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Paghi A, Mariani S, Barillaro G. 1D and 2D Field Effect Transistors in Gas Sensing: A Comprehensive Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206100. [PMID: 36703509 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rapid progress in the synthesis and fundamental understanding of 1D and 2D materials have solicited the incorporation of these nanomaterials into sensor architectures, especially field effect transistors (FETs), for the monitoring of gas and vapor in environmental, food quality, and healthcare applications. Yet, several challenges have remained unaddressed toward the fabrication of 1D and 2D FET gas sensors for real-field applications, which are related to properties, synthesis, and integration of 1D and 2D materials into the transistor architecture. This review paper encompasses the whole assortment of 1D-i.e., metal oxide semiconductors (MOXs), silicon nanowires (SiNWs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-and 2D-i.e., graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), phosphorene-materials used in FET gas sensors, critically dissecting how the material synthesis, surface functionalization, and transistor fabrication impact on electrical versus sensing properties of these devices. Eventually, pros and cons of 1D and 2D FETs for gas and vapor sensing applications are discussed, pointing out weakness and highlighting future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Paghi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Stefano Mariani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Informazione, via G. Caruso 16, Pisa, 56122, Italy
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2
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Prakash J, Rao PT, Rohilla R, Nechiyil D, Kaur M, Ganapathi KS, Debnath AK, Kaushal A, Bahadur J, Dasgupta K. Defect-Induced Adsorption Switching (p- to n- Type) in Conducting Bare Carbon Nanotube Film for the Development of Highly Sensitive and Flexible Chemiresistive-Based Methanol and NO 2 Sensor. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6708-6719. [PMID: 36844608 PMCID: PMC9948176 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight and flexible gas sensors are essentially required for the fast detection of toxic gases to pass on the early warning to deter accident situations caused by gas leakage. In view of this, we have fabricated a thin paper-like free-standing, flexible, and sensitive carbon nanotube (CNT) aerogel gas sensor. The CNT aerogel film synthesized by the floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition method consists of a tiny network of long CNTs and ∼20% amorphous carbon. The pores and defect density of the CNT aerogel film were tuned by heating at 700 °C to obtain a sensor film, which showed excellent sensitivity for toxic NO2 and methanol gas in the concentration range of 1-100 ppm with a remarkable limit of detection ∼90 ppb. This sensor has consistently responded to toxic gas even after bending and crumpling the film. Moreover, the film heat-treated at 900 °C showed a lower response with opposite sensing characteristics due to switching of the semiconductor nature of the CNT aerogel film to n-type from p-type. The annealing temperature-based adsorption switching can be related to a type of carbon defect in the CNT aerogel film. Therefore, the developed free-standing, highly sensitive, and flexible CNT aerogel sensor paves the way for a reliable, robust, and switchable toxic gas sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Prakash
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | | | - Rohan Rohilla
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Divya Nechiyil
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Manmeet Kaur
- Technical
Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | | | - Anil Krishna Debnath
- Technical
Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Amit Kaushal
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Jitendra Bahadur
- Solid
State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Kinshuk Dasgupta
- Materials
Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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3
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Chobsilp T, Threrujirapapong T, Yordsri V, Treetong A, Inpaeng S, Tedsree K, Ayala P, Pichler T, Shi L, Muangrat W. Highly Sensitive and Selective Formaldehyde Gas Sensors Based on Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Nitrogen-Doped Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9329. [PMID: 36502032 PMCID: PMC9739274 DOI: 10.3390/s22239329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective formaldehyde sensor was successfully fabricated using hybrid materials of nitrogen-doped double-walled carbon nanotubes (N-DWCNTs) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) and N-DWCNTs were produced by high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition using ethanol and benzylamine, respectively. Purified DWCNTs and N-DWCNTs were dropped separately onto the sensing substrate. PVP was then dropped onto pre-dropped DWCNT and N-DWCNTs (hereafter referred to as PVP/DWCNTs and PVP/N-DWCNTs, respectively). As-fabricated sensors were used to find 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane, formaldehyde and toluene vapors in parts per million (ppm) at room temperature for detection measurement. The sensor response of N-DWCNTs, PVP/DWCNTs and PVP/N-DWCNTs sensors show a high response to formaldehyde but a low response to 1,2-dichloroethane, dichloromethane and toluene. Remarkably, PVP/N-DWCNTs sensors respond sensitively and selectively towards formaldehyde vapor, which is 15 times higher than when using DWCNTs sensors. This improvement could be attributed to the synergistic effect of the polymer swelling and nitrogen-sites in the N-DWCNTs. The limit of detection (LOD) of PVP/N-DWCNTs was 15 ppm, which is 34-fold higher than when using DWCNTs with a LOD of 506 ppm. This study demonstrated the high sensitivity and selectivity for formaldehyde-sensing applications of high-performance PVP/N-DWCNTs hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanattha Chobsilp
- Department of Materials and Production Technology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Thotsaphon Threrujirapapong
- Department of Materials and Production Technology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | | | | | - Saowaluk Inpaeng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Karaked Tedsree
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Paola Ayala
- Electronic Properties of Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pichler
- Electronic Properties of Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Worawut Muangrat
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
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4
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Sensors Based on the Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors for Chemical and Biological Analyses. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100776. [PMID: 36290914 PMCID: PMC9599861 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nano biochemical sensors play an important role in detecting the biomarkers related to human diseases, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become an important factor in promoting the vigorous development of this field due to their special structure and excellent electronic properties. This paper focuses on applying carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNT-FET) biochemical sensors to detect biomarkers. Firstly, the preparation method, physical and electronic properties and functional modification of CNTs are introduced. Then, the configuration and sensing mechanism of CNT-FETs are introduced. Finally, the latest progress in detecting nucleic acids, proteins, cells, gases and ions based on CNT-FET sensors is summarized.
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5
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Poddar AK, Patel SS, Patel HD. Synthesis, characterization and applications of conductive polymers: A brief review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Siddharth S. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
| | - Hitesh D. Patel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science Gujarat University Ahmedabad India
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6
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Optimizing electrode structure of carbon nanotube gas sensors for sensitivity improvement based on electric field enhancement effect of fractal geometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16675. [PMID: 34404879 PMCID: PMC8370990 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of carbon nanotubes gas sensor, the sensitivity of the sensing response is becoming more and more demanding. Different from the traditional studies on gas-sensitive materials, this paper combines the microscopic dimensional effects and physical properties of fractal geometry theory from the structure and morphology of sensor devices. The electrode structures of carbon nanotubes gas sensor is designed and optimized by Hilbert–Piano curve. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the electric field intensity and hot spot distribution of the fractal electrode are superior to those of the traditional interdigital electrode. Moreover, a novel chemiresistive gas sensor is fabricated combining the characteristics of carbon nanotubes and fractal geometry, and a test with exposure to nitric oxide showed that the sensors with fractal electrode structures improved the gas sensing sensitivity over sensors with traditional geometrical structures. It provides a new idea for the exploration of gas sensing technology.
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Vigna L, Nigro A, Verna A, Ferrari IV, Marasso SL, Bocchini S, Fontana M, Chiodoni A, Pirri CF, Cocuzza M. Layered Double Hydroxide-Based Gas Sensors for VOC Detection at Room Temperature. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20205-20217. [PMID: 34395971 PMCID: PMC8358945 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized low-cost sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have the potentiality to become a fundamental tool for indoor and outdoor air quality monitoring, to significantly improve everyday life. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) belong to the class of anionic clays and are largely employed for NO x detection, while few results are reported on VOCs. In this work, a novel LDH coprecipitation method is proposed. For the first time, a study comparing four LDHs (ZnAl-Cl, ZnFe-Cl, ZnAl-NO3, and MgAl-NO3) is carried out to investigate the sensing performances. As explored through several microscopy and spectroscopy analyses, LDHs show a morphology characterized by a large surface area and a three-dimensional hierarchical flowerlike architecture with micro- and nanopores that induce a fast diffusion and highly effective surface interaction of the target gases. The fabricated sensors, operating at room temperature, are able to reversibly and selectively detect acetone, ethanol, ammonia, and chlorine vapors, reaching significant sensing response values up to 6% at 21 °C. The results demonstrate that by changing the LDHs' composition, it is possible to modulate the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensor, helping the discrimination of different analytes, and the consequent integration on a sensor array paves the way for electronic nose development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Vigna
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Arianna Nigro
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessio Verna
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Ivan Vito Ferrari
- Center
for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sergio Bocchini
- Center
for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Fontana
- Center
for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Angelica Chiodoni
- Center
for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Center
for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, 43124 Parma, Italy
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8
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Bannov AG, Popov MV, Brester AE, Kurmashov PB. Recent Advances in Ammonia Gas Sensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:186. [PMID: 33673142 PMCID: PMC7918724 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review paper is devoted to an extended analysis of ammonia gas sensors based on carbon nanomaterials. It provides a detailed comparison of various types of active materials used for the detection of ammonia, e.g., carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, graphene oxide, and related materials. Different parameters that can affect the performance of chemiresistive gas sensors are discussed. The paper also gives a comparison of the sensing characteristics (response, response time, recovery time, operating temperature) of gas sensors based on carbon nanomaterials. The results of our tests on ammonia gas sensors using various techniques are analyzed. The problems related to the recovery of sensors using various approaches are also considered. Finally, the impact of relative humidity on the sensing behavior of carbon nanomaterials of various different natures was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Bannov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.V.P.); (A.E.B.); (P.B.K.)
| | - Maxim V. Popov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.V.P.); (A.E.B.); (P.B.K.)
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrei E. Brester
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.V.P.); (A.E.B.); (P.B.K.)
| | - Pavel B. Kurmashov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia; (M.V.P.); (A.E.B.); (P.B.K.)
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9
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Nanda O, Gupta N, Biradar A, Saxena K. Effect of Humidity on the Electrical Properties of Poly (3, 4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene) – Poly (Styrenesulfonate) and its Carbon Nanotube Composites. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omita Nanda
- Amity Institute of Renewable and Alternative Energy & Amity Institute of Advanced Research and Studies (Materials and Devices) Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125 Noida, U.P. 201313 India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Amity Institute of Renewable and Alternative Energy & Amity Institute of Advanced Research and Studies (Materials and Devices) Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125 Noida, U.P. 201313 India
| | - Ashok M. Biradar
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road New Delhi 110012 India
| | - Kanchan Saxena
- Amity Institute of Renewable and Alternative Energy & Amity Institute of Advanced Research and Studies (Materials and Devices) Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125 Noida, U.P. 201313 India
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10
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Yao X, Zhang Y, Jin W, Hu Y, Cui Y. Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor-Based Chemical and Biological Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:995. [PMID: 33540641 PMCID: PMC7867273 DOI: 10.3390/s21030995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemical and biological sensors have attracted great interest due to their importance in applications of healthcare, food quality monitoring, environmental monitoring, etc. Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based field-effect transistors (FETs) are novel sensing device configurations and are very promising for their potential to drive many technological advancements in this field due to the extraordinary electrical properties of CNTs. This review focuses on the implementation of CNT-based FETs (CNTFETs) in chemical and biological sensors. It begins with the introduction of properties, and surface functionalization of CNTs for sensing. Then, configurations and sensing mechanisms for CNT FETs are introduced. Next, recent progresses of CNTFET-based chemical sensors, and biological sensors are summarized. Finally, we end the review with an overview about the current application status and the remaining challenges for the CNTFET-based chemical and biological sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yalei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Wanlin Jin
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Youfan Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Yue Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; (X.Y.); (Y.Z.)
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11
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Gas Biosensor Arrays Based on Single-Stranded DNA-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for the Detection of Volatile Organic Compound Biomarkers Released by Huanglongbing Disease-Infected Citrus Trees. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19214795. [PMID: 31689974 PMCID: PMC6865013 DOI: 10.3390/s19214795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by plants are closely associated with plant metabolism and can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening or yellow shoot disease, is a lethal threat to the multi-billion-dollar citrus industry. Early detection of HLB is vital for removal of susceptible citrus trees and containment of the disease. Gas sensors are applied to monitor the air quality or toxic gases owing to their low-cost fabrication, smooth operation, and possible miniaturization. Here, we report on the development, characterization, and application of electrical biosensor arrays based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) decorated with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) for the detection of four VOCs-ethylhexanol, linalool, tetradecene, and phenylacetaldehyde-that serve as secondary biomarkers for detection of infected citrus trees during the asymptomatic stage. SWNTs were noncovalently functionalized with ssDNA using π-π interaction between the nucleotide and sidewall of SWNTs. The resulting ssDNA-SWNT hybrid structure and device properties were investigated using Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, and electrical measurements. To monitor changes in the four VOCs, gas biosensor arrays consisting of bare SWNTs before and after being decorated with different ssDNA were employed to determine the different concentrations of the four VOCs. The data was processed using principal component analysis (PCA) and neural net fitting (NNF).
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12
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Yan K, Toku Y, Morita Y, Ju Y. Fabrication of multiwall carbon nanotube sheet based hydrogen sensor on a stacking multi-layer structure. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:375503. [PMID: 29932425 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aace96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we propose a new simple method to fabricate hydrogen gas sensors by stacking multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) sheets. MWCNT sheets offer a larger surface area and more CNT contact, which are key factors for gas sensing, because of their super-high alignment and end-to-end structure compared to traditional CNT film. Besides, MWCNT sheets can be directly drawn from spinnable CNT arrays on large scales. Therefore, this method is a potential answer for the mass production and commercialization of CNT-based sensors with high responsivity. By stacking layers of sheets in various arrangements, the microstructure and CNT interactions in the layers were changed and their influence on gas sensing investigated. It was observed that the sample with three layers of sheet and functionalized with 3 nm thick Pd showed the best gas sensing performance, with a response of 12.31% at 4% H2 and response time below 200 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Yan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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13
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Burratti L, Casalboni M, De Matteis F, Pizzoferrato R, Prosposito P. Polystyrene Opals Responsive to Methanol Vapors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1547. [PMID: 30154304 PMCID: PMC6165557 DOI: 10.3390/ma11091547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photonic crystals (PCs) show reflectance spectra depending on the geometrical structure of the crystal, the refractive index (neff), and the light incident angle, according to the Bragg-Snell law. Three-dimensional photonic crystals (3D-PCs) composed of polymeric sub-micrometer spheres, are arranged in an ordered face cubic centered (fcc) lattice and are good candidates for vapor sensing by exploiting changes of the reflectance spectra. We synthesized high quality polystyrene (PS) 3D-PCs, commonly called opals, with a filling factor f near to the ideal value of 0.74 and tested their optical response in the presence of different concentrations of methanol (MeOH) vapor. When methanol was present in the voids of the photonic crystals, the reflectance spectra experienced energy shifts. The concentration of methyl alcohol vapor can be inferred, due to a linear dependence of the reflectance band maximum wavelength as a function of the vapor concentration. We tested the reversibility of the process and the time stability of the system. A limit of detection (LOD) equal to 5% (v/v₀), where v was the volume of methanol and v₀ was the total volume of the solution (methanol and water), was estimated. A model related to capillary condensation for intermediate and high methanol concentrations was discussed. Moreover, a swelling process of the PS spheres was invoked to fully understand the unexpected energy shift found for very high methanol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Burratti
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mauro Casalboni
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Centre of Regenerative Medicine of University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fabio De Matteis
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Centre of Regenerative Medicine of University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pizzoferrato
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Prosposito
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Centre of Regenerative Medicine of University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
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14
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Synthesis and electrochemical sensing application of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based materials: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Broza YY, Vishinkin R, Barash O, Nakhleh MK, Haick H. Synergy between nanomaterials and volatile organic compounds for non-invasive medical evaluation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4781-4859. [PMID: 29888356 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is an overview of the present and ongoing developments in the field of nanomaterial-based sensors for enabling fast, relatively inexpensive and minimally (or non-) invasive diagnostics of health conditions with follow-up by detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) excreted from one or combination of human body fluids and tissues (e.g., blood, urine, breath, skin). Part of the review provides a didactic examination of the concepts and approaches related to emerging sensing materials and transduction techniques linked with the VOC-based non-invasive medical evaluations. We also present and discuss diverse characteristics of these innovative sensors, such as their mode of operation, sensitivity, selectivity and response time, as well as the major approaches proposed for enhancing their ability as hybrid sensors to afford multidimensional sensing and information-based sensing. The other parts of the review give an updated compilation of the past and currently available VOC-based sensors for disease diagnostics. This compilation summarizes all VOCs identified in relation to sickness and sampling origin that links these data with advanced nanomaterial-based sensing technologies. Both strength and pitfalls are discussed and criticized, particularly from the perspective of the information and communication era. Further ideas regarding improvement of sensors, sensor arrays, sensing devices and the proposed workflow are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Y Broza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
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16
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Functional hybrid nanostructure materials: Advanced strategies for sensing applications toward volatile organic compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Verma SK, Choudhury A, Kar P. Synthesis, Characteristics and Aliphatic Alcohol Sensing Behavior of Poly( m-
aminophenol)/Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composite. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K. Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Birla Institution of Technology, Mesra; Ranchi- 835215, Jharkhand INDIA
| | - Arup Choudhury
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Birla Institution of Technology, Mesra; Ranchi- 835215, Jharkhand INDIA
| | - Pradip Kar
- Department of Chemistry; Birla Institution of Technology, Mesra; Ranchi- 835215, Jharkhand INDIA
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18
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Park SJ, Park CS, Yoon H. Chemo-Electrical Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Polymer Hybrids. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E155. [PMID: 30970834 PMCID: PMC6432045 DOI: 10.3390/polym9050155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymer (CP) hybrids, which combine CPs with heterogeneous species, have shown strong potential as electrical transducers in chemosensors. The charge transport properties of CPs are based on chemical redox reactions and provide various chemo-electrical signal transduction mechanisms. Combining CPs with other functional materials has provided opportunities to tailor their major morphological and physicochemical properties, often resulting in enhanced sensing performance. The hybrids can provide an enlarged effective surface area for enhanced interaction and chemical specificity to target analytes via a new signal transduction mechanism. Here, we review a selection of important CPs, including polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and their derivatives, to fabricate versatile organic and inorganic hybrid materials and their chemo-electrical sensing performance. We focus on what benefits can be achieved through material hybridization in the sensing application. Moreover, state-of-the-art trends in technologies of CP hybrid sensors are discussed, as are limitations and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Joo Park
- Hazards Monitoring Bionano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34141 Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Hazards Monitoring Bionano Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34141 Daejeon, Korea.
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, 61186 Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Hyeonseok Yoon
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, 61186 Gwangju, Korea.
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, 61186 Gwangju, Korea.
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Vandezande W, Janssen KPF, Delport F, Ameloot R, De Vos DE, Lammertyn J, Roeffaers MBJ. Parts per Million Detection of Alcohol Vapors via Metal Organic Framework Functionalized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors. Anal Chem 2017; 89:4480-4487. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Vandezande
- Centre
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Microbial and Molecular
Systems, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Post Box 2461, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kris P. F. Janssen
- Molecular
Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Post Box 2404, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Filip Delport
- Division
of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Post Box 2428, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Microbial and Molecular
Systems, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Post Box 2461, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Dirk E. De Vos
- Centre
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Microbial and Molecular
Systems, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Post Box 2461, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Division
of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors, Department of Biosystems, University of Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Post Box 2428, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- Centre
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Microbial and Molecular
Systems, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Post Box 2461, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Khalil R, Homaeigohar S, Häußler D, Elbahri M. A shape tailored gold-conductive polymer nanocomposite as a transparent electrode with extraordinary insensitivity to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Sci Rep 2016; 6:33895. [PMID: 27654345 PMCID: PMC5032166 DOI: 10.1038/srep33895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the transparent conducting polymer of poly (3,4-ethylenendioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulphonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was nanohybridized via inclusion of gold nanofillers including nanospheres (NSs) and nanorods (NRs). Such nanocomposite thin films offer not only more optimum conductivity than the pristine polymer but also excellent resistivity against volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Interestingly, such amazing properties are achieved in the diluted regimes of the nanofillers and depend on the characteristics of the interfacial region of the polymer and nanofillers, i.e. the aspect ratio of the latter component. Accordingly, a shape dependent response is made that is more desirable in case of using the Au nanorods with a much larger aspect ratio than their nanosphere counterparts. This transparent nanocomposite thin film with an optimized conductivity and very low sensitivity to organic gases is undoubtedly a promising candidate material for the touch screen panel production industry. Considering PEDOT as a known material for integrated electrodes in energy saving applications, we believe that our strategy might be an important progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Khalil
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Institute for Materials Science, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shahin Homaeigohar
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Institute for Materials Science, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Dietrich Häußler
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Institute for Materials Science, Synthesis and Real Structure Group, Kaiserstrasse 2,24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mady Elbahri
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kiel, Institute for Materials Science, Kaiserstrasse 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, School of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Nanochemistry and Nanoengineering, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Max-Planck-Str.1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
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Fadel TR, Farrell DF, Friedersdorf LE, Griep MH, Hoover MD, Meador MA, Meyyappan M. Toward the Responsible Development and Commercialization of Sensor Nanotechnologies. ACS Sens 2016; 1:207-216. [PMID: 28261665 PMCID: PMC5332131 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.5b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-enabled sensors (or nanosensors) will play an important role in enabling the progression toward ubiquitous information systems as the Internet of Things (IoT) emerges. Nanosensors offer new, miniaturized solutions in physiochemical and biological sensing that enable increased sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexing capability, all with the compelling economic drivers of low cost and high-energy efficiency. In the United States, Federal agencies participating in the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) "Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: Improving and Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment" Nanotechnology Signature Initiative (the Sensors NSI), address both the opportunity of using nanotechnology to advance sensor development and the challenges of developing sensors to keep pace with the increasingly widespread use of engineered nanomaterials. This perspective article will introduce and provide background on the NNI signature initiative on sensors. Recent efforts by the Sensors NSI aimed at promoting the successful development and commercialization of nanosensors will be reviewed and examples of sensor nanotechnologies will be highlighted. Future directions and critical challenges for sensor development will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek R. Fadel
- The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 405, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
| | - Dorothy F. Farrell
- The National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, 10A52, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lisa E. Friedersdorf
- The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 405, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
| | - Mark H. Griep
- The U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Mark D. Hoover
- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Michael A. Meador
- The National Nanotechnology Coordination Office, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 405, Arlington, Virginia 22230, United States
| | - M. Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, United States
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22
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Li H, Wen C, Zhang Y, Wu D, Zhang SL, Qiu ZJ. Accelerating Gas Adsorption on 3D Percolating Carbon Nanotubes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21313. [PMID: 26888337 PMCID: PMC4758076 DOI: 10.1038/srep21313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of electronic gas sensing, low-dimensional semiconductors such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can offer high detection sensitivity owing to their unprecedentedly large surface-to-volume ratio. The sensitivity and responsivity can further improve by increasing their areal density. Here, an accelerated gas adsorption is demonstrated by exploiting volumetric effects via dispersion of SWCNTs into a percolating three-dimensional (3D) network in a semiconducting polymer. The resultant semiconducting composite film is evaluated as a sensing membrane in field effect transistor (FET) sensors. In order to attain reproducible characteristics of the FET sensors, a pulsed-gate-bias measurement technique is adopted to eliminate current hysteresis and drift of sensing baseline. The rate of gas adsorption follows the Langmuir-type isotherm as a function of gas concentration and scales with film thickness. This rate is up to 5 times higher in the composite than only with an SWCNT network in the transistor channel, which in turn results in a 7-fold shorter time constant of adsorption with the composite. The description of gas adsorption developed in the present work is generic for all semiconductors and the demonstrated composite with 3D percolating SWCNTs dispersed in functional polymer represents a promising new type of material for advanced gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chenyu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Youwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shi-Li Zhang
- Solid-State Electronics, The Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala Box 534, SE-751 21, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Jun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube and Applications. FUNCTIONALIZING GRAPHENE AND CARBON NANOTUBES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-35110-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Efimov I, Gruia VT, Rumiche F, Bund A, Ispas A. An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study on adsorption of single walled carbon nanotubes onto poly[3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene] layers. J Solid State Electrochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-015-2979-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zhang Y, Qiu J, Hu R, Li P, Gao L, Heng L, Tang BZ, Jiang L. A visual and organic vapor sensitive photonic crystal sensor consisting of polymer-infiltrated SiO2 inverse opal. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:9651-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp06019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tetraphenylethene polymer-infiltrated SiO2 inverse opal can detect tetrahydrofuran/acetones vapors according to the color change, which is resulted from the adsorption–desorption of vapors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yan'an University
- Yan'an
- P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yan'an University
- Yan'an
- P. R. China
| | - Rongrong Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yan'an University
- Yan'an
- P. R. China
| | - Loujun Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yan'an University
- Yan'an
- P. R. China
| | - Liping Heng
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- Beihang University
- P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Kowloon
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- Beihang University
- P. R. China
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Lu HL, Lu CJ, Tian WC, Sheen HJ. A vapor response mechanism study of surface-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes coated chemiresistors and quartz crystal microbalance sensor arrays. Talanta 2014; 131:467-74. [PMID: 25281128 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper compares the selectivity and discusses the response mechanisms of various surface-modified, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)-coated sensor arrays for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Two types of sensor platforms, chemiresistor and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), were used to probe the resistance changes and absorption masses during vapor sensing. Four sensing materials were used in this comparison study: pristine, acidified, esterified, and surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS)-coated SWCNTs. SWCNT-coated QCMs reached the response equilibrium faster than the chemiresistors did, which revealed a delay diffusion behavior at the inter-tube junction. In addition, the calibration lines for QCMs were all linear, but the chemiresistors showed curvature calibration lines which indicated less effectiveness of swelling at high concentrations. While the sorption of vapor molecules caused an increase in the resistance for most SWCNTs due to the swelling, the acidified SWCNTs showed no responses to nonpolar vapors and a negative response to hydrogen bond acceptors. This discovery provided insight into the inter-tube interlocks and conductivity modulation of acidified SWCNTs via a hydrogen bond. The results in this study provide a stepping-stone for further understanding of the mechanisms behind the vapor selectivity of surface-modified SWCNT sensor arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Ling Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Cheng Tian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Horn-Jiunn Sheen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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