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Liang W, Chen T, Zhang Y, Lu X, Liu X, Zhao C, Xu G. Fragmentation characteristics-based nontargeted screening method of exogenous chemical residues in animal-derived foods using reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 275:126116. [PMID: 38640518 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Fragmentation characteristics are crucial for nontargeted screening to discover and identify unknown exogenous chemical residues in animal-derived foods. In this study, first, fragmentation characteristics of 51 classes of exogenous chemical residues were summarized based on experimental mass spectra of standards in reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and mass spectra from the MassBank of North America (MoNA) library. According to the proportion of fragmentation characteristics to the total number of chemical residues in each class, four screening levels were defined to classify 51 classes of chemical residues. Then, a nontargeted screening method was developed based on the fragmentation characteristics. The evaluation results of 82 standards indicated that more than 90 % of the chemical residues with MS/MS spectra can be identified at concentrations of 100 and 500 μg/kg, and about 80 % can be identified at 10 μg/kg. Finally, the nontargeted screening method was applied to 16 meat samples and 21 egg samples as examples. As a result, eight chemical residues and transformation products (TPs) of 5 classes in the exemplary samples were found and identified, in which 3 TPs of azithromycin were identified by fragmentation characteristics-assisted structure interpretation. The results demonstrated the practicability of the nontargeted screening method for routine risk screening of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Yujie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xinyu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian, 116023, China.
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2
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Zhang Y, Chen T, Chen D, Liang W, Lu X, Zhao C, Xu G. Suspect and nontarget screening of mycotoxins and their modified forms in wheat products based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1708:464370. [PMID: 37717452 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Various forms of mycotoxins commonly exist in food and pose a significant risk to human health. Here a comprehensive suspect and nontarget screening strategy for both parent and modified mycotoxins was developed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLCHRMS). We constructed an in-house MS/MS database containing 82 mycotoxins in 8 categories. Then fragmentation characteristics of different classes of mycotoxins were rapidly extracted by a Python program "Fragmentation pattern screener (FPScreener)" and nontarget screening rules were determined by analyzing the frequencies and average intensities of fragmentation characteristics. Using the suspect and nontarget screening strategy, we successfully identified six parent mycotoxins and eight modified mycotoxins with different confidence levels in contaminated wheat and flour samples. This strategy enables screening of unknown parents and modified mycotoxins in food matrices with corresponding fragmentation characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Food Safety Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Science (2019RU014), NHC Key Lab of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Wenying Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Guowang Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Liaoning Province Key Laboratory of Metabolomics, Dalian 116023, China.
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3
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Mayer BP, Dreyer ML, Prieto Conaway MC, Valdez CA, Corzett T, Leif R, Williams AM. Toward Machine Learning-Driven Mass Spectrometric Identification of Trichothecenes in the Absence of Standard Reference Materials. Anal Chem 2023; 95:13064-13072. [PMID: 37607517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
While a significant body of work exists on the detection of commonly known trichothecene toxins, biological, environmental, and other transformational processes can generate many under-characterized and unknown modified trichothecenes. Lacking both analytical reference standards and associated mass spectral databases, identification of these modified compounds reflects both a challenge and a critical gap from forensic and public health perspectives. We report here the application of machine learning (ML) techniques toward identification of discriminative fragment ions from mass spectrometric data that can be exploited to detect evidence of type A and B trichothecenes. The goal of this work is to establish a new method for the identification of unknown, though structurally similar trichothecenes, by leveraging objective ML techniques. Discriminative fragments derived from a series of gradient-boosted machine learners are then used to develop ML-driven precursor ion scan (PIS) methods on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QQQ) for screening of "unknown unknown" trichothecenes. Specifically, we apply the PIS method to a laboratory-synthesized trichothecene, a first step in demonstrating the power of alternative, machine learning-driven mass spectrometric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Mayer
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Mark L Dreyer
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Maria C Prieto Conaway
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Carlos A Valdez
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Todd Corzett
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Roald Leif
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Audrey M Williams
- Forensic Science Center, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue L-090, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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Rodríguez-Cañás I, González-Jartín JM, Alvariño R, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Detection of mycotoxins in cheese using an optimized analytical method based on a QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS quantification. Food Chem 2023; 408:135182. [PMID: 36535186 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins can produce toxic effects on humans; hence, it is of high importance to determine their presence in food products. This work presents a reliable method for the quantification of 32 mycotoxins in cheese. The analysis procedure was optimized based on a QuEChERS extraction process and the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection. The analysis method was validated for four cheese varieties (emmental, blue, brie and camembert) in terms of linearity, sensitivity, matrix effect, accuracy and precision. Satisfactory precision and accuracy values were achieved, with recoveries above 70% for most mycotoxins. The developed method was applied to the analysis of 38 commercial cheese samples. A high occurrence of beauvericin and enniatins were found, ranging from 31% for enniatin A to 100% for enniatin B. The ochratoxin A was detected in three samples at concentrations that may pose a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Rodríguez-Cañás
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Jesús M González-Jartín
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Alvariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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5
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Lai J, Ding L, Liu Y, Fan C, You F, Wei J, Qian J, Wang K. A miniaturized organic photoelectrochemical transistor aptasensor based on nanorod arrays toward high-sensitive T-2 toxin detection in milk samples. Food Chem 2023; 423:136285. [PMID: 37156141 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Detection of T-2 toxin is of great significance to environment and human health, as T-2 toxin is one of the main toxins that contaminate crops, stored grain and other food. Herein, a zero-gate-bias organic photoelectrochemical transistor (OPECT) sensor was proposed based on nanoelectrode arrays as gate photoactive materials which can result in the accumulation of photovoltage and preferable capacitance leading to better sensitivity of the OPECT. For comparison, the channel current of OPECT was 100 times higher than photocurrent of conventional photoelectrochemical (PEC) attributing to remarkable signal amplification of OPECT. It was also found that the detection limit of OPECT aptasensor was as low as 28.8 pg/L, lower than 0.34 ng/L of the conventional PEC method, further indicating the advantage of the OPECT devices in T-2 toxin determination. This research has been successfully applied in real sample detection which provided a general platform of OPECT for food safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Lai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Lijun Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Cunhao Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Fuheng You
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jie Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Jing Qian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
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6
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Gab-Allah MA, Tahoun IF, Yamani RN, Rend EA, Shehata AB. Eco-friendly and sensitive analytical method for determination of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in cereal products using UPLC-MS/MS. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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7
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Occurrence of mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in silage from the north of Portugal at feed-out. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 365:109556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Wei L, Zhang J, Zha C, Yang Q, Li F, Sun X, Guo Y, Liu Z. A strategy to protect biological activity and amplify signal applied on time-resolved fluorescence immunochromatography for detecting T-2 toxin. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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González-Jartín JM, Alfonso A, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Multi-detection method for mycotoxins with a modified QuEChERS extraction in feed and development of a simple detoxification procedure. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Xing KY, Shan S, Liu DF, Lai WH. Recent advances of lateral flow immunoassay for mycotoxins detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Gab-Allah MA, Choi K, Kim B. Development of isotope dilution-liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the accurate determination of type-A trichothecenes in grains. Food Chem 2020; 344:128698. [PMID: 33272759 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a highly accurate method based on isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (ID-LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of four major type-A trichothecenes in cereal grains. Uniformly labeled [13C] analogues of the target analytes were used as internal standards. An expedient sample preparation procedure was established. After extraction with acetonitrile/water (84:16; v/v), further clean-up was performed using MycoSep 227 solid-phase extraction cartridges. Unlike the commonly used immunoaffinity columns having strong selectivity for only certain target analytes, the cartridges allowed the simultaneous recovery of all four mycotoxins and efficient elimination of co-extracted matrix interferences. The ID-LC-MS/MS method exhibited very good analytical performance in the concentration range of 10-200 µg/kg; accuracy ranged from 97 to 103% with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations of less than 5% and 4%, respectively. Measurement uncertainties were generally below 5%. The applicability of the method was assessed by measuring the target mycotoxins in several samples at sub-µg/kg levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Gab-Allah
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Reference Materials Lab, National Institute of Standards, Tersa St, Haram, P. O. Box: 136, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea; Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
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12
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González-Jartín JM, Alfonso A, Rodríguez I, Sainz MJ, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. A QuEChERS based extraction procedure coupled to UPLC-MS/MS detection for mycotoxins analysis in beer. Food Chem 2019; 275:703-710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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First report of Fusarium foetens as a mycotoxin producer. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:177-186. [PMID: 30706436 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium foetens, a pathogen of Begonia plants, has been recently described as a new fungal species. This Fusarium species causes a destructive vascular wilt disease which leads to the death of the plant. Moreover, Fusarium species are known to produce a huge variety of secondary metabolites such as mycotoxins and phytotoxins. Here, we studied the toxicogenic profile of one F. foetens strain, isolated from maize, employing two methods based on the use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry-ion trap-time of flight detection. The mycotoxins beauvericin and fusaric acid were detected in a pure culture of F. foetens. In addition, four fusaric acid analogs (10,11-dihidroxyfusaric acid, hydroxyfusaric acid, dehydrofusaric acid, and a hydroxylated unsaturated fusaric acid analog) were tentatively identified on the basis of their accurate mass and fragmentation patterns. Therefore, these preliminary data indicate that F. foetens isolated from maize is able to produce Fusarium mycotoxins including beauvericin and fusaric acid.
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Du LL, Xue Y, Xie J. Precursor Ion-Scan Mode-Based Screening Strategy for New Amorfrutin Derivatives from Amorpha fruticosa by UPLC–QqQ–MS and UPLC–Q-TOF–MS. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3501-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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