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Kopa-Stojak PN, Pawliczak R. Comparison of the effects of active and passive smoking of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. A systematic review. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:75-89. [PMID: 38394073 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2319315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work attempts to summarize current knowledge on the effects of active and passive smoking of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response mediators, and on their possible impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was searched by the terms: 'smoking', 'active smoking', 'passive smoking', 'main-stream smoke', 'side-stream smoke', 'secondhand smoke', 'cigarette' 'THP', 'tobacco heating product', 'ENDS', 'electronic nicotine delivery system', 'e-cigarette', 'electronic cigarette', oxidative stress', inflammatory response' and 'gene expression'. RESULTS Cigarette smoking (active and passive) induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways. We present the effect of active smoking of e-cigarettes (EC) and heat-not-burn (HnB) products on the increased expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. However, there is only a limited number of studies on the effect of their second-hand smoking, and those available mainly describe aerosol composition. DISCUSSION The literature provides data which confirm that active and passive cigarette smoking induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways and is a key risk factor of COPD development. Currently, there is a limited number of data about ENDS and THP active and passive smoking effects on the health of smokers and never-smokers. It is particularly important to assess the effect of such products during long-term use by never-smokers who choose them as the first type of cigarettes, and for never-smokers who are passively exposed to their aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Natalia Kopa-Stojak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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El-Kaassamani M, Yen M, Talih S, El-Hellani A. Analysis of mainstream emissions, secondhand emissions and the environmental impact of IQOS waste: a systematic review on IQOS that accounts for data source. Tob Control 2022; 33:tobaccocontrol-2021-056986. [PMID: 35568394 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To highlight the general features of IQOS literature focusing on the chemical analysis of IQOS emissions. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched on 8 November 2021 using the terms 'heated tobacco product', 'heat-not-burn', 'IQOS' and 'tobacco heating system' with time restriction (2010-2021). The search yielded 5480 records. STUDY SELECTION Relevant publications on topics related to IQOS assessment were retrieved (n=341). Two reviewers worked separately and reached agreement by consensus. DATA EXTRACTION Data on author affiliation and funding, article type and date of publication were extracted. Publications were categorised depending on their focus and outcomes. Data on IQOS emissions from the chemical analysis category were extracted. DATA SYNTHESIS Of the included publications, 25% were published by Philip Morris International (PMI) affiliates or PMI-funded studies. PMI-sponsored publications on emissions, toxicology assessments and health effects were comparable in number to those reported by independent research, in contrast to publications on IQOS use, market trends and regulation. Data on nicotine yield, carbonyl emissions, other mainstream emissions, secondhand emissions and IQOS waste were compared between data sources to highlight agreement or disagreement between PMI-sponsored and independent research. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis showed agreement between the data sources on nicotine yield from IQOS under the same puffing conditions. Also, both sources agreed that IQOS emits significantly reduced levels of some emissions compared with combustible cigarettes. However, independent studies and examination of PMI's data showed significant increases in other emissions from and beyond the Food and Drug Administration's harmful and potentially harmful constituents list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak El-Kaassamani
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Miaoshan Yen
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Soha Talih
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Public Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Lu F, Yu M, Chen C, Liu L, Zhao P, Shen B, Sun R. The Emission of VOCs and CO from Heated Tobacco Products, Electronic Cigarettes, and Conventional Cigarettes, and Their Health Risk. TOXICS 2021; 10:toxics10010008. [PMID: 35051050 PMCID: PMC8781168 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The differences in aerosol composition between new tobacco types (heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes) and conventional cigarettes have not been systematically studied. In this study, the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, and tar from heated tobacco products (HTPs), electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and conventional cigarettes were compared, and their health risks were evaluated by applying the same smoking regime and a loss mechanism of smoking. Twenty VOCs were identified in aerosols from HTPs, 18 VOCs were identified in aerosols from e-cigarettes, and 97 VOCs were identified in aerosols from cigarettes by GC–MS and HPLC analysis. The concentrations of total VOCs (TVOCs) emitted by the three types of tobacco products decreased as follows: e-cigarettes (795.4 mg/100 puffs) > cigarettes (83.29 mg/100 puffs) > HTPs (15.65 mg/100 puffs). The nicotine content was 24.63 ± 2.25 mg/100 puffs for e-cigarettes, 22.94 ± 0.03 mg/100 puffs for cigarettes, and 8.817 ± 0.500 mg/100 puffs for HTPs. When using cigarettes of the same brand, the mass concentrations of VOCs, tar, and CO emitted by HTPs were approximately 81.2%, 95.9%, and 97.5%, respectively, lower than the amounts emitted by cigarettes. The health risk results demonstrated that the noncarcinogenic risk of the three types of tobacco products decreased as follows: cigarettes (3609.05) > HTPs (2449.70) > acceptable level (1) > e-cigarettes (0.91). The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) decreased as follows: cigarettes (2.99 × 10−4) > HTPs (9.92 × 10−5) > e-cigarettes (4.80 × 10−5) > acceptable level (10−6). In general, HTPs and e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes when the emission of VOCs and CO was considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengju Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China;
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Miao Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Chaoxian Chen
- Research & Development Department, Shenzhen YouMe Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518000, China;
| | - Lijun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Peng Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
| | - Boxiong Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China;
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ran Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Energy Utilization and Pollutant Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China; (M.Y.); (L.L.); (P.Z.); (R.S.)
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Comprehensive Air Quality Assessment of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 under Simulated Indoor Environments. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12080989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the growing popularity of heated tobacco products, there are few comprehensive studies on their environmental aerosols. Therefore, the impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2) on indoor air quality was evaluated on the basis of a comprehensive list of 31 airborne constituents along with targeted screening of the gas–vapor and particulate phases of the environmental aerosol. The assessments were conducted at three ventilation rates. Indoor use of THS 2.2 increased the levels of nicotine, acetaldehyde, glycerin, and (if mentholated products were used) menthol relative to background levels, with a corresponding increase in total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) values. Moreover, a temporary increase in ultrafine particles was observed when two or more tobacco sticks were used simultaneously or with a short time lapse between usages, but the concentrations returned to close to background levels almost immediately. This is because THS 2.2 generates an aerosol of liquid droplets, which evaporate quickly. Nicotine, acetaldehyde, glycerin, and TVOC levels were measured in the low μg/m3 range and were below the existing guideline limits. A comparison of airborne constituent levels during indoor THS 2.2 use with emissions from combustion products and common everyday activities revealed a substantially lower impact of THS 2.2 on the indoor environment.
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Mitova MI, Cluse C, Goujon-Ginglinger CG, Kleinhans S, Rotach M, Tharin M. Human chemical signature: Investigation on the influence of human presence and selected activities on concentrations of airborne constituents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113518. [PMID: 31753636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the very presence of human beings in an enclosed environment can impact air quality by affecting the concentrations of certain airborne volatile organic compounds (VOC). This influence increases considerably when humans perform different activities, such as using toiletries, or simply eating and drinking. To understand the influence of these parameters on the concentrations of selected airborne constituents, a study was performed under simulated residential conditions in an environmentally-controlled exposure room. The human subjects either simply remained for a certain time in the exposure room, or performed pre-defined activities in the room (drinking wine, doing sport, using toiletries, and preparation of a meal containing melted cheese). The impact of each activity was assessed separately using our analytical platform and exposure room under controlled environmental conditions. The results showed that prolonged human presence leads to increased levels of isoprene, TVOCs, formaldehyde and, to a lesser extent, acetaldehyde. These outcomes were further supported by results of meta-analyses of data acquired during several internal studies performed over two years. Furthermore, it was seen that the indoor concentrations of several of the selected constituents rose when the recreational and daily living activities were performed. Indeed, an increase in acetaldehyde was observed for all tested conditions, and these higher indoor levels were especially notable during wine-drinking as well as cheese meal preparation. Formaldehyde increased during the sessions involving sport, using toiletries, and cheese meal preparation. Like acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and particulate matter levels rose significantly during the cheese meal preparation session. In conclusion, prolonged human residence indoors and some recreational and daily living activities caused substantial emissions of several airborne pollutants under ventilation typical for residential environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya I Mitova
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Camille Cluse
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Samuel Kleinhans
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Rotach
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Tharin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Meišutovič-Akhtarieva M, Prasauskas T, Čiužas D, Krugly E, Keraitytė K, Martuzevičius D, Kaunelienė V. Impacts of exhaled aerosol from the usage of the tobacco heating system to indoor air quality: A chamber study. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:474-482. [PMID: 30784754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol particle, carbonyl, and nicotine concentrations were analysed as pollutants affecting indoor air quality during the usage of electrically-heated tobacco product - the Tobacco Heating System (THS). Quantitative experimental variables included THS use intensity as number of parallel users (1, 3, or 5), distance to the bystander (0.5, 1, or 2 m), as well as environmental conditions in a chamber: ventilation intensity as air changes per hour (0.2, 0.5, or 1 h-1), and relative humidity (RH, 30, 50 or 70%). The real-time particle number (PNC), CO and CO2 concentration, as well as off-line acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, nicotine, and 3-ethenylpyridine concentration was measured during and after the active usage. Use of THS resulted in a statistically significant increase of several analytes including nicotine, acetaldehyde, PM2.5, and PNC as compared to the background. The obtained levels were significantly lower (approximately 16, 8, 8 and 28 times for nicotine, acetaldehyde, PNC and PM2.5, respectively) compared to the levels resulting from conventional cigarette (CC) smoking under identical conditions. The maximum 30 min concentration of PNC (4.8 × 105 #/cm3), as well as maximum concentration of PNC (9.3 × 106 #/cm3) suggest that the intensive use of THS in a confined space with limited ventilation might cause substantially elevated aerosol concentrations, although these particles appeared as highly volatile ones and evaporated within seconds. Generally, the usage intensity (number of simultaneous users) prevailed as the most important factor positively affecting pollutant variations; another important factor was the distance to bystander.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Meišutovič-Akhtarieva
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Tadas Prasauskas
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Darius Čiužas
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Krugly
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Keraitytė
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Martuzevičius
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Violeta Kaunelienė
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania.
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Dautzenberg B, Dautzenberg MD. [Systematic analysis of the scientific literature on heated tobacco]. Rev Mal Respir 2019; 36:82-103. [PMID: 30429092 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tobacco industry (TI) reports that heated tobacco reduces risk of tobacco use and will replace cigarettes. An analysis of the scientific literature was conducted in order to enlighten professionals and decision-makers. METHOD After a Medline query in February 2018, a systematic analysis was conducted. RESULTS Of the 100 papers published in 2008-2018, 75 have authors affiliated or linked to TI. Emissions contain gases, droplets and solid particles, so are smokes. The main products are: THS2.2 (Iqos®) which heats mini-cigarettes at 340°C, the THP1.0 (Glo®) which heats at 240°C sticks delivering about half as much nicotine, Ploom® which uses reconstituted tobacco microcapsules heated at 180°C. Under the experimental conditions, there is a reduction of toxic emissions and biological effects, but the expected risk reduction is not demonstrated. Symptoms related to passive smoking are described. The 4 epidemiological articles report that heated tobacco is used in 10 to 45% of cases by non-smokers and demonstrate the effectiveness of TI promotion campaigns. Thus, the THS2.2 is more a gateway to smoking (20%) than an exit door (11%); moreover, it is not expected risk reduction among the 69% who are mixed users. CONCLUSIONS While reducing emissions is documented, reducing the risk to the smoker who switches to heated-tobacco remains to be demonstrated. On the other hand, the worsening of the global tobacco risk related to the promotion of the products by the TI is anticipated, justifying that the authorities take the appropriate measures to control the promotion of heated tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dautzenberg
- Service de pharmacologie, Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France; Consultation de médecine, hôpital Marmottan, 75017 Paris, France; Consultation de tabacologie, institut Arthur-Vernes, 75006 Paris, France; Paris sans tabac, 14, avenue Bosquet, 75007 Paris, France.
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Gómez Lueso M, Mitova MI, Mottier N, Schaller M, Rotach M, Goujon-Ginglinger CG. Development and validation of a method for quantification of two tobacco-specific nitrosamines in indoor air. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1580:90-99. [PMID: 30391037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and accurate method for the quantification of 1'-Demethyl-1'-nitrosonicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in indoor air was developed and validated. To this aim, a novel approach for the collection of two tobacco-specific nitrosamines, using silica sorbent cartridges followed by simplified sample preparation and isotope dilution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, was applied. This procedure led to a substantial improvement in terms of sensitivity and sample throughput as compared with methods using conventional trapping. For the validation, a matrix-based approach using an accuracy profile procedure was selected. The evaluated matrices were background air samples, environmental aerosols of a heat-not-burn tobacco product (Tobacco Heating System [THS] 2.2, commercialized under the brand IQOS®), a rechargeable electronic cigarette (Solaris®), and the environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) of a conventional cigarette (Marlboro Gold®). The method showed excellent recoveries, sensitivity, and precision. The limits of detection of the method for NNN and NNK were 0.0108 ng/m3 and 0.0136 ng/m3, respectively. The calibration range of the instrument spanned 0.2-60 ng/mL. The calculated lower working range limit (LWRL) of the method for NNN was 0.126 ng/m3, and the LWRL for NNK was 0.195 ng/m3. The method was applied to evaluate surrogate environmental aerosols generated using smoking machines. This model is reliable but gives a large overestimation of the possible impact of THS 2.2 and e-cigarettes on indoor air, because the retention of NNN and NNK in the body of the consumers is not taken into account. As a consequence, the values reported do not reflect a real-life setting. The contents of the two target compounds in the surrogate environmental aerosols were 0.0830 ± 0.0153 ng/m3 of NNN and 0.0653 ± 0.0138 ng/m3 of NNK for THS 2.2, 0.0561 ± 0.0296 ng/m3 of NNN for e-cigarettes, and 0.816 ± 0.109 ng/m3 of NNN and 4.13 ± 1.04 ng/m3 NNK for cigarettes. These values correspond to 10% of the measured ETS concentration for NNN in environmental aerosols of THS 2.2 and 7% for those of e-cigarettes. For NNK, the value for the environmental aerosol of THS 2.2 was 2% of the ETS value.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gómez Lueso
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maya I Mitova
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Mottier
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; Service de la Consommation et des Affaires Vétérinaires, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Schaller
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Michel Rotach
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Kaunelienė V, Meišutovič-Akhtarieva M, Martuzevičius D. A review of the impacts of tobacco heating system on indoor air quality versus conventional pollution sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:568-578. [PMID: 29778082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the introduction of novel and potentially less polluting nicotine containing products to the market, the impacts of their usage to indoor air quality as opposed to conventional pollution sources must be reviewed and considered. This review study aimed to comparatively analyse changes in indoor air quality as the consequence of tobacco heating system (THS) generated pollution against general indoor air quality in various micro-environments, especially with combustion-based pollution sources present. Indoor concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, toluene, nicotine and PM2.5 were reviewed and compared; concentrations of other harmful and potentially harmful substances (HPHCs) were discussed. Generally, the usage of THS has been associated with lower or comparable indoor air pollutant concentrations compared against other conventional indoor sources or environments, in most cases distinguishable above background, thus potentially being associated with health effects at prolonged exposures as any other artificial air pollution source. In the controlled environment the use of THS (as well as an electronic cigarette) resulted in the lowest concentrations of formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, PM2.5, among majority researched pollution sources (conventional cigarettes, waterpipe, incense, mosquito coils). The exposure to significantly higher pollution levels of benzene, toluene, and formaldehyde occurred in public environments, especially transport micro-environments. Such low levels of conventionally-assessed indoor pollutants resulting from the use of new nicotine containing products raise challenges for epidemiological studies of second-hand exposure to THS aerosol in real-life environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Kaunelienė
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania.
| | - Marija Meišutovič-Akhtarieva
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
| | - Dainius Martuzevičius
- Department of Environmental Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu pl. 19, Kaunas, LT50254, Lithuania
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Buratto R, Correia D, Parel M, Crenna M, Bilger M, Debrick A. Determination of eight carbonyl compounds in aerosols trapped in phosphate buffer saline solutions to support in vitro assessment studies. Talanta 2018; 184:42-49. [PMID: 29674064 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When investigating the toxicological impact of aerosols using in vitro systems like cell cultures, it is essential to have a quantitative measurement of the chemicals that the cells are exposed to. Carbonyl compounds represent an important class of marker compounds for in vitro and in vivo exposure to different toxicological agents, including cigarette smoke (CS). A new LC-MS/MS method that quantifies eight of these analytes in aerosols trapped in phosphate-buffered saline solutions has been developed to measure exposure. During the method development phase, particular attention has been paid to the efficient derivatization of the target compounds in the trapped aerosols and to avoid the formation of poly-derivatized molecules, which could lead to inaccurate quantifications. The method has been successively validated using the accuracy profile procedure. Selectivity, detection limits, precision, and accuracy have been evaluated for Vitrocell®, Gas Vapor Phase (GVP), and Whole Smoke (WS) matrices of smoke generated by 3R4F cigarettes and aerosol generated by the Tobacco Heating System (THS) 2.2, a heat-not-burn tobacco product developed by Philip Morris International (Smith et al., 2016) [1]. Validation results confirmed that the established working ranges also allow the analysis of THS aerosols, where the concentrations of carbonyl compounds are substantially lower than those generated by 3R4F cigarettes. Moreover, data gathered on 3R4F aerosol samples trapped with DNPH in acetonitrile solutions have been compared to the quantification given by an in-house UHPLC-MS/MS and reference values from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Buratto
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Correia
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Monique Parel
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maude Crenna
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Bilger
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Debrick
- PMI R&D (Part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Ichitsubo H, Kotaki M. Indoor air quality (IAQ) evaluation of a Novel Tobacco Vapor (NTV) product. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 92:278-294. [PMID: 29277437 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The impact of using a Novel Tobacco Vapor (NTV) product on indoor air quality (IAQ) was simulated using an environmentally-controlled chamber. Three environmental simulations were examined; two non-smoking areas (conference room and dining room) and one ventilated smoking area (smoking lounge). IAQ was evaluated by (i) measuring constituents in the mainstream NTV product emissions, (ii) and by determining classical environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and representative air quality markers. Analysis of the mainstream emissions revealed that vapor from the NTV product is chemically simpler than cigarette smoke. ETS markers (RSP, UVPM, FPM, solanesol, nicotine, 3-ethenylpyridine), volatile organic compound (toluene), carbon monoxide, propylene glycol, glycerol, and triacetin were below the limit of detection or the limit of quantification in both the non-smoking and smoking environments after using the NTV product. The concentrations of ammonia, carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone), and total volatile organic compounds were the same levels found in the chamber without NTV use. There was no significant increase in the levels of formaldehyde, acetone or ammonia in exhaled breath following NTV use. In summary, under the simulations tested, the NTV product had no measurable effect on the IAQ, in either non-smoking or smoking areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ichitsubo
- Tobacco Science Research Center, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Misato Kotaki
- Corporate, Scientific and Regulatory Affairs Div., Tobacco Business Headquarters, Japan Tobacco Inc., JT Bldg. 2-2-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8422, Japan
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Forster M, McAughey J, Prasad K, Mavropoulou E, Proctor C. Assessment of tobacco heating product THP1.0. Part 4: Characterisation of indoor air quality and odour. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 93:34-51. [PMID: 28989082 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco heating product THP1.0, which heats but does not burn tobacco, was tested as part of a modified-risk tobacco product assessment framework for its impacts on indoor air quality and residual tobacco smoke odour. THP1.0 heats the tobacco to less than 240 °C ± 5 °C during puffs. An environmentally controlled room was used to simulate ventilation conditions corresponding to residential, office and hospitality environments. An analysis of known tobacco smoke constituents, included CO, CO2, NO, NO2, nicotine, glycerol, 3-ethenyl pyridine, sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, eight volatile organic compounds, four carbonyls, four tobacco-specific nitrosamines and total aerosol particulate matter. Significant emissions reductions in comparison to conventional cigarettes were measured for THP1.0. Levels of nicotine, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and particulate matter emitted from THP1.0 exceeded ambient air measurements, but were more than 90% reduced relative to cigarette smoke emissions within the laboratory conditions defined Residual tobacco smoke odour was assessed by trained sensory panels after exposure of cloth, hair and skin to both mainstream and environmental emissions from the test products. Residual tobacco smoke odour was significantly lower from THP1.0 than from a conventional cigarette. These data show that using THP1.0 has the potential to result in considerably reduced environmental emissions that affect indoor air quality relative to conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Forster
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - John McAughey
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - Krishna Prasad
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Eleni Mavropoulou
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
| | - Christopher Proctor
- Research and Development, British American Tobacco Investments Ltd, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, UK
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Comparison of the impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 and a cigarette on indoor air quality. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:91-101. [PMID: 27311683 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2) on indoor air quality was evaluated in an environmentally controlled room using ventilation conditions recommended for simulating "Office", "Residential" and "Hospitality" environments and was compared with smoking a lit-end cigarette (Marlboro Gold) under identical experimental conditions. The concentrations of eighteen indoor air constituents (respirable suspended particles (RSP) < 2.5 μm in diameter), ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM), solanesol, 3-ethenylpyridine, nicotine, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, isoprene, toluene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, and combined oxides of nitrogen) were measured. In simulations evaluating THS 2.2, the concentrations of most studied analytes did not exceed the background concentrations determined when non-smoking panelists were present in the environmentally controlled room under equivalent conditions. Only acetaldehyde and nicotine concentrations were increased above background concentrations in the "Office" (3.65 and 1.10 μg/m(3)), "Residential" (5.09 and 1.81 μg/m(3)) and "Hospitality" (1.40 and 0.66 μg/m(3)) simulations, respectively. Smoking Marlboro Gold resulted in greater increases in the concentrations of acetaldehyde (58.8, 83.8 and 33.1 μg/m(3)) and nicotine (34.7, 29.1 and 34.6 μg/m(3)) as well as all other measured indoor air constituents in the "Office", "Residential" and "Hospitality" simulations, respectively.
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