1
|
Baron D, Pluháček T, Petr J. Characterization of Nanoparticles in Mixtures by Taylor Dispersion Analysis Hyphenated to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5658-5663. [PMID: 38529586 PMCID: PMC11007675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
A novel methodology for investigating the behavior of nanoparticles in their mixtures in aqueous high-ionic strength conditions is presented in this work. Our approach utilizes Taylor dispersion analysis in capillaries connected to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to probe metal-derived nanoparticles. This methodology simultaneously distinguishes between different kinds of nanoparticles and accurately determines their essential parameters, such as hydrodynamic size, diffusion coefficient, and elemental composition. Moreover, the isotope-specific ICP-MS detection allows for unique targeting of the fate of isotopically enriched nanoparticles. The complexity of our methodology opens the way for studying barely explored areas of interparticle interactions or unequivocal characterization of one type of nanoparticle in complex mixtures without any need for calibration as well as labor-consuming sample preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baron
- Department of Analytical Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Palacký University
Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pluháček
- Department of Analytical Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Palacký University
Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petr
- Department of Analytical Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Palacký University
Olomouc, 17. Listopadu 12, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gouyon J, Boudier A, Barakat F, Pallotta A, Clarot I. Taylor dispersion analysis of metallic-based nanoparticles - A short review. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:2377-2391. [PMID: 36153831 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) is an interesting tool for nanoparticle (NP) size determination, feasible using simple capillary electrophoresis apparatus. Based upon the radial diffusion of analytes upon a laminar stream, the diffusion coefficient of species is easily estimable. Moreover, TDA is generally more adequate than conventional dynamic light scattering methodologies as it is less dependent on the polydispersity of the sample, leading to accurate measurement and reliable results. This review provides every paper mentioning the use of TDA for metallic-based NPs size determination. Diverse strategies for the detection of metallic NPs (like UV-visible and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry - ICP-MS - for instance) and interpretation of the Taylorgrams are discussed. Based upon the literature, advices on future prospects are also indicated, especially for the comparison of TDA results with other classical techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariane Boudier
- CITHEFOR, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, 54000, France.,Nanocontrol, Nancy, France
| | | | - Arnaud Pallotta
- CITHEFOR, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, 54000, France.,Nanocontrol, Nancy, France
| | - Igor Clarot
- CITHEFOR, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, 54000, France.,Nanocontrol, Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dos Santos EM, Tavares LS, Fayer L, Brandão HM, Munk M, Santos MDO. Nanoencapsulated Lippia rotundifolia antimicrobial peptide: synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity evaluations. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:184. [PMID: 35179654 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-02787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) are promising novel antibiotics but exhibit low stability and can be toxic. The AMP encapsulation can be used to protect the drug and control its release rates. The Lr-AMP1f encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticle (NP) by ionic gelation method reached 90% efficiency. The results indicated that the hydrodynamic particle size of NPs increased from 196.1 ± 3.14 nm (free NP) to 228.1 ± 12.22 nm (nanoencapsulated Lr-AMP1f), while the atomic force microscope showed the spherical shape. The Zeta potential of the nanoencapsulated Lr-AMP1f was high (+ 35 mV). These AMP-loaded NPs exhibited stability for up to 21 days of storage. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of free Lr-AMP1f was 8 µg/mL for E. coli and S. epidermidis. However, the nanoencapsulated Lr-AMP1f produced a bacteriostatic effect against both bacteria at 8 µg/mL. The MIC of nanoencapsulated Lr-AMP1f was 16 µg/mL for E. coli and 32 for S. epidermidis. Nanoencapsulated Lr-AMP1f was nontoxic to HEK293 cells. Promisingly, chitosan NP can be used as a vehicle for the antibacterial application of new AMP (Lr-AMP1f).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisandra M Dos Santos
- Laboratory of g Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia S Tavares
- Laboratory of g Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Leonara Fayer
- Laboratory of g Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Humberto M Brandão
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG, 36038-330, Brazil
| | - Michele Munk
- Laboratory of g Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de O Santos
- Laboratory of g Genetics and Biotechnology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil. .,Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora - José Lourenço Kelmer, Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X, Ma X, Zhang C, Xu R. A comparative study on the interaction of gold nanoparticles with trypsin and pepsin: thermodynamic perspectives. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04020d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study provides accurate and full basic data for clarifying the interaction mechanism of AuNPs with trypsin and pepsin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Li
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Probes, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jin-sui Road, Hong Qi District, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Ma
- Grade 2018, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Congxiao Zhang
- Grade 2018, School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| | - Ruonan Xu
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Probes, School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jin-sui Road, Hong Qi District, Xinxiang, Henan, 453003, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moser MR, Baker CA. Taylor dispersion analysis in fused silica capillaries: a tutorial review. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:2357-2373. [PMID: 33999088 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00588j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biological and pharmaceutical analytes like liposomes, therapeutic proteins, nanoparticles, and drug-delivery systems are utilized in applications, such as pharmaceutical formulations or biomimetic models, in which controlling their size is often critical. Many of the common techniques for sizing these analytes require method development, significant sample preparation, large sample quantities, and lengthy analysis times. In other cases, such as DLS, sizing can be biased towards the largest constituents in a mixture. Therefore, there is a need for more rapid, sensitive, accurate, and straightforward analytical methods for sizing macromolecules, especially those of biological origin which may be sample-limited. Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) is a sizing technique that requires no calibration and consumes only nL to pL sample volumes. In TDA, average diffusion coefficients are determined via the Taylor-Aris equation by characterizing band broadening of an analyte plug under well-controlled laminar flow conditions. Diffusion coefficient can then be interpreted as hydrodynamic radius (RH) via the Stokes-Einstein equation. Here, we offer a tutorial review of TDA, intended to make the method better understood and more widely accessible to a community of analytical chemists and separations scientists who may benefit from the unique advantages of this versatile sizing method. We first provide a tutorial on the fundamental principles that allow TDA to achieve calibration-free sizing of analytes across a wide range of RH, with an emphasis on the reduced sample consumption and analysis times that result from utilizing fused silica capillaries. We continue by highlighting relationships between operating parameters and critically important flow conditions. Our discussion continues by looking at methods for applying TDA to sample mixtures via algorithmic approaches and integration of capillary electrophoresis and TDA. Finally, we present a selection of reports that demonstrate TDA applied to complex challenges in bioanalysis and materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meagan R Moser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Díaz SA, Choo P, Oh E, Susumu K, Klein WP, Walper SA, Hastman DA, Odom TW, Medintz IL. Gold Nanoparticle Templating Increases the Catalytic Rate of an Amylase, Maltase, and Glucokinase Multienzyme Cascade through Substrate Channeling Independent of Surface Curvature. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A. Díaz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 20375, United States
| | - Priscilla Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Kimihiro Susumu
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5600, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- Jacobs Corporation, Hanover, Maryland 21076, United States
| | - William P. Klein
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 20375, United States
| | - Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 20375, United States
| | - David A. Hastman
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 20375, United States
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Teri W. Odom
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C., 20375, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang L, Mazouzi Y, Salmain M, Liedberg B, Boujday S. Antibody-Gold Nanoparticle Bioconjugates for Biosensors: Synthesis, Characterization and Selected Applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 165:112370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
8
|
Balog S. Hydrodynamic Radius of Polymer-Coated Nanoparticles Measured by Taylor Dispersion: A Mathematical Model. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10693-10699. [PMID: 32567303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This theoretical work addresses the characterization of polymer-coated nanoparticles via the analysis of Taylor dispersion experiments. Our focus is on determining the apparent hydrodynamic radius and the related accuracy bias, which results from polydispersity and optical-absorption-weighted averages. To that end, we construct a statistical model addressing joint distributions of particle core size and ligand surface density, which determine the hydrodynamic radius and optical absorption of such nanoparticles. Our model predicts that a polymer shell that is thick compared with the core radius results in a smaller bias than a thin shell, and the bias may become even negative when ligand surface density is sufficiently high.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Balog
- University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Quantum Dots and Gold Nanoparticles as Scaffolds for Enzymatic Enhancement: Recent Advances and the Influence of Nanoparticle Size. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle scaffolds can impart multiple benefits onto immobilized enzymes including enhanced stability, activity, and recoverability. The magnitude of these benefits is modulated by features inherent to the scaffold–enzyme conjugate, amongst which the size of the nanoscaffold itself can be critically important. In this review, we highlight the benefits of enzyme immobilization on nanoparticles and the factors affecting these benefits using quantum dots and gold nanoparticles as representative materials due to their maturity. We then review recent literature on the use of these scaffolds for enzyme immobilization and as a means to dissect the underlying mechanisms. Detailed analysis of the literature suggests that there is a “sweet-spot” for scaffold size and the ratio of immobilized enzyme to scaffold, with smaller scaffolds and lower enzyme:scaffold ratios generally providing higher enzymatic activities. We anticipate that ongoing studies of enzyme immobilization onto nanoscale scaffolds will continue to sharpen our understanding of what gives rise to beneficial characteristics and allow for the next important step, namely, that of translation to large-scale processes that exploit these properties.
Collapse
|
10
|
Li X, Yin Z, Cui X, Yang L. Capillary electrophoresis-integrated immobilized enzyme microreactor with graphene oxide as support: Immobilization of negatively charged L-lactate dehydrogenase via hydrophobic interactions. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:175-182. [PMID: 31743461 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report the first application of hydrophobic interaction between graphene oxide (GO) and negatively charged enzymes to fabricate CE-integrated immobilized enzyme microreactors (IMERs) by a simple and reliable immobilization procedure based on layer by layer assembly. L-lactate dehydrogenase (L-LDH), which is negatively charged during the enzymatic reaction, is selected as the model enzyme. Various spectroscopic techniques, including SEM, FTIR, and UV-vis are used to characterize the fabricated CE-IMERs, demonstrating the successful immobilization of enzymes on the negatively charged GO layer in the capillary surface. The IMER exhibits excellent repeatability with RSDs of inter-day and batch-to-batch less than 3.49 and 6.37%, respectively, and the activity of immobilized enzymes remains about 90% after five-day usage. The measured Km values of pyruvate and NADH of the immobilized L-LDH are in good agreement with those obtained by free enzymes. The results demonstrate that the hydrophobic interactions and/or π-π stacking is significant between the GO backbone and the aromatic residues of L-LDH and favorable to fabrication of CE-integrated IMERs. Finally, the method is successfully applied to the determination of pyruvate in beer samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Zhengri Yin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Yanbian University, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Xiujun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu S, Lämmerhofer M. Functionalized gold nanoparticles for sample preparation: A review. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2438-2461. [PMID: 31056767 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sample preparation is a crucial step for the reliable and accurate analysis of both small molecule and biopolymers which often involves processes such as isolation, pre-concentration, removal of interferences (purification), and pre-processing (e.g., enzymatic digestion) of targets from a complex matrix. Gold nanoparticle (GNP)-assisted sample preparation and pre-concentration has been extensively applied in many analytical procedures in recent years due to the favorable and unique properties of GNPs such as size-controlled synthesis, large surface-to-volume ratio, surface inertness, straightforward surface modification, easy separation requiring minimal manipulation of samples. This review article primarily focuses on applications of GNPs in sample preparation, in particular for bioaffinity capture and biocatalysis. In addition, their most common synthesis, surface modification and characterization methods are briefly summarized. Proper surface modification for GNPs designed in accordance to their target application directly influence their functionalities, e.g., extraction efficiencies, and catalytic efficiencies. Characterization of GNPs after synthesis and modification is worthwhile for monitoring and controlling the fabrication process to ensure proper quality and functionality. Parameters such as morphology, colloidal stability, and physical/chemical properties can be assessed by methods such as surface plasmon resonance, dynamic light scattering, ζ-potential determinations, transmission electron microscopy, Taylor dispersion analysis, and resonant mass measurement, among others. The accurate determination of the surface coverage appears to be also mandatory for the quality control of functionality of the nanoparticles. Some promising applications of (functionalized) GNPs for bioanalysis and sample preparation are described herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Liu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oukacine F, Gèze A, Choisnard L, Putaux JL, Stahl JP, Peyrin E. Inline Coupling of Electrokinetic Preconcentration Method to Taylor Dispersion Analysis for Size-Based Characterization of Low-UV-Absorbing Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2493-2500. [PMID: 29359557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The inline coupling of the field-amplified sample injection (FASI) to Taylor dispersion analysis (TDA) was used to characterize low-UV absorbing carboxylated silica nanoparticles (cNPs). The hydrodynamic diameters (Dh) were measured by using a commercial capillary electrophoresis instrument. The proposed methodology did not require any complicated instruments or chromophoric dye to increase the detection sensitivity. A practical method based on a half-Gaussian fitting was proposed for the data processing. The results obtained by this method were compared with those derived from dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. From these results, it appeared that the size derived by TDA is in excellent agreement with those measured by DLS and TEM, as demonstrated by stable nanoparticles with narrow size distributions. Intermediate precision relative standard deviations less than 5% were obtained by FASI-TDA. The effect of the FASI-induced cNP peak dispersion on the reliability of the results was discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Oukacine
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DPM, CNRS UMR 5063 , F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Annabelle Gèze
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DPM, CNRS UMR 5063 , F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Luc Choisnard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DPM, CNRS UMR 5063 , F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Paul Stahl
- Infectiologie, Univ. et CHU Grenoble Alpes , 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Eric Peyrin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, DPM, CNRS UMR 5063 , F-38041 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu S, Horak J, Höldrich M, Lämmerhofer M. Accurate and reliable quantification of the protein surface coverage on protein-functionalized nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 989:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
14
|
Choi S, Jeong Y, Yu J. Temperature and Viscosity Dependence of Gold Nanodot Luminescence. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sungmoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Education; Seoul National University; 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu 08826 Seoul South Korea
| | - Yujin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Education; Seoul National University; 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu 08826 Seoul South Korea
| | - Junhua Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Education; Seoul National University; 1 Gwanak-Ro, Gwanak-Gu 08826 Seoul South Korea
| |
Collapse
|