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Wang Y, Hu X, Long Z, Adams E, Li J, Xu M, Liang C, Ning B, Hu C, Zhang Y. Proteomic analysis of Penicillin G acylases and resulting residues in semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463365. [PMID: 35907366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase (PGA), as a key enzyme, is increasingly used in the commercial production of semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics (SSBAs). With the substitution of conventional chemical synthesis by emerging bioconversion processes, more and more PGAs fermented from different types of strains such as Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC 11105), Achromobacter sp. CCM 4824 and Providencia rettgeri (ATCC 31052) have been used in this kind of enzymatic processes. As an intermediate reaction catalyst, PGA protein and its presence in the final products may cause a potential risk of human allergic reaction and bring challenges for both quality and process controls. To achieve qualitative and quantitative analysis of PGAs and their residues in SSBAs, a tryptic digestion coupled with liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and proposed because of advantages like high selectivity and sensitivity. A suitable filter aided sample preparation (FASP) method was also used to remove matrix interference and to enrich the target PGA retained in the ultrafiltration membrane for an efficient enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent accurate MS detection. Finally, twelve batches of PGAs from eight companies were identified and categorized into two types of strains (E. coli and Achromobacter sp. CCM 4824) using proteomic analysis. In total nine batches of five types of SSBAs (amoxicillin, cephalexin, cefprozil, cefdinir and cefaclor) from eight manufacturers were selected for investigation. Trace levels of PGA residual proteins ranging from 0.01 to 0.44 ppm were detected in six batches of different SSBAs which were far lower than the safety limit of 35 ppm reported by DSM, a manufacturer with expertise in the production of SSBAs by enzymatic processes. The developed FASP with LC-MS/MS method is superior to traditional protein assays in terms of selectivity, sensitivity and accuracy. Moreover, it could provide in-depth analysis of amino acid sequences and signature peptides contributing to assignment of the strain sources of PGAs. This method could become a promising and powerful tool to monitor enzymatic process robustness and reliability of this kind of SSBAs manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Zhen Long
- Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporation, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Erwin Adams
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N2, PB 923, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Mingzhe Xu
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Chenggang Liang
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Baoming Ning
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Changqin Hu
- Department of Antibiotics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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Chen X, Guo Y, Yang T, Wan J, Cao X. Separation of antibody IgG201 by an aqueous two-phase system with recyclable pH-responsive polymers. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction of tryptophan enantiomers by a recyclable aqueous biphasic system based on stimuli-responsive polymers. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1656:462532. [PMID: 34525428 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The hydrophobic organic solvents/water biphasic system had been always used in the traditional enantioselective liquid-liquid extraction (ELLE). In recent years, aqueous biphasic systems (ABSs) are considered as a promising method used in the ELLE. In the present work, a recyclable ABS composed of a temperature-responsive polymer poly(MAH-β-CD-co-NIPAAm) (PN-CD) and a pH-responsive polymer poly(AA-DMAEMA-BMA) (PADB) was employed in the enantioseparation of tryptophan enantiomers. The polymer PN-CD acted as not only the phase-forming component but also the chiral selector, which can be recycled by changing the temperature. The polymer PADB can be used as the phase-forming component, which can also be recycled by adjusting the pH. The phase behaviors of this PN-CD/PADB ABS had been studied. The influencing parameters were studied for this chiral separation process, including the polymer concentration, initial tryptophan concentration, extraction temperature, and system pH. The maximum separation factor (α) of 1.42 was obtained by one-step extraction under the optimal conditions. Meanwhile, the distribution coefficients of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and D-tryptophan (D-Trp) were 2.79 and 1.96, respectively. This study develops a green and sustainable strategy for enantioseparation by using the ELLE.
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Wei Y, Chen X, Yang T, Wan J, Cao X. Partition of Tea Saponin with a Novel Recyclable Thermo-pH Aqueous Two-Phase Systems. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:3062-3078. [PMID: 33999391 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) have the advantages of environmentally friendly, high mass transfer efficiency, and mild extraction conditions. However, it is difficult to recycle these polymers, which limits the large-scale application of ATPS. In this study, a novel recyclable ATPS was constructed with thermo-responsive polymer PN and pH-responsive polymer PADB4.78 for the partition of tea saponin. PN represents poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide), and PADB4.78 represents poly-(acrylic acid-dimethylamine ethyl methacrylate-butyl methacrylate), where 4.78 in the subscript indicate the isoelectric point of the polymer. The recoveries of PN and PADB4.78 were 95.36% and 93.48%, respectively, after two cycles. Meanwhile, the phase formation mechanism of ATPS was studied by surface tension and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). The effects of polymer concentration, pH, temperature, types and concentrations of salt were investigated on tea saponin partition. In the 1.5% (w/v) PN/3.5% (w/v) PADB4.78 ATPS, the optimal partition coefficient (K) of crude tea saponin were 0.15 in the presence of 1.5 mM KCl at pH 7.6 and 25 °C while the extraction recovery (ERb) reached 92.13%. The K and ERb of tea saponin from tea seeds were 0.12 and 94.50% with 7.5 mM LiBr at pH 8.0 and 25 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, College of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, College of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, College of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junfen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, College of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Xuejun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, College of Bioengineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Hammad SF, Abdallah IA, Bedair A, Mansour FR. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction as an alternative sample preparation technique for biomedical analysis. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:185-209. [PMID: 34472701 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid extraction is a widely used technique of sample preparation in biomedical analysis. In spite of the high pre-concentration capacities of liquid-liquid extraction, it suffers from a number of limitations including time and effort consumption, large organic solvent utilization, and poor performance in highly polar analytes. Homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is an alternative sample preparation technique that overcomes some drawbacks of conventional liquid-liquid extraction, and allows employing greener organic solvents in sample treatment. In homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction, a homogeneous phase is formed between the aqueous sample and the water-miscible extractant, followed by chemically or physically induced phase separation. To form the homogeneous phase, aqueous samples are mixed with water-miscible organic solvents, water-immiscible solvents/cosolvents, surfactants, or smart polymers. Then, phase separation is induced chemically (adding salt, sugar, or buffer) or physically (changing temperature or pH). This mode is rapid, sustainable, and cost-effective in comparison with other sample preparation techniques. Moreover, homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction is more suitable for the extraction of delicate macromolecules such as enzymes, hormones, and proteins and it is more compatible with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, which is a vital technique in metabolomics and proteomics. In this review, the principle, types, applications, automation, and technical aspects of homogeneous liquid-liquid extraction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Inas A Abdallah
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Alaa Bedair
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Ding Z, Dou X, Wang C, Feng G, Xie J, Zhang X. Ratiometric pH sensing by fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based hybrid semiconducting polymer dots in living cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:245502. [PMID: 33636714 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abea38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular pH plays a significant role in all cell activities. Due to their precise imaging capabilities, fluorescent probes have attracted much attention for the investigation of pH-regulated processes. Detecting intracellular pH values with high throughput is critical for cell research and applications. In this work, hybrid semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) were developed and characterized and were applied for cell imaging and exclusive ratiometric sensing of intracellular pH values. The reported Pdots were prepared by blending a synthesized block polymer (POMF) and a semiconducting polymer poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEHPPV) to construct a fluorescence resonance energy transfer system for ratiometric sensing. Pdots showed many advantages, including high brightness, excellent photostability and biocompatibility, giving the pH probe high sensitivity and good stability. Our results proved the capability of POMF-MEHPPV Pdots for the detection of pH in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilin Dou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfei Wang
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Feng
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- Cancer Centre and Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, He D, Cao X, Wan J. Partition of spiramycin in a recyclable aqueous two-phase system based on pH-responsive and thermosensitive polymers. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang Z, Chen X, Wan J, Cao X. Study of Microbial Transglutaminase Partitioning in Thermo-pH–Responsive Aqueous Two-Phase Systems. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 192:1176-1190. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bai S, Wan J, Cao X. Partitioning of tylosin in recyclable aqueous two-phase systems based on two pH-responsive polymers. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Leong YK, Show PL, Lan JCW, Krishnamoorthy R, Chu DT, Nagarajan D, Yen HW, Chang JS. Application of thermo-separating aqueous two-phase system in extractive bioconversion of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Cupriavidus necator H16. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 287:121474. [PMID: 31122870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a family of biodegradable and renewable biopolymers show a huge potential as an alternative to conventional plastics. Extractive bioconversion (in situ product recovery) is a technique that integrates upstream fermentation and downstream purification. In this study, extractive bioconversion of PHAs from Cupriavidus necator H16 was performed via a thermo-separating aqueous two-phase system to reduce the cost and environmental impacts of PHAs production. Key operating parameters, such as polymer concentration, temperature, and pH, were optimized. The strategy achieved a yield and PF of 97.6% and 1.36-fold, respectively at 5% EOPO 3900 concentration, 30 °C fermentation temperature and pH 6. The PHAs production process was also successfully scaled up in a 2 L bioreactor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on extractive fermentation of PHAs from Cupriavidus necator utilizing a thermo-separation system to achieve a better productivity and purity of the target product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - John Chi-Wei Lan
- Biorefinery and Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Yuan Ze University, No. 135 Yuan-Tung Road, Chungli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Rambabu Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Civil and Chemical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dillirani Nagarajan
- Research Center for Circular Economy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Yen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Circular Economy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan.
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Yang T, Pan H, He J, Gai Z, Cao X. Synthesis of two pH-responsive copolymers in pilot scale and its application in aqueous two-phase system. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Application of nickel (II) thermo-responsive affinity polymer to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) cap protein purification and interaction analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Separation of transglutaminase using aqueous two-phase systems composed of two pH-response polymers. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:106-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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He J, Wan J, Yang T, Cao X, Yang L. Recyclable aqueous two-phase system based on two pH-responsive copolymers and its application to porcine circovirus type 2 Cap protein purification. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1555:113-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Li Y, Wu Y, Chen K, Wu B, Ji L, Zhu J. Partition behavior of spiramycin in an aqueous two-phase system based on polyethylene glycol and sulfates. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1396341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Li
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai China
| | - Yanyang Wu
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai China
| | - Kui Chen
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai China
| | - Bin Wu
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai China
| | - Lijun Ji
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai China
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