Simultaneous determination of mosapride and its active des-p-fluorobenzyl and 4′-N-oxide metabolites in rat plasma using UPLC–MS/MS: An application for a pharmacokinetic study

Pharmacokinetic analysis of mosapride following intravenous and oral administration in beagle dogs

The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of mosapride after intravenous and oral administration to beagle dogs. To obtain the advanced pharmacokinetic parameters of mosapride, both noncompartmental analysis and pharmacokinetic modeling were performed. Twenty beagle dogs were randomly sorted into intravenous (1 mg single administration of mosapride) and oral (5 mg once a day administration of mosapride) groups. Blood samples were collected according to the reported schedule for pharmacokinetics. The plasma concentration of mosapride was analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. According to the pharmacokinetic analysis, the absorption rate of mosapride was 3.14 ± 1.14 hr^-1 and oral bioavailability of mosapride was approximately 1%. The one-compartment model well described the pharmacokinetics of mosapride after both intravenous and oral administration to dogs. These findings will help facilitate the determination of the optimal dose regimen of mosapride for dogs with gastrointestinal disorder.

Preparation and Evaluation of Mosapride Citrate Dual-Release Dry Suspension

In this paper, a novel formulation of dual-release dry suspension of mosapride citrate (DRDS-MC) was designed which can be quickly released in the stomach while having sustained-release effect. Co-grinding mixture of mosapride citrate (MC) together with L-HPC as hydrophilic excipient was prepared in order to improve the solubility of MC. The co-grinding mixture was characterized by solubility studies, DSC, X-RD, SEM, FTIR, and size distribution before the preparation of the DRDS-MC. Then, the co-grinding mixture was used to prepare DRDS-MC via wet granulation method. The evaluation of DRDS-MC was focused on physicochemical properties, intestinal absorption, and pharmacokinetics. The results of DSC, X-RD, SEM, FTIR, and size distribution indicated that MC resides in co-grinding mixture with no crystalline changes, hydrogen bonds made L-HPC greatly improving the solubility of MC. Then, the dissolution of DRDS-MC reached 70% in pH 1.2 within 2 h, and the 12-h dissolution of MC in pH 6.8 was nearly 80%. The sedimentation volume after 3 h was 0.94 and redispersibility was good. The linear regression equation between in vitro release of DRDS-MC and intestinal absorption fraction in rats was: Y = 29.215 + 47.535*X (r = 0.952). At last, pharmacokinetic studies in beagle dogs demonstrated that DRDS-MC has prolonged effect compared with commercial formulation Gasmotin as a reference. All results indicated that the DRDS-MC could be quickly released in the stomach while having sustained-release effect.

The tissue distribution and excretion study of mosapride and its active des-p-fluorobenzyl and 4'-N-oxide metabolites in rats by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method

1. Mosapride is a potent gastroprokinetic agent, and des-p-fluorobenzyl mosapride (M1) and mosapride-N-oxide (M2) are its two major active metabolites.2. The validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was successfully applied to the distribution and excretion of mosapride and its two active metabolites.3. Mosapride and its metabolites were distributed widely and rapidly in various tissues. The highest concentration of mosapride and M2 in both male and female rats was found in the duodenum, followed by cecum.4. The excretion study showed that a total of 71.8% (37.6, 22.4 and 11.8% for urine, feces and bile, respectively) and 66.3% (35.7, 22.8 and 7.8% for urine, feces and bile) of administered dose was recovered from male and female excreta. M1 was excreted in the largest dose percentage, followed by mosapride and M2, and the total cumulative excretion amounts were about 36.9, 28.1 and 11.6% in male rat, while 24.3, 25.9 and 16.2% in female rat. The results demonstrated for the first time that M2 is one of the important excretion forms of mosapride, which is much higher than that of mosapride in urine.5. This work could provide valuable information for further pharmacological and clinical studies of mosapride.

The synthesis and biological evaluation of a new bioactive metabolite of mosapride as a potential gastroprokinetic agent

Aim: To synthesize the new bioactive metabolites of mosapride (R)-N-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-fluorobenzyl)amino]-propyl-5-chlorine-4-amino-2-ethoxyben-zamide (R-isomer) and (S)-N-[2-hydroxy-3-(4-fluorobenzyl)amino]-propyl-5-chlorine-4-amino-2-ethoxybenzamide (S-isomer) and evaluate their in vitro and in vivo pharmacological and pharmacokinetic profiles. Results: S-isomer as a gastroprokinetic agent showed significant pharmacological activities in vivo. Furthermore, compared with the EC50 values for R-isomer and mosapride, S-isomer was proven to generate the same 5-HT4 receptor agonistic activity with a smaller amount. S-isomer exhibited significant differences in the pharmacokinetic properties, which indicate that higher absorption rate and extent compared with R-isomer. Conclusion: S-isomer might have great potential as a safe and effective prokinetic agent capable of lessening gastrointestinal symptoms and increasing quality of life.

Drug-induced Liver Injury Associated with Mosapride Citrate: A Report of Two Cases

We herein report two cases of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) due to mosapride. Case 1: A 78-year-old man was admitted with elevated transaminase levels. The cessation of mosapride led to the improvement of elevated liver enzyme levels. Case 2: A 54-year-old man was admitted with jaundice. Mosapride was discontinued immediately, and methylprednisolone was administered for acute liver failure. The patient's data showed improvement, and he was discharged on Day 32. In both cases, mosapride gave a positive response to a drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test (DLST), and the patient's score based on the criteria for DILI was "highly probable".

Quantification of neomangiferin in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to bioavailability study

Neomangiferin, a natural C-glucosyl xanthone, has recently received a great deal of attention due to its multiple biological activities. In this study, a rapid and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of neomangiferin in rat plasma was developed. Using chloramphenicol as an internal standard (IS), plasma samples were subjected to a direct protein precipitation process using methanol (containing 0.05% formic acid). Quantification was performed by multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) method, with the transitions of the parent ions to the product ions of m/z 583.1→330.9 for NG and m/z 321.1→151.9 for IS. The assay was shown to be linear over the range of 0.2-400 ng/mL, with a lower limit of quantification of 0.2 ng/mL. Mean recovery of neomangiferin in plasma was in the range of 97.76%-101.94%. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra-day and inter-day precision were both <10%. The accuracy of the method ranged from 94.20% to 108.72%. This method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of neomangiferin after intravenous (2 mg/kg) and intragastric (10 mg/kg) administration for the first time. The oral absolute bioavailability of neomangiferin was estimated to be 0.53%±0.08% with an elimination half-life (t_1/2) value of 2.74±0.92 h, indicating its poor absorption and/or strong metabolism in vivo.