1
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Bilge S, Gürbüz MM, Ozkan SA, Dogan Topal B. Electrochemical sensor for the analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the presence of cytosine using pencil graphite electrode. Anal Biochem 2024; 696:115674. [PMID: 39293646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, important efforts have been made to elucidate the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, and one of the most studied epigenetic modifications was DNA methylation/demethylation. In this study, the voltammetric behaviour of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine was studied in the pH range of 2.00 - 11.00 using pencil graphite electrodes by differential pulse and square wave voltammetry. The effect of buffer solutions, scan rate, square wave voltammetry parameters, and stripping conditions on the voltammetric responses of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine were performed. The electrochemical oxidation process of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine on the pencil graphite electrode was realized under adsorption control. In human urine, by square wave stripping voltammetry, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine was quantified in a concentration range of 1.00 × 10-5 M-2.00 × 10-4 M. The proposed method was tested in the presence of cytosine in human urine. The recovery value of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine was found to be 99.57 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selva Bilge
- Ankara University, Department of Chemistry, 06100, Beşevler, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
| | - Manolya Müjgan Gürbüz
- Ankara University, Graduate School of Health Science, 06110, Dışkapı, Ankara, TÜRKİYE; Lokman Hekim University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06510, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560, Ankara, TÜRKİYE
| | - Burcu Dogan Topal
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06560, Ankara, TÜRKİYE.
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2
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Brycht M, Poltorak L, Baluchová S, Sipa K, Borgul P, Rudnicki K, Skrzypek S. Electrochemistry as a Powerful Tool for Investigations of Antineoplastic Agents: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:1017-1108. [PMID: 35968923 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is most frequently treated with antineoplastic agents (ANAs) that are hazardous to patients undergoing chemotherapy and the healthcare workers who handle ANAs in the course of their duties. All aspects related to hazardous oncological drugs illustrate that the monitoring of ANAs is essential to minimize the risks associated with these drugs. Among all analytical techniques used to test ANAs, electrochemistry holds an important position. This review, for the first time, comprehensively describes the progress done in electrochemistry of ANAs by means of a variety of bare or modified (bio)sensors over the last four decades (in the period of 1982-2021). Attention is paid not only to the development of electrochemical sensing protocols of ANAs in various biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical matrices but also to achievements of electrochemical techniques in the examination of the interactions of ANAs with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), carcinogenic cells, biomimetic membranes, peptides, and enzymes. Other aspects, including the enantiopurity studies, differentiation between single-stranded and double-stranded DNA without using any label or tag, studies on ANAs degradation, and their pharmacokinetics, by means of electrochemical techniques are also commented. Finally, concluding remarks that underline the existence of a significant niche for the basic electrochemical research that should be filled in the future are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Brycht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina Sipa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Borgul
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Rudnicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomira Skrzypek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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3
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Sezigen S, Kaya SI, Bakirhan NK, Ozkan SA. Development of a molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of nerve agent VX metabolite ethyl methylphosphonic acid in human plasma and urine samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1505-1515. [PMID: 38267586 PMCID: PMC10861733 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05155-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on the detection of ethyl methyl phosphonic acid (EMPA), a metabolite of the banned organophosphorus nerve agent VX. We developed an electrochemical sensor utilizing the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on 4-aminobenzoic acid (4-ABA) and tetraethyl orthosilicate for the selective detection of EMPA in human plasma and urine samples. The 4-ABA@EMPA/MIP/GCE sensor was constructed by a thermal polymerization process on a glassy carbon electrode and sensor characterization was performed by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The 4-ABA@EMPA/MIP/GCE sensor demonstrated impressive linear ranges 1.0 × 10-10 M-2.5 × 10-9 M for the standard solution, 1.0 × 10-10 M-2.5 × 10-9 M for the urine sample, and 1.0 × 10-10 M-1 × 10-9 M of EMPA for the plasma sample with outstanding detection limits of 2.75 × 10-11 M (standard solution), 2.11 × 10-11 M (urine), and 2.36 × 10-11 M (plasma). The sensor exhibited excellent recovery percentages ranging from 99.86 to 101.30% in urine samples and 100.62 to 101.08% in plasma samples. These findings underscore the effectiveness of the 4-ABA@EMPA/MIP/GCE as a straightforward, highly sensitive, and selective interface capable of detecting the target analyte EMPA in human plasma and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sermet Sezigen
- Department of Medical CBRN Defense, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye.
| | - S Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Nurgul K Bakirhan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
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4
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Hatamluyi B, Sadeghian R, Sany SBT, Alipourfard I, Rezayi M. Dual-signaling electrochemical ratiometric strategy for simultaneous quantification of anticancer drugs. Talanta 2021; 234:122662. [PMID: 34364470 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel and unique ratiometric electrochemical sensing strategy for highly reliable and selective simultaneous quantification of Irinotecan (IRI) and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been developed based on Pd-Au/MWCNT-rGO nanocomposite. Introduction of Pd-Au/MWCNT-rGO significantly improved the speed of electron transport, specific surface area, and electrical catalytic ability of sensing system due to synergistic effect of Pd-Au bimetallic nanoparticles and MWCNT-rGO hybrid structure. The assay strategy was based on the use of ferrocene (Fc) as reference electroactive substance and IRI and 5-FU as analytes with three oxidation peaks at different potentials (Fc at +0.20 V, IRI at +0.58 V, and 5-FU at +1.17 V). The oxidation peak currents of the IRI and 5-FU were gradually enhanced while that of Fc remained almost constant with continuous adding of IRI and 5-FU. By using IIRI/IFc and I5-FU/IFc signals as output, the designed ratiometric system showed good performance with a wide linear range of 0.05-40 μM for IRI and 0.05-75 μM for 5-FU and low detection limit of 0.0061 μM and 0.0094 μM for IRI and 5-FU, respectively. This study proved that ratiometric strategy is able to eliminate disturbance caused by the sensing environment and possess high sensitivity, reproducibility, stability, and selectivity toward anticancer drugs detection, over potential interferents as well as opens a new procedure for reliable and selective simultaneous analysis of other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Hatamluyi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Sadeghian
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Belin Tavakoly Sany
- Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Iraj Alipourfard
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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5
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Tsotsou GE, Gkotzamani P, Petro V, Argyropoulou A, Karkalousos P. A simple, rapid and low-cost spectrophotometric method for irinotecan quantification in human plasma and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:258-266. [PMID: 33367449 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02201b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Irinotecan is an anticancer drug for which significant benefits from personalised dosing are expected. Quick procedures are therefore essential for monitoring irinotecan in treated patients. The objective of this work was to develop and validate a rapid and simple visible spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination of irinotecan in pharmaceutical dosage forms and to further investigate its usefulness for irinotecan analysis in plasma. Based on the shift of the irinotecan 355/368 nm-peak at very low pH (0.2) to 400 nm, we established a linear relationship between absorbance at 400 nm and irinotecan concentration in dilutions of an irinotecan solution for injection (R2 ≥ 0.999) and in plasma containing irinotecan (R2 ≥ 0.995). Background absorbance correction at 455 nm was essential to minimise background interference, solely in plasma samples. We fully validated the assay for quality control of the irinotecan solution in the injection dosage form: the standard curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.90 to at least 37.00 μg ml-1. The CV% on all quality control levels was determined to be ≤5.81% for repeatability and ≤6.62% for intermediate precision. Recovery was between 96.5% and 101.9%. Upon comparison with the LC/UV method, we demonstrated very good agreement and acceptable bias between the two methods (slope 0.973, y-intercept 0.0064). Similarly, the technical parameters of the assay in plasma satisfied international guidelines for method validation: the useful analytical range was determined to be between 0.93 and at least 10.00 μg ml-1. This is suitable for quantifying irinotecan in the plasma of treated patients, in the upper region of its therapeutic window, to decide whether dose adjustment is required. Repeatability and intermediate precision (CV%) were within 4.49% and 9.91%, respectively. Recovery was between 96.3% and 103.8%. There was a lack of significant interference by mild hemolysis or by icterus. Irinotecan extraction efficiency from plasma was within 77.9-68.5%. Our results indicated that the proposed method allows quantitative determination of irinotecan plasma levels with acceptable analytical characteristics. The advantages of the proposed method in both matrices, in terms of specificity, rapidity, simplicity, environmental impact and cost effectiveness, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Eleni Tsotsou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Panagiota Gkotzamani
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Victoria Petro
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Ariadne Argyropoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
| | - Petros Karkalousos
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Cosmetology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Egaleo 122 43, Greece.
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6
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Ghoorchian A, Madrakian T, Afkhami A, Bagheri H. Spectroelectrochemical and electrochromic behavior of poly(methylene blue) and poly(thionine)-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-04901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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7
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Bolat G. Investigation of poly(CTAB-MWCNTs) composite based electrochemical DNA biosensor and interaction study with anticancer drug Irinotecan. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Gold nanoparticles anchored graphitized carbon nanofibers ionic liquid electrode for ultrasensitive and selective electrochemical sensing of anticancer drug irinotecan. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:579. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Tommasini M, Pellizzoni E, Iacuzzi V, Marangon E, Posocco P, Forzato C, Bertoncin P, Toffoli G, Resmini M, Berti F. Fluorescent Imprinted Nanoparticles for the Effective Monitoring of Irinotecan in Human Plasma. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:nano10091707. [PMID: 32872512 PMCID: PMC7558923 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent, imprinted nanosized polymers for the detection of irinotecan have been synthesised using a napthalimide polymerisable derivative (2-allyl-6-[2-(aminoethyl)-amino] napthalimide) as functional monomer. The imprinted polymers contain ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker and were prepared by high dilution radical polymerisation in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). The material was able to rebind irinotecan up to 18 nmol/mg with good specificity. Fluorescence emission at 525 nm (excitation at 448 nm) was quenched by increasing concentrations of irinotecan via a static mechanism and also in analytically useful environments as mixtures of human plasma and organic solvents. This allowed the direct detection of irinotecan (in the 10 nM-30 µM range) in human plasma treated with acetonitrile; the limit of detection (LOD) was 9.4 nM, with within-run variability of 10% and day-to-day variability of 13%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Tommasini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.T.); (E.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Elena Pellizzoni
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.T.); (E.P.); (C.F.)
- PhD School in Nanotechnology, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Valentina Iacuzzi
- PhD School in Nanotechnology, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Elena Marangon
- CRO–National Cancer Institute, SOC–Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Via Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy;
| | - Paola Posocco
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Cristina Forzato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.T.); (E.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Paolo Bertoncin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 5, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- CRO–National Cancer Institute, SOC–Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Via Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (M.R.); (F.B.); Tel.: +39-040-558-3921 (F.B.)
| | - Marina Resmini
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E14NS, UK
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (M.R.); (F.B.); Tel.: +39-040-558-3921 (F.B.)
| | - Federico Berti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy; (M.T.); (E.P.); (C.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.T.); (M.R.); (F.B.); Tel.: +39-040-558-3921 (F.B.)
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10
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Ozturk K, Bakirhan NK, Ozkan SA, Uslu B. Sensitive Detection of Levocetirizine as a new Generation Antihistamine by Stripping Square Wave Voltammetry. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190802165833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background::
new and selective electrochemical sensor was developed for the determination
of levocetirizine dihydrochloride, which is an antihistaminic drug.
Method::
The investigation was performed by using cyclic, differential pulse and square wave voltammetric
methods on the β-cyclodextrin modified glassy carbon electrode. It is thereby planned to obtain
information about levocetirizine determination and its mechanism.
Result::
The efficiency of experimental parameters including pH, scan rate, and accumulation potential
and time on the anodic response of levocetirizine dihydrochloride was studied. By employing the developed
method and under optimized conditions, the current showed linear dependence with a concentration
in the range between 2 × 10-8 M and 6 × 10-6 M in pH 2.0 Britton Robinson (BR) buffer.
Conclusion::
The achieved limits of detection and quantification were found as 3.73 × 10-10 M and
1.24 × 10-9 M, respectively. In addition, the possibility of applying the developed sensor for real sample
analysis was investigated, so β-cyclodextrin modified glassy carbon electrode was used to determine
levocetirizine dihydrochloride in Xyzal® tablet dosage form. Finally, this sensor was successfully applied
to the real sample as a selective, simple, reproducible, repeatable electrochemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Ozturk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nurgul K. Bakirhan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bengi Uslu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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A fast method for the detection of irinotecan in plasma samples by combining solid phase extraction and differential pulse voltammetry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1585-1595. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Vercelli B, Crotti S, Agostini M. Voltammetric responses at modified electrodes and aggregation effects of two anticancer molecules: irinotecan and sunitinib. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03896b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Voltammetric analyses of two anticancer molecules at modified electrodes and influence of aggregate formation on their differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Vercelli
- Istituto di Chimica della Materia Condensata e di Tecnologie per l’Energia
- CNR-ICMATE
- 20125 Milano
- Italy
| | - Sara Crotti
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica – Città della Speranza
- 35127 Padova
- Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica – Città della Speranza
- 35127 Padova
- Italy
- Sezione di Clinica Chirurgica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche
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13
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Abstract
Background:
The determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations and human biologic fluids is
important for pharmaceutical and medical sciences. Successful analysis requires low sensitivity, high selectivity
and minimum interference effects. Current analytical methods can detect drugs at very low levels but these methods
require long sample preparation steps, extraction prior to analysis, highly trained technical staff and high-cost
instruments. Biosensors offer several advantages such as short analysis time, high sensitivity, real-time analysis,
low-cost instruments, and short pretreatment steps over traditional techniques. Biosensors allow quantification not
only of the active component in pharmaceutical formulations, but also the degradation products and metabolites in
biological fluids. The present review gives comprehensive information on the application of biosensors for drug
discovery and analysis. Moreover, this review focuses on the fabrication of these biosensors.
Methods:
Biosensors can be classified as the utilized bioreceptor and the signal transduction mechanism. The classification
based on signal transductions includes electrochemical optical, thermal or acoustic. Electrochemical and
optic transducers are mostly utilized transducers used for drug analysis. There are many biological recognition elements,
such as enzymes, antibodies, cells that have been used in fabricating of biosensors. Aptamers and antibodies
are the most widely used recognition elements for the screening of the drugs. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
have several advantages such as low detection limits, a wide linear response range, good stability and reproducibility.
Optical biosensors have several advantages such as direct, real-time and label-free detection of many
biological and chemical substances, high specificity, sensitivity, small size and low cost. Modified electrodes enhance
sensitivity of the electrodes to develop a new biosensor with desired features. Chemically modified electrodes
have gained attention in drug analysis owing to low background current, wide potential window range, simple
surface renewal, low detection limit and low cost. Modified electrodes produced by modifying of a solid surface
electrode via different materials (carbonaceous materials, metal nanoparticles, polymer, biomolecules) immobilization.
Recent advances in nanotechnology offer opportunities to design and construct biosensors. Unique features
of nanomaterials provide many advantages in the fabrication of biosensors. Nanomaterials have controllable
chemical structures, large surface to volume ratios, functional groups on their surface. To develop proteininorganic
hybrid nanomaterials, four preparation methods have been used. These methods are immobilization, conjugation,
crosslinking and self-assembly. In the present manuscript, applications of different biosensors, fabricated
by using several materials, for drug analysis are reviewed. The biosensing strategies are investigated and discussed
in detail.
Results:
Several analytical techniques such as chromatography, spectroscopy, radiometry, immunoassays and electrochemistry
have been used for drug analysis and quantification. Methods based on chromatography require timeconsuming
procedure, long sample-preparation steps, expensive instruments and trained staff. Compared to chromatographic
methods, immunoassays have simple protocols and lower cost. Electrochemical measurements have
many advantages over traditional chemical analyses and give information about drug quantity, metabolic fate of
drugs, and pharmacological activity. Moreover, the electroanalytical methods are useful to determine drugs sensitively
and selectivity. Additionally, these methods decrease analysis cost and require low-cost instruments and
simple sample pretreatment steps.
Conclusion:
In recent years, drug analyses are performed using traditional techniques. These techniques have a
good detection limit, but they have some limitations such as long analysis time, expensive device and experienced
personnel requirement. Increased demand for practical and low-cost analytical techniques biosensor has gained interest
for drug determinations in medical sciences. Biosensors are unique and successful devices when compared to
traditional techniques. For drug determination, different electrode modification materials and different biorecognition
elements are used for biosensor construction. Several biosensor construction strategies have been developed to
enhance the biosensor performance. With the considerable progress in electrode surface modification, promotes the
selectivity of the biosensor, decreases the production cost and provides miniaturization. In the next years, advances
in technology will provide low cost, sensitive, selective biosensors for drug analysis in drug formulations and biological
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Burcu Aydin
- Namik Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Aydin
- Namik Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdag, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezginturk
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Canakkale, Turkey
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14
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Kurbanoglu S, Bakirhan NK, Gumustas M, Ozkan SA. Modern Assay Techniques for Cancer Drugs: Electroanalytical and Liquid Chromatography Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 49:306-323. [PMID: 30595027 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1527206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades, patients who have chemotherapy treatment have considerably increased number. At this point, the development of rapid precise, and reliable methods are very important to analyze cancer drugs from their dosage forms, animals or human biological samples. Among all the analytical methods, electrochemical methods hold an important position with their unique properties such as specificity in the biological recognition process, fast response, and their reliability and do not need a pretreatment process. Chromatographic methods are also used in a wide range of analytical applications for the analyses of anticancer drugs. The power of chromatography comes from its ability to separate a mixture of analytes and determination of their concentrations. Chromatographic techniques can mainly be divided into gas, liquid, and supercritical fluid chromatography. In the frame of this information, this review is aimed to provide basic principles of electroanalytical and high-performance liquid chromatography methods for the analysis of cancer drugs. In addition, some selected applications for electrochemistry-related techniques and high-performance liquid chromatography, for the determination of anti-cancer pharmaceuticals published in the last five years are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nurgul K Bakirhan
- b Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Chemistry , Hitit University , Çorum , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gumustas
- c Department of Forensic Toxicology , Ankara University Institute of Forensic Sciences , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- a Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry , Ankara University , Ankara , Turkey
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15
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Bonazza G, Tartaggia S, Toffoli G, Polo F, Daniele S. Voltammetric behaviour of the anticancer drug irinotecan and its metabolites in acetonitrile. Implications for electrochemical therapeutic drug monitoring. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Ibanez JG, Rincón ME, Gutierrez-Granados S, Chahma M, Jaramillo-Quintero OA, Frontana-Uribe BA. Conducting Polymers in the Fields of Energy, Environmental Remediation, and Chemical–Chiral Sensors. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4731-4816. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge G. Ibanez
- Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Iberoamericana, Prolongación Paseo de la Reforma 880, 01219 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marina. E. Rincón
- Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 34, 62580, Temixco, MOR, Mexico
| | - Silvia Gutierrez-Granados
- Departamento de Química, DCNyE, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Cerro de la Venada S/N, Pueblito
de Rocha, 36080 Guanajuato, GTO Mexico
| | - M’hamed Chahma
- Laurentian University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Sudbury, ON P3E2C6, Canada
| | - Oscar A. Jaramillo-Quintero
- CONACYT-Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 34, 62580 Temixco, MOR, Mexico
| | - Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable, UAEM-UNAM, Km 14.5 Carretera Toluca-Ixtlahuaca, Toluca 50200, Estado de México Mexico
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito
exterior Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Ciudad de México, Mexico
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17
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Temerk Y, Ibrahim M, Ibrahim H, Schuhmann W. Comparative studies on the interaction of anticancer drug irinotecan with dsDNA and ssDNA. RSC Adv 2018; 8:25387-25395. [PMID: 35539780 PMCID: PMC9082630 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03231a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding mode and thermodynamic characteristics of the anticancer drug irinotecan (Irino) with dsDNA were investigated. The interaction of Irino with dsDNA indicated its intercalation into the base stacking domain of dsDNA double helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassien Temerk
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Assiut University
- Assiut
- Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research
- Institute for Research and Medical Consultation
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
- Dammam 31441
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossieny Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Assiut University
- Assiut
- Egypt
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Anal. Chem. – Elektroanalytik & Sensorik
- Ruhr-Universitat Bochum
- D-44780 Bochum
- Germany
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18
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Novak Jovanović I, Komorsky-Lovrić Š, Lucić Vrdoljak A, Popović AR, Neuberg M. Voltammetric Characterisation of Anticancer Drug Irinotecan. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Novak Jovanović
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health; Ksaverska cesta 2 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | | | - Ana Lucić Vrdoljak
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health; Ksaverska cesta 2 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
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19
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Kurbanoglu S, Ozkan SA. Electrochemical carbon based nanosensors: A promising tool in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:439-457. [PMID: 28780997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has become very popular in the sensor fields in recent times. It is thought that the utilization of such technologies, as well as the use of nanosized materials, could well have beneficial effects for the performance of sensors. Nano-sized materials have been shown to have a number of novel and interesting physical and chemical properties. Low-dimensional nanometer-sized materials and systems have defined a new research area in condensed-matter physics within past decades. Apart from the aforesaid categories of materials, there exist various materials of different types for fabricating nanosensors. Carbon is called as a unique element, due to its magnificent applications in many areas. Carbon is an astonishing element that can be found many forms including graphite, diamond, fullerenes, and graphene. This review provides an overview of some of the important and recent developments brought about by the application of carbon based nanostructures to nanotechnology for both chemical and biological sensor development and their application in pharmaceutical and biomedical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 06100, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey.
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20
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Zotti G, Berlin A, Vercelli B. Electrochemistry of conjugated planar anticancer molecules: Irinotecan and Sunitinib. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Temerk YM, Ibrahim HSM, Schuhmann W. Square Wave Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of the Anticancer Drugs Flutamide and Irinotecan in Biological Fluids Using Renewable Pencil Graphite Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Barsan MM, Ghica ME, Brett CMA. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on redox polymer/carbon nanotube modified electrodes: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 881:1-23. [PMID: 26041516 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the contributions to the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on polyphenazine or polytriphenylmethane redox polymers together with carbon nanotubes (CNT) during recent years. Phenazine polymers have been widely used in analytical applications due to their inherent charge transport properties and electrocatalytic effects. At the same time, since the first report on a CNT-based sensor, their application in the electroanalytical chemistry field has demonstrated that the unique structure and properties of CNT are ideal for the design of electrochemical (bio)sensors. We describe here that the specific combination of phenazine/triphenylmethane polymers with CNT leads to an improved performance of the resulting sensing devices, because of their complementary electrical, electrochemical and mechanical properties, and also due to synergistic effects. The preparation of polymer/CNT modified electrodes will be presented together with their electrochemical and surface characterization, with emphasis on the contribution of each component on the overall properties of the modified electrodes. Their importance in analytical chemistry is demonstrated by the numerous applications based on polymer/CNT-driven electrocatalytic effects, and their analytical performance as (bio) sensors is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina M Barsan
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M Emilia Ghica
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Christopher M A Brett
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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