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Xu M, Wu Z. Preparation of small peptoid-modified zwitterion-exchange/reversed-phase mixed-mode chromatography stationary phases for the separation of arenes and antibiotics. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1296:342335. [PMID: 38401942 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, three small peptoids with different structures, named Sil-peptoids, were developed to improve the separation selectivity of zwitterion-exchange/reversed-phase mixed-mode chromatography stationary phases for multi-component complex drugs. Nonpolar, amphoteric, and alkaline drugs were used as test samples to demonstrate their retention behaviors in reversed-phase, ionic, and mixed-mode interactions. It was observed that different carboxyl anions in the small peptoids of the Sil-peptoids had vast differences in their stereo-selectivity. The stereo-selectivity and the influence of Sil-peptoids on the retention behavior of complex drugs and their interaction mechanism for the drug molecules were effectively evaluated through the combination of chromatographic analysis and molecular modeling. Finally, a mixture of drugs consisting of two polar and six non-polar drugs was used to obtain a separation effect with a resolution >1.5. Two other groups of polar antibiotics were used to verify the separation ability of the Sil-peptoids. The results indicated that the Sil-peptoids could separate multiple substances simultaneously. These novel stationary phases can be applied to the analysis of complex multi-component drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Zhenwei Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, China
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2
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Wang X, Zhu T, Wang X, Peng H, Zhou G, Peng J. Preparation of two zwitterionic polymer functionalized stationary phases and comparative evaluation under mixed-mode of reversed phase/ hydrophilic interaction/ion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1714:464586. [PMID: 38118242 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterions are a promising choice to prepare separation materials because of their hydrophilicity and biocompatibility. We described the preparation of two zwitterionic polymer functionalized stationary phases and evaluation under mixed-mode chromatography. A zwitterionic monomer, S-(4-vinylbenzyl) cysteine (SVC), was synthesized and bonded to silica via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to afford a zwitterionic stationary phase, Sil-SVC. A hydrophobic monomer, N-(4-phenylbutan-2-yl) acrylamide (NPA), was copolymerized with SVC onto the stationary phase (Sil-SVCNPA) for comparison. The stationary phases were characterized with FT-IR, TGA, EA, and zeta-potential measurements. Mobile phase composition (ACN content, pH and salt concentration) was varied to study the retention property. Linear solvation energy relationship and Van't Hoff plot were used to investigate the retention mechanism and how chromatographic conditions influenced it. Both stationary phases showed a mixed-mode of RPLC/HILIC/IEC and satisfactory performance in separating hydrophobic analytes (alkylbenzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), hydrophilic nucleotide and bases, and anions, high column efficiency of 60,000 plates·m-1 was achieved. In summary, zwitterionic polymers are attractive options to prepare stationary phases and the retention property can be easily regulated by copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Tianrun Zhu
- Chengdu University of Technology, Yibin 644000, PR China
| | - Xingrui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Huanjun Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
| | - Jingdong Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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3
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Zhang X, Duan Z, Wu Y, Qiu T, Shi X. Sintering-resistant and highly active boron oxide doped BxCuZrO2 catalyst for catalytic diethanolamine dehydrogenation. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Wang J, Tang Y, Chu H, Shen J, Wang C, Wei Y. Adjusting the chromatographic properties of poly(ionic liquid)-modified stationary phases by substitution on the imidazolium cation. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2766-2772. [PMID: 32419326 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ionic liquid)-modified stationary phases can have multiple interactions with solutes. However, in most stationary phases, separation selectivity is adjusted by changing the poly(ionic liquid) anions. In this work, two poly(ionic liquid)-modified silica stationary phases were prepared by introducing the cyano or tetrazolyl group on the pendant imidazolium cation on the polymer chains. Various analytes were selected to investigate their mechanism of retention in the stationary phases using different mobile phases. Two poly(ionic liquid)-modified stationary phases can provide various interactions toward solutes. Compared to the cyano-functionalized poly(ionic liquid) stationary phase, the tetrazolyl-functionalized poly(ionic liquid) stationary phase provides additional cation-exchange and π-π interactions, resulting in different separation selectivity toward analytes. Finally, applicability of the developed stationary phases was demonstrated by the efficient separation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Huiyuan Chu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Jiwei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yinmao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
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5
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Qiao L, Yu C, Sun R. Preparation and comparison of three zwitterionic stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1071-1079. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Qiao
- Institution State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Panjin P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Yu
- Institution State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Panjin P. R. China
| | - Ruiting Sun
- Institution State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of Technology Panjin P. R. China
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6
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Si T, Song X, Wang L, Guo Y, Liang X, Wang S. Preparation and evaluation of hydrophobically associating polyacrylamide coated silica composite as high performance liquid chromatographic stationary phase. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Xian H, Peng H, Wang X, Long D, Ni R, Chen J, Li S, Zhang Z, Peng J. Preparation and evaluation a mixed-mode stationary phase with imidazolium and carboxyl group for high performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Duan XY, Zhang Y, Yan JQ, Zhou Y, Li GH, Feng XS. Progress in Pretreatment and Analysis of Cephalosporins: An Update Since 2005. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:55-86. [PMID: 31646873 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1676194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yi Duan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Qing Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Ghamat SN, Talebpour Z, Mehdi A. Click reactions: Recent trends in preparation of new sorbents and stationary phases for extraction and chromatographic applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Žuvela P, Skoczylas M, Jay Liu J, Ba Czek T, Kaliszan R, Wong MW, Buszewski B, Héberger K. Column Characterization and Selection Systems in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Chem Rev 2019; 119:3674-3729. [PMID: 30604951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) is the most popular chromatographic mode, accounting for more than 90% of all separations. HPLC itself owes its immense popularity to it being relatively simple and inexpensive, with the equipment being reliable and easy to operate. Due to extensive automation, it can be run virtually unattended with multiple samples at various separation conditions, even by relatively low-skilled personnel. Currently, there are >600 RP-HPLC columns available to end users for purchase, some of which exhibit very large differences in selectivity and production quality. Often, two similar RP-HPLC columns are not equally suitable for the requisite separation, and to date, there is no universal RP-HPLC column covering a variety of analytes. This forces analytical laboratories to keep a multitude of diverse columns. Therefore, column selection is a crucial segment of RP-HPLC method development, especially since sample complexity is constantly increasing. Rationally choosing an appropriate column is complicated. In addition to the differences in the primary intermolecular interactions with analytes of the dispersive (London) type, individual columns can also exhibit a unique character owing to specific polar, hydrogen bond, and electron pair donor-acceptor interactions. They can also vary depending on the type of packing, amount and type of residual silanols, "end-capping", bonding density of ligands, and pore size, among others. Consequently, the chromatographic performance of RP-HPLC systems is often considerably altered depending on the selected column. Although a wide spectrum of knowledge is available on this important subject, there is still a lack of a comprehensive review for an objective comparison and/or selection of chromatographic columns. We aim for this review to be a comprehensive, authoritative, critical, and easily readable monograph of the most relevant publications regarding column selection and characterization in RP-HPLC covering the past four decades. Future perspectives, which involve the integration of state-of-the-art molecular simulations (molecular dynamics or Monte Carlo) with minimal experiments, aimed at nearly "experiment-free" column selection methodology, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Žuvela
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Magdalena Skoczylas
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
| | - J Jay Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pukyong National University , 365 Sinseon-ro , Nam-gu, 48-513 Busan , Korea
| | | | | | - Ming Wah Wong
- Department of Chemistry , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117543 , Singapore
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Center for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Wileńska 4 , 87-100 Toruń , Poland
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11
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Bo CM, Wang C, Wei YM. Preparation and evaluation of diblock copolymer-grafted silica by sequential surface initiated-atom transfer radical polymerization for reverse-phase/ion-exchange mixed-mode chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:4700-4708. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Miao Bo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
- Key Laboratory of Energy and Chemical Engineering; Ningxia University; Yinchuan China
| | - Chaozhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
| | - Yin Mao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Modern Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Northwest University; Xi'an China
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12
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Cai J, Cheng L, Zhao J, Fu Q, Jin Y, Ke Y, Liang X. A polyacrylamide-based silica stationary phase for the separation of carbohydrates using alcohols as the weak eluent in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:153-159. [PMID: 29030034 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) stationary phase was prepared by a two-step synthesis method, immobilizing polyacrylamide on silica sphere particles. The stationary phase (named PA, 5μm dia) was evaluated using a mixture of carbohydrates in HILIC mode and the column efficiency reached 121,000Nm-1. The retention behavior of carbohydrates on PA stationary phase was investigated with three different organic solvents (acetonitrile, ethanol and methanol) employed as the weak eluent. The strongest hydrophilicity of PA stationary phase was observed in both acetonitrile and methanol as the weak eluent, when compared with another two amide stationary phases. Attributing to its high hydrophilicity, three oligosaccharides (xylooligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide and chitooligosaccharides) presented good retention on PA stationary phase using alcohols/water as mobile phase. Finally, PA stationary phase was successfully applied for the purification of galactooligosaccharides and saponins of Paris polyphylla. It is feasible to use safer and cheaper alcohols to replace acetonitrile as the weak eluent for green analysis and purification of polar compounds on PA stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Lingping Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jianchao Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical, Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116203, PR China
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13
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Bo C, Wang X, Wang C, Wei Y. Preparation of hydrophilic interaction/ion-exchange mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phase with adjustable selectivity by controlling different ratios of the co-monomers. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1487:201-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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HILIC Stationary Phase Based on Monodisperse-Porous Polymethacrylate Beads Functionalized with Zwitterionic Molecular Brushes. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Zhang Q, Yang FQ, Ge L, Hu YJ, Xia ZN. Recent applications of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:49-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
| | - Liya Ge
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Yuan-Jia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Ning Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chongqing University; Chongqing P. R. China
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16
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Qiao L, Shi X, Xu G. Recent advances in development and characterization of stationary phases for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Preparation and chromatographic evaluation of zwitterionic stationary phases with controllable ratio of positively and negatively charged groups. Talanta 2015; 141:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Silica-based 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediol hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography stationary phase for separating cephalosporins and carbapenems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6217-20. [PMID: 26022095 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A silica-based stationary phase bearing both hydrophilic hydroxyl and amino groups was developed by covalently bonding a small molecular N,N-dimethylamino 1,3-propanediol moiety onto silica beads via copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC). This new stationary phase showed good HILIC characteristics and high column efficiency (the theoretical plate number is up to 37000 plates m(-1) in the case of inosine) in the separation of polar compounds, such as nucleosides and bases, organic acids, cephalosporins, and carbapenems.
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