1
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Dembek M, Bacskay I, Buratti A, Catani M, Felinger A, Buszewski B, Bocian S. Retention mechanism on phosphodiester stationary phases in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and purely aqueous mobile phase part II: Overloading with limited soluble samples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464596. [PMID: 38159406 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The adsorption behaviour of caffeine and theophylline under hydrophilic interaction chromatography and purely aqueous conditions was investigated on four phosphodiester stationary phases. Solute adsorption isotherms were determined by frontal analysis or inverse method. The bi-Langmuir model was found to be the best choice to describe the behaviour of caffeine and theophylline adsorption in purely aqueous conditions, whereas the bi-Moreau model describes the adsorption phenomena in HILIC conditions. The results obtained demonstrate that the interaction of caffeine and theophylline with the stationary phase surface varies depending on the mobile phase composition. Both in pure aqueous mobile phase and in HILIC mode, the heterogeneity of the surface of the studied stationary phases is confirmed. In hydrophilic solutions, the sample molecules interact with the stationary phase only. In hydrophobic conditions, a lateral interaction occurs between caffeine or theophylline molecules, which are poorly soluble in acetonitrile-rich solvents. This confirms that the same compound on the same stationary phase can behave rather differently, depending on the mobile phase composition. Thus, the mobile phase may govern and control the retention mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj Dembek
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., Toruń PL-87-100, Poland
| | - Ivett Bacskay
- HUN-REN-PTE Molecular Interactions in Separation Science Research Group, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Alessandro Buratti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Attila Felinger
- HUN-REN-PTE Molecular Interactions in Separation Science Research Group, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary; Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti út, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., Toruń PL-87-100, Poland
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., Toruń PL-87-100, Poland; Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry and Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6, Pécs H-7624, Hungary.
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2
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Wang X, Peng H, Zhang Z, Wu J, Yu J, Zeng H, Yang H, Zhou G, Peng J. Graft copolymerization of anion and cation onto silica and application in mixed-mode of reversed phase/ hydrophilic interaction/ ion exchange chromatography. Talanta 2024; 266:125055. [PMID: 37567120 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have turned out to be one of the best choices to fabricate mixed-mode stationary phases, this work aimed to investigate the possibility and merit of copolymerizing cations and anions as modifications. We prepared two ILs stationary phases, one of which was constructed by copolymerizing cation and anion (p-vinylbenzene sulfonate). Two stationary phases were characterized and comprehensively evaluated. The stationary phases showed great repeatability (RSD <0.87%) and high efficiency (up to 83,810 plate/m). Both stationary phases can operate under a mixed mode of reversed phase/hydrophilic interaction/ion exchange chromatography (RPLC/HILIC/IEC). Chromatographic evaluation results revealed that copolymerized anions endow stationary phase superior selectivity under RPLC and HILIC modes, so hydrophobic terphenyls isomer (under ACN/H2O = 35/65) and hydrophilic nucleotides and bases (under ACN/100 mM NH4FA buffer = 90/10) are better separated. Organic and inorganic anions showed entirely different retention behaviors on two stationary phases, and the mechanism was investigated by linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) and thermodynamic analysis. This work proved that copolymerizing cations and anions of ILs could be a promising method to prepare stationary phases, the retention property and mechanism need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Huanjun Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiajia Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jiayu Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hanlin Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hanqi Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Guangming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Jingdong Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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3
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Kalisz O, Dembek M, Studzińska S, Bocian S. Beta-Blocker Separation on Phosphodiester Stationary Phases-The Application of Intelligent Peak Deconvolution Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073249. [PMID: 37050011 PMCID: PMC10096687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-blockers are a class of medications predominantly used to manage abnormal heart rhythms. They are also widely used to treat high blood pressure. From the liquid chromatography separation point of view, beta-blockers are interesting molecules due to their hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties. Thus, the study aimed to investigate the beta-blocker separation selectivity on four phosphodiester stationary phases in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP LC) and hydrophilic interactions liquid chromatography (HILIC). On tested stationary phases, beta-blockers provide retention in both chromatographic systems, RP LC and HILIC. Additionally, it was found that cation-exchange mechanisms have a significant contribution to retention. Separations were enhanced by applying ChromSword software for gradient optimization and Intelligent Peak Deconvolution Analysis to separate unseparated peaks digitally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia Kalisz
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Dembek
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Sylwia Studzińska
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Szymon Bocian
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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4
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Luo P, Peng J, Peng H, Zhang Z, Chen J, Fan K, Wang X. Preparation of three regioisomeric ionic liquid stationary phases and investigation of their retention behavior. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463773. [PMID: 36628808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The structural properties of ionic liquid stationary phases have a considerable effect on their separation selectivity. However, the difference of the chromatographic retention behavior of different regioisomeric ionic liquid stationary phases has rarely been investigated. In this study, three regioisomeric ionic liquid silane reagents were prepared by photoinitiated ene-click chemistry and bonded to silica by one-pot method to fabricate three new stationary phases (Sil-C2Im-C8, Sil-C6Im-C4, and Sil-C9Im-C1). All three stationary phases showed promising retention repeatability and efficiency. The retention behavior of the three stationary phases was investigated under various chromatographic conditions. The retention mechanism was further investigated by the linear energy solvation relationship and Van't Hoff plots. The stationary phases exhibited mixed-mode retention mechanisms. The π-π, hydrogen bonding, ion-exchange, and hydrophilic interactions with analytes were the weakest when the imidazole ions were embedded in the innermost part of the alkyl chains, while the interactions were the strongest when the imidazole ions were embedded in the middle of the alkyl chains. The three stationary phases provided great but different separation performances towards nucleosides, nucleobases, aromatic acids, alkyl benzenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons due to the influence of imidazole ion position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jingdong Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Huanjun Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kun Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engieering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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5
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A Compendium of the Principal Stationary Phases Used in Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography: Where Have We Arrived? SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) today is a well-known and largely applied technique to analyse polar compounds such as pharmaceuticals, metabolites, proteins, peptides, amino acids, oligonucleotides, and carbohydrates. Due to the large number of stationary phases employed for HILIC applications, this review aims to help the reader in choosing a proper stationary phase, which often represents the critical point for the success of a separation. A great offer is present for achiral applications in contrast to the chiral phases developed for HILIC enantioseparations. In the last case, up-to-date solutions are presented.
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Yaşar Mumin M, Aral H, Sunkur M, Aral T. A New Mixed‐Mode Stationary Phase Derived from [2‐(3,4‐epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl]trimethoxysilane as a Coupling Reagent and Its RPLC/HILIC/IEC Applications. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Yaşar Mumin
- Batman University Institute of Graduate Studies Department of Chemistry Batman Turkey
| | - Hayriye Aral
- Batman University Technical Sciences Vocational School Batman Turkey
| | - Murat Sunkur
- Batman University Faculty of Science and Art Department of Chemistry Batman Turkey
| | - Tarık Aral
- Batman University Faculty of Science and Art Department of Chemistry Batman Turkey
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7
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Synthesis of C8F13-SiO2 stationary phase for chromatographic separation of highly polar compounds. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Lee D, Kazakevich YV. Indexation of mixed mode adsorbents using low temperature nitrogen adsorption and Silica-C18 surface energy scale. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2022.2110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinah Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yuri V. Kazakevich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seton Hall University, South Orange, New Jersey, USA
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9
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Zhang Q, Huang L, Wu Y, Huang L, Xu X, Lin R. Study on Quality Control of Compound Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134130. [PMID: 35807378 PMCID: PMC9268268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. (A. roxburghii) oral liquid (CAROL) is a hospital preparation of A. roxburghii and Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), which have hepatoprotective effects. Eight active components (five nucleosides/nucleobases and three triterpenoid acids) in CAROL, A. roxburghii, and G. lucidum were simultaneously detected by high-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS). The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was applied for the detection of analytes. These eight compounds were separated well within 12 min and quantified using the internal standard working curve method. The method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9935) and high sensitivity (limit of detection = 0.29 ng/mL). The analyte recovery ranged from 85.07% to 97.50% (relative standard deviation < 3.31%). The content of the target analytes in four batches of CAROL, and the raw materials of G. lucidum and A. roxburghii from the five regions was determined using this method. The contents of guanosine and ganoderic acid A in four batches of oral liquid were high and stabilized and could be recommended as quality markers (Q-marker) for CAROL. Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of nucleosides and triterpenoid acids in CAROL, A. roxburghii, and G. lucidum by LC−MS/MS based on the MRM model was reported for the first time. The proposed method provides a sensitive, rapid, and reliable approach for the quality control of Chinese medicinal products.
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10
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Guo Y. A Survey of Polar Stationary Phases for Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography and Recent Progress in Understanding Retention and Selectivity. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5332. [PMID: 35001408 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Various polar stationary phases have become available for hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and help drive continuous applications in biomedical, environmental and pharmaceutical areas in the past decade. Although the stationary phases for HILIC have been reviewed previously, it is an appropriate time to take another look at the progresses during the past five years. The current review provides an overview of the polar stationary phases commercially available for HILIC applications in an effort to assist scientists in selecting suitable columns. New types of stationary phase that were published in literature in the past five years are summarized and discussed. The trend in stationary phase research and development is also highlighted. Of particular interest is the experimental evidence for direct interactions of polar analytes with the ligands of the stationary phases under HILIC conditions. In addition, two different approaches have been developed to delineate the relative significance of the partitioning and adsorption mechanisms in HILIC, representing an important advancement in our understanding of the retention mechanisms in HILIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Zhong Z, Chu Z, Dong Z, Zhang W, Zhang L. The separation characteristics and performance evaluation of the silica-based poly(pentabromostyrene) stationary phase in capillary electrochromatography. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5764-5771. [PMID: 34816827 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01594j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A mixed-mode capillary column packed with silica-based poly(pentabromostyrene) particles (denoted as SiO2@pPBS) was prepared and applied to capillary electrochromatography (CEC) separation. With the presence of benzene rings and bromine atoms in polymer chains, the SiO2@pPBS column provides a reversed-phase/hydrophilic mixed-mode retention mechanism owing to hydrophilic, hydrophobic and π-π interactions between the stationary phase and various analytes, including alkylbenzenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nucleosides, phenols and anilines. In CEC mode, the separation behavior of charged solutes is not only related to the interaction with the stationary phase, but also influenced by electrophoretic effects, which may lead to different selectivities compared to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A column efficiency of up to 1.22 × 105 N m-1 was achieved for p-chloroaniline. Besides, the RSDs of retention time of anilines for run to run (n = 5), day to day (n = 5) and column to column (n = 3) were all less than 4.4%. Finally, the SiO2@pPBS capillary column was applied to the separation of coking wastewater with satisfactory results. All the results demonstrated that the SiO2@pPBS capillary packed column with RP/HILIC mixed-mode has great application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhanying Chu
- Technology Innovation Center of Mass Spectrometry for State Market Regulation, Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Ziyi Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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12
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Sun HF, Cui YY, Yang CX. Fabrication of microporous organic network@silica composite for high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of drugs and proteins. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1936-1944. [PMID: 34180069 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microporous organic networks (MONs) that exhibit good stability and hydrophobicity are promising candidates for performing HPLC separation of small organic compounds. However, their applications in separating large analytes as well as biomolecules are still limited by the microporous nature of MONs. Herein, we demonstrated the fabrication of a MON-functionalized silica (MON@SiO2 ), exhibiting micro and mesopores for the HPLC separations of small drugs as well as large analytes, such as flavones, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and proteins. MON was successfully modified on SiO2 microspheres to yield the uniform and mono-dispersed MON@SiO2 . The separation mechanisms and performance of the MON@SiO2 packed column were evaluated for a wide range of analytes, including neutral, acidic, basic compounds, drugs, and proteins. Compared with commercial C18 and SiO2 -NH2 packed columns, the proposed MON@SiO2 column afforded superior performance in the separations of flavones, NSAIDs, EDCs, and proteins. Moreover, the MON@SiO2 column also offered good repeatability with intraday RSDs (n = 7) of <0.1%, <2.0%, <2.3%, and <0.7% for the retention time, peak height, peak area, and half peak width, respectively, for separating EDCs. This work proved the potential of using MONs in the HPLC separations of drugs and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fei Sun
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cui
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Xiong Yang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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13
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pH-dependent selective separation of acidic and basic proteins using quaternary ammoniation functionalized cysteine-zwitterionic stationary phase with RPLC/IEC mixed-mode chromatography. Talanta 2021; 225:122084. [PMID: 33592796 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a cysteine-functionalized zwitterionic stationary phase (Cys-silica) was prepared based on the "thiol-ene" click chemistry between cysteine and vinyl-functionalized silica, and was further modified with bromoethane, 1-bromooctane and 1-bromooctadecane, respectively, to obtain a series of quaternary ammoniation-functionalized stationary phases (Cys-silica-Cn, n = 2, 8 and 18). These zwitterionic stationary phases were regarded as reversed-phase/ion-exchange (RP/IEC) mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) stationary phases for protein separation. The retention behaviors of proteins on these zwitterionic stationary phases were carefully investigated. The results indicated that the retentions of acidic and basic proteins on these zwitterinonic stationary phases were significantly influenced by the acetonitrile and salt concentrations, pH of mobile phase as well as the hydrophobicity of the ligand. The separation selectivity of proteins on these zwitterionic stationary phases strongly depended on the pH value of mobile phase. The baseline separation of 6 kinds of basic proteins can be achieved at pH 8.0 using Cys-silica-C2 or Cys-silica-C8 column, and 5 kinds of acidic proteins can also be separated completely at pH 4.0 with Cys-silica-C2 column. Moreover, owing to the quaternary ammoniation-functionalization on Cys-silica by using appropriately hydrophobic bromoalkanes, the selectivity and separation efficiency of proteins can be enhanced greatly. As a result, the acidic and basic proteins can be separated completely step by step from the complex sample by adjusting pH of mobile phase using a single Cys-silica-C2 column, which illustrates that the cysteine-functionalized zwitterionic stationary phase has a great potential for protein separation.
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14
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Shang C, Fan F. Preparation of ionogel-bonded mesoporous silica and its application in liquid chromatography. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03244e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new preparation strategy for stable ionogels on silica obtained by a chemical bonding method and its application in LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Shang
- E&D Research Institute of Liaohe Oilfield Company, Panjin, 124010, China
| | - Fangbin Fan
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Zhou J, Ren X, Luo Q, Gao D, Fu Q, Zhou D, Zu F, Xia Z, Wang L. Ionic liquid functionalized β-cyclodextrin and C18 mixed-mode stationary phase with achiral and chiral separation functions. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461674. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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16
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Preparation and performance of a poly(ethyleneimine) embedded N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine mixed-mode stationary phase for HPLC. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Zuo H, Guo Y, Zhao W, Hu K, Wang X, He L, Zhang S. Controlled Fabrication of Silica@Covalent Triazine Polymer Core-Shell Spheres as a Reversed-Phase/Hydrophilic Interaction Mixed-Mode Chromatographic Stationary Phase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:46149-46156. [PMID: 31702125 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of covalent triazine-based organic framework/polymers, including large surface area, hydrophilic-lipophilic-balanced adsorption, and economical preparation, make it a promising candidate as a stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography. However, irregular shapes and wide size distributions of such particles hinder column packing, resulting in a low column efficiency or a high back pressure. Herein, we describe the fabrication of SiO2@ covalent triazine-based organic polymer (CTP) core-shell microspheres with a distinct sphere-coating-sphere appearance using aminosilica as the supporting substrate to grow the CTP shell. By adjusting the amount of reactants, the thickness of the CTP shell, which consists of triazine and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene monomers, was easily controlled. The developed core-shell microspheres were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and N2 adsorption experiments. The synergism of the triazine and aromatic moieties on CTP provides the new stationary phase with multiple retention mechanisms, including hydrophobic, π-π, electron donor-acceptor, hydrogen-bonding interactions, and so forth. On the basis of these interactions, successful separation and higher shape selectivity were achieved among several analytes that vary in polarity under both reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography conditions. Therefore, SiO2@CTP microspheres combine the advantages of good column packing properties of the uniform monodisperse silica microspheres and the recognition performance of CTP, generating flexible selectivity and application prospect for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zuo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Hu
- Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Zhengzhou 450008 , People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoYu Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC , Zhengzhou 450008 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Engineering , Henan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , People's Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , People's Republic of China
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Preparation of two ionic liquid bonded stationary phases and comparative evaluation under mixed-mode of reversed phase/ hydrophilic interaction/ ion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:460372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Xian H, Peng H, Wang X, Long D, Ni R, Chen J, Li S, Zhang Z, Peng J. Preparation and evaluation a mixed-mode stationary phase with imidazolium and carboxyl group for high performance liquid chromatography. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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20
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Zhao S, Luo F, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, He P, Wang Q. Glycol Diglycidyl Ether and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Functionalized Silica as a Mixed Mode Stationary Phase for Capillary Liquid Chromatography. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Sýkora D, Řezanka P, Záruba K, Král V. Recent advances in mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:89-129. [PMID: 30427127 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-mode phases have become very popular in the last decade, and the number of new mixed/multi-mode sorbents is growing fast. Unlike single-mode stationary phases, perfectly suited for the separation of the analytes possessing similar physicochemical properties, for instance reversed-phase chromatography for hydrophobic solutes, mixed-mode sorbents providing multimodal interactions can render better separation selectivity for complex mixtures of solutes differing significantly in their physicochemical characteristics. The most frequent modern mixed-mode stationary phases are di/tri-mode sorbents embracing the following interactions, hydrophobic, electrostatic (coulombic), and hydrophilic. According to their structures, it is possible to distinguish silica-based, polymer-based, hybrid, and monolithic mixed-mode stationary phases. Herewith, newly synthesized mixed-mode sorbents developed within the last two and half years are categorized, discussed, and summarized. The main attention is devoted to the description of the synthetic routes and characterization methods applied for the new stationary phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sýkora
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Řezanka
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Záruba
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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22
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D’Atri V, Fekete S, Clarke A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Recent Advances in Chromatography for Pharmaceutical Analysis. Anal Chem 2018; 91:210-239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Clarke
- Novartis Pharma AG, Technical Research and Development, Chemical and Analytical Development (CHAD), Basel, CH4056, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU-Rue Michel Servet 1, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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23
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Preparation and evaluation of a reversed-phase/hydrophilic interaction/ion-exchange mixed-mode chromatographic stationary phase functionalized with dopamine-based dendrimers. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1571:165-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Ferreira CDC, Gama MR, da Silva GS, Almeida WP, Collins CH, Jardim ICSF. Synthesis and evaluation of a pentafluorobenzamide stationary phase for HPLC separations in the reversed phase and hydrophilic interaction modes. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3855-3862. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Verkh Y, Rozman M, Petrovic M. A non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry data analysis of dissolved organic matter in wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:397-404. [PMID: 29499520 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater is typically described by a limited number of concentration measurements of select DOM fractions or micro-contaminants, which determine the removal efficiency in a wastewater treatment. Current methods do not necessarily reflect the true performance of the treatment with regard to environmental and public health risk. Herein we describe the development and application of a non-targeted liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) data analysis for the evaluation of wastewater treatment processes. Our data analysis approach was applied to a real wastewater system with secondary biological treatment and tertiary treatment consisting of sand filtration, UV-treatment, and chlorination. We identified significant changes in DOM during wastewater treatment. The secondary treatment removed 1617 of 2409 (67%) detected molecular features (grouped isotopologues belonging to the same molecule) from the influent while 255 of 1047 (24%) new molecular features appeared in the secondary effluent. A reduction in the number of large molecules (>450 Da) and an increase in unsaturated molecular features of the effluent organic matter was observed. Van Krevelen plots revealed the distribution of unsaturation and heteroatoms and Kendrick mass defect plots uncovered CH2 homologous series implying a removal of heavy constituents in that fraction. The demonstrated approach is a step towards a more comprehensive monitoring of DOM in wastewater and contributes to the understanding of current treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Verkh
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marko Rozman
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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26
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Xiong C, Yuan J, Wang Z, Wang S, Yuan C, Wang L. Preparation and evaluation of a hydrophilic interaction and cation-exchange chromatography stationary phase modified with 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine. J Chromatogr A 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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27
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Sun N, Xiong Y, Qing G, Zhao Y, Li X, Liang X. Selective enrichment of sialylated glycopeptides with a d-allose@SiO2 matrix. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38780-38786. [PMID: 35558282 PMCID: PMC9090606 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07192f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal sialylation of glycoprotein is associated with different kinds of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- Pharmacy College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- P.R. China
| | - Yuting Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Guangyan Qing
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Pharmacy College
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian
- P.R. China
| | - Xiuling Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- P. R. China
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