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Sharma B, Gadi R. Analytical Tools and Methods for Explosive Analysis in Forensics: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37934616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2274927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes (i) compositions and types of improvised explosive devices; (ii) the process of collection, extraction and analysis of explosive evidence encountered in explosive and related cases; (iii) inter-comparison of analytical techniques; (iv) the challenges and prospects of explosive detection technology. The highlights of this study include extensive information regarding the National & International standards specified by USEPA, ASTM, and so on, for explosives detection. The holistic development of analytical tools for explosive analysis ranging from conventional methods to advanced analytical tools is also covered in this article. The most important aspect of this review is to make forensic scientists familiar with the challenges during explosive analysis and the steps to avoid them. The problems during analysis can be analyte-based, that is, interferences due to matrix or added molding/stabilizing agents, trace amount of parent explosives in post-blast samples and many more. Others are techniques-based challenges viz. specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity of the technique. Thus, it has become a primary concern to adopt rapid, field deployable, and highly sensitive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
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Wang W, Li H, Huang W, Chen C, Xu C, Ruan H, Li B, Li H. Recent development and trends in the detection of peroxide-based explosives. Talanta 2023; 264:124763. [PMID: 37290336 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Peroxide-based explosives (PBEs) are increasingly common in criminal and terrorist activity due to their easy synthesis and high explosive power. The rise in terrorist attacks involving PBEs has heightened the importance of detecting trace amounts of explosive residue or vapors. This paper aims to provide a review on the developments of techniques and instruments for detecting PBEs over the past ten years, specifically discussing advancements in ion mobility spectrometry, ambient mass spectrometry, fluorescence techniques, colorimetric methods, and electrochemical methods. We provide examples to illustrate their evolution and focus on new strategies for improving detection performance, specifically in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, high-throughput, and wide explosives coverage. Finally, we discuss future prospects for PBE detection. It is hoped this treatment will serve as a guide to the novitiate and as aid memoire to the researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China; Jinkai Instrument (Dalian) Company Limited, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Yunnan Police Officer Academy, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China.
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Lin H, Cheng X, Yin MJ, Bao Z, Wei X, Gu B. Flexible porphyrin doped polymer optical fibers for rapid and remote detection of trace DNT vapor. Analyst 2020; 145:5307-5313. [PMID: 32555787 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00706d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of anti-terrorist activities worldwide, it becomes an emerging requirement to rapidly and accurately detect hidden explosive threats. However, the safety issue during the explosive material detection, e.g. unexpected explosion, is still an insurmountable challenge. In this study, we design and mass-produce a novel kind of flexible 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin doped polymer optical fiber (PPOF) for rapid and accurate detection of trace 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) vapor based on the DNT induced florescence quenching mechanism. The influence of doping concentration, bending, and temperature on the sensing performance is investigated. PPOF shows immunity to bending, enabling it to work in a harsh environment. It is experimentally demonstrated that the limit of detection and response time of the proposed PPOF could reach around 120 ppb and 3 minutes, respectively, which make it much better than other techniques. Owning to its inherent advantages including low-cost, remote-control capability, and compatibility with optical communication networking, PPOF can be constructed the quasi-distributed sensing networking of explosive matters in the future, providing a new strategy for anti-terrorism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
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Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of detection and characterization of explosives and explosives residues 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:670-700. [PMID: 33385149 PMCID: PMC7770463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature for the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues from 2016-2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/Resources/Documents#Publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
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Herrera-Chacón A, Torabi F, Faridbod F, Ghasemi JB, González-Calabuig A, del Valle M. Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for the Simultaneous Determination of Three Benzodiazepines. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19225002. [PMID: 31744128 PMCID: PMC6891414 DOI: 10.3390/s19225002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The presented manuscript reports the simultaneous detection of a ternary mixture of the benzodiazepines diazepam, lorazepam, and flunitrazepam using an array of voltammetric sensors and the electronic tongue principle. The electrodes used in the array were selected from a set of differently modified graphite epoxy composite electrodes; specifically, six electrodes were used incorporating metallic nanoparticles of Cu and Pt, oxide nanoparticles of CuO and WO3, plus pristine electrodes of epoxy-graphite and metallic Pt disk. Cyclic voltammetry was the technique used to obtain the voltammetric responses. Multivariate examination using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) justified the choice of sensors in order to get the proper discrimination of the benzodiazepines. Next, a quantitative model to predict the concentrations of mixtures of the three benzodiazepines was built employing the set of voltammograms, and was first processed with the Discrete Wavelet Transform, which fed an artificial neural network response model. The developed model successfully predicted the concentration of the three compounds with a normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of 0.034 and 0.106 for the training and test subsets, respectively, and coefficient of correlation R ≥ 0.938 in the predicted vs. expected concentrations comparison graph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herrera-Chacón
- Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.H.-C.); (F.T.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Farzad Torabi
- Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.H.-C.); (F.T.); (A.G.-C.)
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran;
| | - Farnoush Faridbod
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran;
| | - Jahan B. Ghasemi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran;
| | - Andreu González-Calabuig
- Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.H.-C.); (F.T.); (A.G.-C.)
| | - Manel del Valle
- Sensors and Biosensors Group, Department of Chemistry Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici Cn, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (A.H.-C.); (F.T.); (A.G.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-581-3235
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Zhang L, Wang X, Huang GB, Liu T, Tan X. Taste Recognition in E-Tongue Using Local Discriminant Preservation Projection. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CYBERNETICS 2019; 49:947-960. [PMID: 29994190 DOI: 10.1109/tcyb.2018.2789889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic tongue (E-Tongue), as a novel taste analysis tool, shows a promising perspective for taste recognition. In this paper, we constructed a voltammetric E-Tongue system and measured 13 different kinds of liquid samples, such as tea, wine, beverage, functional materials, etc. Owing to the noise of system and a variety of environmental conditions, the acquired E-Tongue data shows inseparable patterns. To this end, from the viewpoint of algorithm, we propose a local discriminant preservation projection (LDPP) model, an under-studied subspace learning algorithm, that concerns the local discrimination and neighborhood structure preservation. In contrast with other conventional subspace projection methods, LDPP has two merits. On one hand, with local discrimination it has a higher tolerance to abnormal data or outliers. On the other hand, it can project the data to a more separable space with local structure preservation. Further, support vector machine, extreme learning machine (ELM), and kernelized ELM (KELM) have been used as classifiers for taste recognition in E-Tongue. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed E-Tongue is effective for multiple tastes recognition in both efficiency and effectiveness. Particularly, the proposed LDPP-based KELM classifier model achieves the best taste recognition performance of 98%. The developed benchmark data sets and codes will be released and downloaded in http://www.leizhang.tk/ tempcode.html.
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Wei Z, Yang Y, Wang J, Zhang W, Ren Q. The measurement principles, working parameters and configurations of voltammetric electronic tongues and its applications for foodstuff analysis. J FOOD ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Podrażka M, Bączyńska E, Kundys M, Jeleń PS, Witkowska Nery E. Electronic Tongue-A Tool for All Tastes? BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 8:bios8010003. [PMID: 29301230 PMCID: PMC5872051 DOI: 10.3390/bios8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic tongue systems are traditionally used to analyse: food products, water samples and taste masking technologies for pharmaceuticals. In principle, their applications are almost limitless, as they are able to almost completely reduce the impact of interferents and can be applied to distinguish samples of extreme complexity as for example broths from different stages of fermentation. Nevertheless, their applications outside the three principal sample types are, in comparison, rather scarce. In this review, we would like to take a closer look on what are real capabilities of electronic tongue systems, what can be achieved using mixed sensor arrays and by introduction of biosensors or molecularly imprinted polymers in the matrix. We will discuss future directions both in the sense of applications as well as system development in the ever-growing trend of low cost analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Podrażka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bączyńska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, The Nencki Institute PAS, Pasteur Street 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Kundys
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paulina S Jeleń
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Emilia Witkowska Nery
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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Erickson JS, Shriver-Lake LC, Zabetakis D, Stenger DA, Trammell SA. A Simple and Inexpensive Electrochemical Assay for the Identification of Nitrogen Containing Explosives in the Field. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17081769. [PMID: 28767088 PMCID: PMC5579490 DOI: 10.3390/s17081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple and inexpensive electrochemical assay using a custom built hand-held potentiostat for the identification of explosives. The assay is based on a wipe test and is specifically designed for use in the field. The prototype instrument designed to run the assay is capable of performing time-resolved electrochemical measurements including cyclic square wave voltammetry using an embedded microcontroller with parts costing roughly $250 USD. We generated an example library of cyclic square wave voltammograms of 12 compounds including 10 nitroaromatics, a nitramine (RDX), and a nitrate ester (nitroglycine), and designed a simple discrimination algorithm based on this library data for identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Erickson
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Lisa C Shriver-Lake
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Daniel Zabetakis
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - David A Stenger
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
| | - Scott A Trammell
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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