1
|
Weishaupt AK, Kubens L, Ruecker L, Schwerdtle T, Aschner M, Bornhorst J. A Reliable Method Based on Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Simultaneous Quantification of Neurotransmitters in Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecules 2023; 28:5373. [PMID: 37513246 PMCID: PMC10385323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters like dopamine (DA), serotonin (SRT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and acetylcholine (ACh) are messenger molecules that play a pivotal role in transmitting excitation between neurons across chemical synapses, thus enabling complex processes in the central nervous system (CNS). Balance in neurotransmitter homeostasis is essential, and altered neurotransmitter levels are associated with various neurological disorders, e.g., loss of dopaminergic neurons (Parkinson's disease) or altered ACh synthesis (Alzheimer's disease). Therefore, it is crucial to possess adequate tools to assess precise neurotransmitter levels, and to apply targeted therapies. An established in vivo model to study neurotoxicity is the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), as its neurons have been well characterized and functionally are analogous to mammals. We have developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method including a sample preparation assuring neurotransmitter stability, which allows a simultaneous neurotransmitter quantification of DA, SRT, GABA and ACh in C. elegans, but can easily be applied to other matrices. LC-MS/MS combined with isotope-labeled standards is the tool of choice, due to its otherwise unattainable sensitivity and specificity. Using C. elegans together with our analytically validated and verified method provides a powerful tool to evaluate mechanisms of neurotoxicity, and furthermore to identify possible therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Weishaupt
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; (A.-K.W.); (L.K.); (L.R.)
- TraceAge—DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
| | - Laura Kubens
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; (A.-K.W.); (L.K.); (L.R.)
- Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Lysann Ruecker
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; (A.-K.W.); (L.K.); (L.R.)
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- TraceAge—DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; (A.-K.W.); (L.K.); (L.R.)
- TraceAge—DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Davla S, Daly E, Nedow J, Gritsas A, Curran L, Taylor L, van Meyel DJ. An LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous analysis of up to six monoamines from brain tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1216:123604. [PMID: 36682335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Monoamines are a class of neuromodulators that are crucial for a variety of brain functions, including control of mood, movement, sleep and cognition. From mammals to insects, the nervous system is enriched in monoamines such as dopamine, serotonin and melatonin, analytes which range from being highly polar to non-polar. Here we developed a method using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify in a single run the amounts of six distinct monoamines in extracts from dissected Drosophila and mouse brain tissues. The measured monoamines were dopamine (DA), serotonin (also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)), octopamine (OA, an insect equivalent of norepinephrine), tyramine (TA), melatonin (MT) and N-acetylserotonin (NAS). The analytical range of these monoamines was between 0.25 and 5.0 ng/mL. This quantitative LC-MS/MS methodology has important use for simultaneous measurement of distinct neuroactive monoamines from precious biological specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Davla
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience (BRaIN) Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edward Daly
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jenn Nedow
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ari Gritsas
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura Curran
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience (BRaIN) Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lorne Taylor
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Donald J van Meyel
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience (BRaIN) Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rosikon KD, Bone MC, Lawal HO. Regulation and modulation of biogenic amine neurotransmission in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Physiol 2023; 14:970405. [PMID: 36875033 PMCID: PMC9978017 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.970405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are crucial for the relay of signals between neurons and their target. Monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and histamine are found in both invertebrates and mammals and are known to control key physiological aspects in health and disease. Others, such as octopamine (OA) and tyramine (TA), are abundant in invertebrates. TA is expressed in both Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster and plays important roles in the regulation of essential life functions in each organism. OA and TA are thought to act as the mammalian homologs of epinephrine and norepinephrine respectively, and when triggered, they act in response to the various stressors in the fight-or-flight response. 5-HT regulates a wide range of behaviors in C. elegans including egg-laying, male mating, locomotion, and pharyngeal pumping. 5-HT acts predominantly through its receptors, of which various classes have been described in both flies and worms. The adult brain of Drosophila is composed of approximately 80 serotonergic neurons, which are involved in modulation of circadian rhythm, feeding, aggression, and long-term memory formation. DA is a major monoamine neurotransmitter that mediates a variety of critical organismal functions and is essential for synaptic transmission in invertebrates as it is in mammals, in which it is also a precursor for the synthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline. In C. elegans and Drosophila as in mammals, DA receptors play critical roles and are generally grouped into two classes, D1-like and D2-like based on their predicted coupling to downstream G proteins. Drosophila uses histamine as a neurotransmitter in photoreceptors as well as a small number of neurons in the CNS. C. elegans does not use histamine as a neurotransmitter. Here, we review the comprehensive set of known amine neurotransmitters found in invertebrates, and discuss their biological and modulatory functions using the vast literature on both Drosophila and C. elegans. We also suggest the potential interactions between aminergic neurotransmitters systems in the modulation of neurophysiological activity and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna D Rosikon
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Megan C Bone
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| | - Hakeem O Lawal
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karthik V, Selvakumar P, Senthil Kumar P, Satheeskumar V, Godwin Vijaysunder M, Hariharan S, Antony K. Recent advances in electrochemical sensor developments for detecting emerging pollutant in water environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 304:135331. [PMID: 35709842 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the latest times, considerable studies have been performed closer to detecting emerging pollutant such as paracetamol in wastewater. Electrochemical sensor developments have recently started to determine in fewer concentrations effectively. The detection of paracetamol using standard protocols corresponding to electroanalytical techniques has a greater impact noticed in directing the detecting process toward biosensors. Non-enzymatic sensors are the peak of all electro analysis approaches. Functionalized materials, such as metal oxide nanoparticles, conducting polymers, and carbon-based materials for electrode surface functionalization have been used to create a fortification for distributing passive enzyme-free biosensors. Synergic effects are possible by enhancing loading capacity and mass transfer of reactants for attaining high analytical sensitivity using a variety of nanomaterials with large surface areas. The main focus of this study is to address the prevailing issues in the identification of paracetamol with the tasks in the non-enzymatic sensors field, followed by the useful methods of electro analysis studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Karthik
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
| | - P Selvakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, 1888, Ethiopia
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603110, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India.
| | - V Satheeskumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
| | - M Godwin Vijaysunder
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
| | - S Hariharan
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
| | - K Antony
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, 641013, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wellenberg A, Brinkmann V, Bornhorst J, Ventura N, Honnen S, Fritz G. Cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity involves the disruption of serotonergic neurotransmission. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105921. [PMID: 34601079 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is a frequent side effect of cisplatin (CisPt)-based anticancer therapy whose pathophysiology is largely vague. Here, we exploited C. elegans as a 3R-compliant in vivo model to elucidate molecular mechanisms contributing to CisPt-induced neuronal dysfunction. To this end, we monitored the impact of CisPt on various sensory functions as well as pharyngeal neurotransmission by recording electropharyngeograms (EPGs). CisPt neither affected food and odor sensation nor mechano-sensation, which involve dopaminergic and glutaminergic neurotransmission. However, CisPt reduced serotonin-regulated pharyngeal pumping activity independent of changes in the morphology of related neurons. CisPt-mediated alterations in EPGs were fully rescued by addition of serotonin (5-HT) (≤ 2 mM). Moreover, the CisPt-induced pharyngeal injury was prevented by co-incubation with the clinically approved serotonin re-uptake inhibitory drug duloxetine. A protective effect of 5-HT was also observed with respect to CisPt-mediated impairment of another 5-HT-dependent process, the egg laying activity. Importantly, CisPt-induced apoptosis in the gonad and learning disability were not influenced by 5-HT. Using different C. elegans mutants we found that CisPt-mediated (neuro)toxicity is independent of serotonin biosynthesis and re-uptake and likely involves serotonin-receptor subtype 7 (SER-7)-related functions. In conclusion, by measuring EPGs as a surrogate parameter of neuronal dysfunction, we provide first evidence that CisPt-induced neurotoxicity in C. elegans involves 5-HT-dependent neurotransmission and SER-7-mediated signaling mechanisms and can be prevented by the clinically approved antidepressant duloxetine. The data highlight the particular suitability of C. elegans as a 3R-conform in vivo model in molecular (neuro)toxicology and, moreover, for the pre-clinical identification of neuroprotective candidate drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wellenberg
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vanessa Brinkmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Food Chemistry, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Natascia Ventura
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostic, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University and Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Honnen
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ratnam KV, Manjunatha H, Janardan S, Babu Naidu KC, Ramesh S. Nonenzymatic electrochemical sensor based on metal oxide, MO (M= Cu, Ni, Zn, and Fe) nanomaterials for neurotransmitters: An abridged review. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
|
7
|
Keerthi M, Boopathy G, Chen SM, Chen TW, Lou BS. A core-shell molybdenum nanoparticles entrapped f-MWCNTs hybrid nanostructured material based non-enzymatic biosensor for electrochemical detection of dopamine neurotransmitter in biological samples. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13075. [PMID: 31506456 PMCID: PMC6736870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a critical neurotransmitter and has been known to be liable for several neurological diseases. Hence, its sensitive and selective detection is essential for the early diagnosis of diseases related to abnormal levels of DA. In this study, we reported novel molybdenum nanoparticles self-supported functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (Mo NPs@f-MWCNTs) based core-shell hybrid nanomaterial with an average diameter of 40–45 nm was found to be the best for electrochemical DA detection. The Mo NPs@f-MWCNTs hybrid material possesses tremendous superiority in the DA sensing is mainly due to the large surface area and numerous electroactive sites. The morphological and structural characteristics of the as-synthesized hybrid nanomaterial were examined by XRD, Raman, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, EDX. The electrochemical characteristics and catalytic behavior of the as-prepared Mo NPs@f-MWCNTs modified screen-printed carbon electrode for the determination of DA were systematically investigated via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and amperometry. The results demonstrate that the developed DA biosensor exhibit a low detection limit of 1.26 nM, excellent linear response of 0.01 µM to 1609 µM with good sensitivity of 4.925 µA µM−1 cm−2. We proposed outstanding appreciable stability sensor was expressed to the real-time detection of DA in the real sample analysis of rat brain, human blood serum, and DA hydrochloride injection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Keerthi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Gopal Boopathy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Tse-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Bih-Show Lou
- Chemistry Division, Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sakthivel R, Kubendhiran S, Chen SM, Kumar JV. Rational design and facile synthesis of binary metal sulfides VS 2-SnS 2 hybrid with functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube for the selective detection of neurotransmitter dopamine. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1071:98-108. [PMID: 31128761 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report a sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for the detection of dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter based on VS2-SnS2/f-MWCNT hybrids. Herein, the binary metal sulfide (VS2-SnS2) was synthesized via single step hydrothermal route and hybrids with f-MWCNT via the ultrasonication process. The as-prepared VS2-SnS2/f-MWCNT hybrids were characterized through the FESEM, EDX and elemental mapping, TEM, XPS, Raman and XRD techniques. The electrochemical performance and catalytic activity of the modified electrodes were probed using electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Interestingly, DPV results exhibits an appreciable linear range from 0.025 to 1017 μM and LOD of 0.008 μM. The selectivity study was performed to prove the high selectivity of the VS2-SnS2/f-MWCNT hybrids modified electrode. Furthermore, the practical applicability of the DA sensor was scrutinized in human serum sample and rat brain sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Sakthivel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jeyaraj Vinoth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, VHNSN College, Virudhunagar, 626001, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Chemistry, Nanomaterials Laboratory, IRC, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, 626 126, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Colorimetric determination of dopamine by exploiting the enhanced oxidase mimicking activity of hierarchical NiCo2S4-rGO composites. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:496. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-3035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
10
|
Advances and challenges in neurochemical profiling of biological samples using mass spectrometry coupled with separation methods. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
11
|
Zhuang X, Chen D, Zhang S, Luan F, Chen L. Reduced graphene oxide functionalized with a CoS2/ionic liquid composite and decorated with gold nanoparticles for voltammetric sensing of dopamine. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:166. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
12
|
Rodríguez-Ramos Á, Gámez-Del-Estal MM, Porta-de-la-Riva M, Cerón J, Ruiz-Rubio M. Impaired Dopamine-Dependent Locomotory Behavior of C. elegans Neuroligin Mutants Depends on the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase COMT-4. Behav Genet 2017; 47:596-608. [PMID: 28879499 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurexins and neuroligins are neuronal membrane adhesion molecules that have been involved in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. The nrx-1 and nlg-1 genes of Caenorhabditis elegans encode NRX-1 and NLG-1, orthologue proteins of human neurexins and neuroligins, respectively. Dopaminergic and serotoninergic signalling control the locomotory rate of the nematode. When well-fed animals are transferred to a plate with food (bacterial lawn), they reduce the locomotory rate. This behavior, which depends on dopamine, is known as basal slowing response (BSR). Alternatively, when food-deprived animals are moved to a plate with a bacterial lawn, further decrease their locomotory rate. This behavior, known as enhanced slowing response (ESR), is serotonin dependent. C. elegans nlg-1-deficient mutants are impaired in BSR and ESR. Here we report that nrx-1-deficient mutants were defective in ESR, but not in BSR. The nrx-1;nlg-1 double mutant was impaired in both behaviors. Interestingly, the nlg-1 mutants upregulate the expression of comt-4 which encodes an enzyme with putative catechol-O-methyltransferase activity involved in dopamine degradation. Our study also shows that comt-4(RNAi) in nlg-1-deficient mutants rescues the wild type phenotypes of BSR and ESR. On the other hand, comt-4(RNAi) in nlg-1-deficient mutants also recovers, at least partially, the gentle touch response and the pharyngeal pumping rate that were impaired in these mutants. These latter behaviors are dopamine and serotonin dependent, respectively. Based on these results we propose a model for the neuroligin function in modulating the dopamine-dependent locomotory behavior in the nematode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía from Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Mar Gámez-Del-Estal
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- University Hospital Reina Sofía from Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Julián Cerón
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Rubio
- Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.
- University Hospital Reina Sofía from Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang HH, Chen XJ, Li WT, Zhou WH, Guo XC, Kang WY, Kou DX, Zhou ZJ, Meng YN, Tian QW, Wu SX. ZnO nanotubes supported molecularly imprinted polymers arrays as sensing materials for electrochemical detection of dopamine. Talanta 2017; 176:573-581. [PMID: 28917792 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study, ZnO nanotubes (ZNTs) were prepared onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and used as supports for MIPs arrays fabrication. Due to the imprinted cavities are always located at both inner and outer surface of ZNTs, these ZNTs supported MIPs arrays have good accessibility towards template and can be used as sensing materials for chemical sensors with high sensitivity, excellent selectivity and fast response. Using K3[Fe(CN)6] as electron probe, the fabricated electrochemical sensor shows two linear dynamic ranges (0.02-5μM and 10-800μM) towards dopamine. This proposed electrochemical sensor has been applied for dopamine determination with satisfied recoveries and precision. More complex human urine samples also confirmed that the proposed method has good accuracy for dopamine determination in real biological samples. These results suggest potential applicability of the proposed method and sensor in important molecule analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hui Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of MOE, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xuan-Jie Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wei-Tian Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wen-Hui Zhou
- The Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of MOE, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Xiu-Chun Guo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Wen-Yi Kang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Dong-Xing Kou
- The Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of MOE, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zheng-Ji Zhou
- The Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of MOE, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yue-Na Meng
- The Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of MOE, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qing-Wen Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of MOE, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Si-Xin Wu
- The Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of MOE, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| |
Collapse
|