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Trojanowicz M, Pyszynska M. Flow-Injection Methods in Water Analysis-Recent Developments. Molecules 2022; 27:1410. [PMID: 35209198 PMCID: PMC8879103 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread demand for the analysis and control of water quality and supply for human activity and ecosystem sustainability has necessitated the continuous improvement of water analysis methods in terms of their reliability, efficiency, and costs. To satisfy these requirements, flow-injection analysis using different detection methods has successfully been developed in recent decades. This review, based on about 100 original research papers, presents the achievements in this field over the past ten years. Various methodologies for establishing flow-injection measurements are reviewed, together with microfluidics and portable systems. The developed applications mostly concern not only the determination of inorganic analytes but also the speciation analysis of different elements, and the determination of several total indices of water quality. Examples of the determination of organic residues (e.g., pesticides, phenolic compounds, and surfactants) in natural surface waters, seawater, groundwater, and drinking water have also been identified. Usually, changes in the format of manual procedures for flow-injection determination results in the improvement of various operational parameters, such as the limits of detection, the sampling rate, or selectivity in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Trojanowicz
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 02-195 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Pyszynska
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Methods, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 02-195 Warsaw, Poland;
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Chen L, Xu J, Wang T, Huang Y, Yuan D, Gong Z. Toward a versatile flow technique: Development and application of reverse flow dual-injection analysis (rFDIA) for determining dissolved iron redox species and soluble reactive phosphorus in seawater. Talanta 2021; 232:122404. [PMID: 34074395 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A versatile flow analyzer that extended the features of reverse flow injection analysis (rFIA) was developed in this study and named reverse flow dual-injection analysis (rFDIA). Compared with typical rFIA, the analyzer requires less reagent and is more environmentally friendly, which has two injection valves and two reagent loops for the accurate and successive injection of two reagents. With a 2-m long liquid waveguide capillary cell (LWCC) and a spectrophotometer, the analyzer was applied to underway determination of dissolved iron redox species in estuarine and coastal waters. Detection limits of 0.18 and 0.20 nmol L-1 were achieved for Fe(II) and Fe(II + III), respectively and a linear dynamic range of 0.5-450 nmol L-1 was obtained for both Fe(II) and Fe(II + III). The sample throughput for the simultaneous measurement of Fe(II) and Fe(II + III) was 12 h-1, and each analysis consumed only 8 mL sample, 520 μL ferrozine solution, and 260 μL ascorbic acid solution. The analyzer was also used to measure nanomolar amounts of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in seawater. The detection limit and the linear dynamic range for the SRP assay were 0.5 nmol L-1 and 1.5-850 nmol L-1. For SRP determination, the sample throughput was 20 h-1, and each analysis required 9 mL of sample, 130 μL of mixed reagent solution and 260 μL of ascorbic acid. The analytical results were reproducible, with a relative standard deviation of 1.4% (2.5 nmol L-1, n = 10), 2.1% (2.5 nmol L-1, n = 10), and 2.1% (10 nmol L-1, n = 11) for Fe(II), Fe(II + III), and SRP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luodan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yongming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Dongxing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhenbin Gong
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Kaewjua K, Nakthong P, Chailapakul O, Siangproh W. Flow-based System: A Highly Efficient Tool Speeds Up Data Production and Improves Analytical Performance. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:79-92. [PMID: 32981899 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20sar02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we cite references from the period between 2015 and 2020 related to the use of a flow-based system as a tool to obtain a modern analytical system for speeding up data production and improving performance. Based on a great deal of concepts for automatic systems, there are several research groups introduced in the development of flow-based systems to increase sample throughput while retaining the reproducibility and repeatability as well as to propose new platforms of flow-based systems, such as microfluidic chip and paper-based devices. Additionally, to apply a developed system for on-site analysis is one of the key features for development. We believe that this review will be very interested and useful for readers because of its impact on developing novel analytical systems. The content of the review is categorized following their applications including quality control and food safety, clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring and miscellaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantima Kaewjua
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Prangthip Nakthong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand
| | - Orawon Chailapakul
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Weena Siangproh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok, 10110, Thailand.
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Ribas TCF, Mesquita RBR, Moniz T, Rangel M, Rangel AOSS. Greener and wide applicability range flow-based spectrophotometric method for iron determination in fresh and marine water. Talanta 2020; 216:120925. [PMID: 32456899 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A flow-based method for the spectrophotometric determination of iron in recreational waters, both fresh and marine (variable salinity content), was developed. For that purpose, 3-hydroxy-4-pyrydinone ligand functionalized with an ether function was synthetized and used as chromogenic chelator (1-(3'-methoxypropyl)-2-methyl-3-benzyloxy-4-(1H)pyridinone - MRB13) for iron quantification. This water-soluble reagent was previously reported as a greener alternative to quantify iron, due to its low toxicity and a more environmental friendly synthesis. Furthermore, it also displayed a high affinity and specificity for iron. With the main objective of quantifying iron in a variety of water types (different matrices and iron content), two strategies were developed, one of them including on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE), and the other without resorting to a SPE process. Water matrix clean-up and iron enrichment was achieved using a nitrilotriacetic acid resin column. The potential interference of metal ions usually present in water samples was assessed and no significant interference (<10%) was observed. The limits of detection were 11 and 2.9 μg L-1 without and with SPE, respectively. For one determination (three replicates), the corresponding consumption of MRB13 is 90 μg, sodium hydroxide is 1.4 mg, and boric acid is 5.6 mg. The method was applied to certified water samples and the results were in agreement with certified values. The developed method was also applied to fresh and marine water, and recovery ratios of 103 ± 4 and 101 ± 7 without and with SPE, respectively, were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia C F Ribas
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel B R Mesquita
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Moniz
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rangel
- REQUIMTE-LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE-LAQV, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - António O S S Rangel
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
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Zhu X, Ma J. Recent advances in the determination of phosphate in environmental water samples: Insights from practical perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Simple simultaneous determination of iron and manganese by sequential injection spectrophotometry using astilbin extracted from Smilax china L. root. Talanta 2019; 191:307-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lin B, Xu J, Lin K, Li M, Lu M. Low-Cost Automatic Sensor for in Situ Colorimetric Detection of Phosphate and Nitrite in Agricultural Water. ACS Sens 2018; 3:2541-2549. [PMID: 30406654 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study proposed a low-cost sensor for in situ automatic monitoring of phosphate and nitrite in agricultural water environments, involving a series of "Fish-Bite" reservoirs, multiple reagent capsules, and a colorimetric sensor. The Fish-Bite reservoir is an alternative to the pumps, valves, and filters that are widely used for water sample collection and also offers a closed cell for chromogenic reactions afterward. Up to two capsules can be embedded in each reservoir to support chromogenic reactions that use two different reagents in sequence. From the results of calibration tests in the laboratory, the limit of detection was found to be approximately 0.01 mg/L for both phosphate and nitrite, with a linear range of 0.01-1.00 mg/L for phosphate and 0.01-0.20 mg/L for nitrite. Furthermore, an in situ experiment was successfully carried out in an irrigation canal beside farmland to demonstrate the practicability and robustness of the device. The averaged concentrations of phosphate and nitrite were 0.0113 mg/L and 0.0383 mg/L, respectively. The relative deviations were 20.2% and 11.7%, respectively, referred to results obtained by using the standard spectrophotometric methods. With the advantages of being robust, fast, and low cost, this in situ device is promising for the formation of agricultural sensor networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beichen Lin
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kunning Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingpo Li
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Miao Lu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science & Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Ning J, Luo X, Wang M, Li J, Liu D, Rong H, Chen D, Wang J. Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Sensor Based on Polyelectrolyte Composite Film Decorated Glassy Carbon Electrode for Detection of Nitrite in Curing Food at Sub-Micromolar Level. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102580. [PMID: 30304828 PMCID: PMC6222513 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To ensure food quality and safety, developing cost-effective, rapid and precision analytical techniques for quantitative detection of nitrite is highly desirable. Herein, a novel electrochemical sensor based on the sodium cellulose sulfate/poly (dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (NaCS/PDMDAAC) composite film modified glass carbon electrode (NaCS/PDMDAAC/GCE) was proposed toward the detection of nitrite at sub-micromolar level, aiming to make full use of the inherent properties of individual component (biocompatible, low cost, good electrical conductivity for PDMDAAC; non-toxic, abundant raw materials, good film forming ability for NaCS) and synergistic enhancement effect. The NaCS/PDMDAAC/GCE was fabricated by a simple drop-casting method. Electrochemical behaviors of nitrite at NaCS/PDMDAAC/GCE were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimum conditions, the NaCS/PDMDAAC/GCE exhibits a wide linear response region of 4.0 × 10−8 mol·L−1~1.5 × 10−4 mol·L−1 and a low detection 1imit of 43 nmol·L−1. The NaCS/PDMDAAC shows a synergetic enhancement effect toward the oxidation of nitrite, and the sensing performance is much better than the previous reports. Moreover, the NaCS/PDMDAAC also shows good stability and reproducibility. The NaCS/PDMDAAC/GCE was successfully applied to the determination of nitrite in ham sausage with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingheng Ning
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410110, China.
| | - Xin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410110, China.
| | - Min Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410110, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410110, China.
| | - Donglin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410110, China.
| | - Hou Rong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410110, China.
| | - Donger Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410110, China.
| | - Jianhui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410110, China.
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Simultaneous determination of total dissolved nitrogen and total dissolved phosphorus in natural waters with an on-line UV and thermal digestion. Talanta 2018; 185:419-426. [PMID: 29759221 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A flow injection method combined with an on-line UV and thermal digestion for simultaneous determination of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP) in natural waters was established in this study. A novel flow manifold made the proposed system compact and automatic. The conversion rates of various nitrogen and phosphorus compounds to their nitrate and phosphate forms with different digestion models and different concentrations were well investigated using the flow injection technique. The reagent concentrations for colorimetric analysis were optimized based on a univariate experimental design. The detection limits were 0.8 μmol L-1 and 0.2 μmol L-1, and linear analytical ranges were up to 300 μmol L-1 and 25 μmol L-1 for TDN and TDP, respectively. The sample throughput was ~ 5 h-1. The recovery of spiked natural water samples varied from 86.8% to 102.6% for TDN and 88.0% to 102.0% for TDP. The present approach was successfully applied for the determination of TDN and TDP in natural water samples and was found to have good agreement with reference methods. The outcomes of present study indicated that the proposed method is suitable for routine analysis as well as for potential on-line monitoring.
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