d-lactate-selective amperometric biosensor based on the cell debris of the recombinant yeast Hansenula polymorpha

"3-in-1" Hybrid Biocatalysts: Association of Yeast Cells Immobilized in a Sol-Gel Matrix for Determining Sewage Pollution

This study presents a novel ″3-in-1″ hybrid biocatalyst design that combines the individual efficiency of microorganisms while avoiding negative interactions between them. Yeast cells of Ogataea polymorpha VKM Y-2559, Blastobotrys adeninivorans VKM Y-2677, and Debaryomyces hansenii VKM Y-2482 were immobilized in an organosilicon material by using the sol-gel method, resulting in a hybrid biocatalyst. The catalytic activity of the immobilized microorganism mixture was evaluated by employing it as the bioreceptor element of a biosensor. Optical and scanning electron microscopies were used to examine the morphology of the biohybrid material. Elemental distribution analysis confirmed the encapsulation of yeast cells in a matrix composed of methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) (85 and 15 vol %, respectively). The resulting heterogeneous biocatalyst exhibited excellent performance in determining the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) index in real surface water samples, with a sensitivity coefficient of 50 ± 3 × 10-3·min-1, a concentration range of 0.3-31 mg/L, long-term stability for 25 days, and a relative standard deviation of 3.8%. These findings demonstrate the potential of the developed hybrid biocatalyst for effective pollution monitoring and wastewater treatment applications.

Synthetic biology-inspired cell engineering in diagnosis, treatment, and drug development

The fast-developing synthetic biology (SB) has provided many genetic tools to reprogram and engineer cells for improved performance, novel functions, and diverse applications. Such cell engineering resources can play a critical role in the research and development of novel therapeutics. However, there are certain limitations and challenges in applying genetically engineered cells in clinical practice. This literature review updates the recent advances in biomedical applications, including diagnosis, treatment, and drug development, of SB-inspired cell engineering. It describes technologies and relevant examples in a clinical and experimental setup that may significantly impact the biomedicine field. At last, this review concludes the results with future directions to optimize the performances of synthetic gene circuits to regulate the therapeutic activities of cell-based tools in specific diseases.

D-lactate-selective amperometric biosensor based on the mitochondrial fraction of Ogataea polymorpha recombinant cells

During the recent decades, a lot of data about the significance of D-lactate determination in food technology and quality control have been accumulated. Nowadays, the development of new methods for the determination of D-lactate is very relevant, especially with regard to biosensors. To construct a D-lactate-selective biosensor, we suggest using the mitochondria of recombinant yeast cells of Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha "tr6" (gcr1 catX/Δcyb2, prAOX_DLDH) overproducing D-lactate: cytochrome c-oxidoreductase (DLDH, EC 1.1.2.4) and lacking an L-lactate-specific enzyme (flavocytochrome b₂ , E.C. 1.1.2.3). The usage of the pure enzyme is problematic due to the complexity of its isolation and stabilization because of the intramembranous localization of DLDH. The enzyme catalyzes D-lactate oxidation to pyruvate coupled with ferricytochrome c reduction to ferrocytochrome c. The constructed biosensor is characterized by high sensitivity (18.5 А·М^-1 ·m^-2 ), a low detection limit (3 μM of D-lactate), wide linear ranges, good selectivity, and sufficient stability. The real samples' analysis of D-lactate in dairy products was performed, and high correlation of the obtained results with the reference approach (0.7 < r < 1) and literature data was demonstrated.

d-Lactate electrochemical biosensor prepared by immobilization of thermostable dye-linked d-lactate dehydrogenase from Candidatus Caldiarchaeum subterraneum

A stable d-lactate electrochemical sensing system was developed using a dye-linked d-lactate dehydrogenase (Dye-DLDH) from an uncultivated thermophilic archaeon, Candidatus Caldiarchaeum subterraneum. To develop the system, the putative gene encoding the Dye-DLDH from Ca. Caldiarchaeum subterraneum was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the expressed product was purified. The recombinant enzyme was a highly thermostable Dye-DLDH that retained full activity after incubation for 10 min at 70°C. The electrode for detection of d-lactate was prepared by immobilizing the thermostable Dye-DLDH and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) within Nafion membrane. The electrocatalytic response of the electrode was clearly observed upon exposure to d-lactate. The electrode response to d-lactate was linear within the concentration range of 0.03-2.5 mM, and it showed little reduction in responsiveness after 50 days. This is the first report describing a d-lactate sensing system using a thermostable Dye-DLDH.

Laboratory Prototype of Bioreactor for Oxidation of Toxic D-Lactate Using Yeast Cells Overproducing D-Lactate Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase

D-lactate is a natural component of many fermented foods like yogurts, sour milk, cheeses, and pickles vegetable products. D-lactate in high concentrations is toxic for children and people with short bowel syndrome and provokes encephalopathy. These facts convincingly demonstrate a need for effective tools for the D-lactate removal from some food products. The main idea of investigation is focused on application of recombinant thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha "tr6," overproducing D-lactate: cytochrome c oxidoreductase (EC 1.1.2.4, D-lactate cytochrome c oxidoreductase, D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome), DLDH). In addition to 6-fold overexpression of DLDH under a strong constitutive promoter (prAOX), the strain of H. polymorpha "tr6" (gcr1 catX/Δcyb2, prAOX_DLDH) is characterized by impairment in glucose repression of AOX promoter, devoid of catalase and L-lactate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activities. Overexpression of DLDH coupling with the deletion of L-lactate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity opens possibility for usage of the strain as a base for construction of bioreactor for removing D-lactate from fermented products due to oxidation to nontoxic pyruvate. A laboratory prototype of column-type bioreactor for removing a toxic D-lactate from model solution based on permeabilized cells of the H. polymorpha "tr6" and alginate gel was constructed and efficiency of this process was tested.