% respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for analysis of NSAIDs in tap water, drinking water and river water with recovery efficiency ranging from 88.1–115.8% with %RSD of 1.6–4.6%.

Solid-phase microextraction based on an agarose-chitosan-multiwalled carbon nanotube composite film combined with HPLC-UV for the determination of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous samples

We describe the preparation, characterization, and application of a composite film adsorbent based on blended agarose-chitosan-multiwalled carbon nanotubes for the preconcentration of selected nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in aqueous samples before determination by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The composite film showed a high surface area (4.0258 m² /g) and strong hydrogen bonding between the multiwalled carbon nanotubes and agarose/chitosan matrix, which prevent adsorbent deactivation and ensure long-term stability. Several parameters, such as sample pH, addition of salt, extraction time, desorption solvent, and concentration of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in the composite film were optimized using a one-factor-at-time approach. The optimum extraction conditions obtained were as follows: isopropanol as conditioning solvent, 10 mL of sample solution at pH 2, extraction time of 30 min, stirring speed of 600 rpm, 100 μL of isopropanol as desorption solvent, desorption time of 5 min under ultrasonication, and 0.4% w/v of composite film. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve showed good linearity in the range of 1-500 ng/mL (r²  = 0.997-0.999), and good limits of detection (0.89-8.05 ng/mL) were obtained with good relative standard deviations of < 4.59% (n = 3) for the determination of naproxen, diclofenac sodium salt, and mefenamic acid drugs.

Advances in organic-inorganic hybrid sorbents for the extraction of organic and inorganic pollutants in different types of food and environmental samples

The efficiency of the extraction and removal of pollutants from food and the environment has been an important issue in analytical science. By incorporating inorganic species into an organic matrix, a new material known as an organic-inorganic hybrid material is formed. As it possesses high selectivity, permeability, and mechanical and chemical stabilities, organic-inorganic hybrid materials constitute an emerging research field and have become popular to serve as sorbents in various separaton science methods. Here, we review recent significant advances in analytical solid-phase extraction employing organic-inorganic composite/nanocomposite sorbents for the extraction of organic and inorganic pollutants from various types of food and environmental matrices. The physicochemical characteristics, extraction properties, and analytical performances of sorbents are discussed; including morphology and surface characteristics, types of functional groups, interaction mechanism, selectivity and sensitivity, accuracy, and regeneration abilities. Organic-inorganic hybrid sorbents combined with extraction techniques are highly promising for sample preparation of various food and environmental matrixes with analytes at trace levels.

Novel sorption-based methodologies for static microextraction analysis: A review on SBSE and related techniques

Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) became a well-established analytical technique in the last years, for which hundreds of applications in almost all types of scientific fields can be found in the literature. In spite of the great enrichment capacity and outstanding performance to operate at the ultra-trace level, this remarkable static sorption-based method is already not quite effective for some complex systems, in particular to monitor the large group of polar organic compounds. This review aims to cover the state-of-the-art in SBSE, as well as supplying a discussion of the analytical potential of the novel adsorptive microextraction techniques, as complementary enrichment approaches, by explaining the main principles and providing technical know-how for the beginners.

Extraction and stirring integrated techniques: examples and recent advances

Extraction techniques, which focus on selectivity and sensitivity enhancement by isolation and preconcentration of target analytes, are essential in many analytical methods. Because many extraction techniques occur under diffusion-controlled conditions, stirring of the sample solution is required to accelerate the extraction by favoring diffusion of the analytes from the bulk solution to the extractant phase. This stirring may be performed by use of an external device or by integrating extraction and stirring in the same device. This review focuses on the latter techniques, which are promising methods for sample treatment. First, stir-bar-sorptive extraction, the most widely used method, is considered, paying special attention to the development of new coatings. Finally, a general overview of novel integrated techniques in both solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction is presented; their main characteristics and marked trends are reported.