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Ramu P, Vimal SP, Suresh P, Sanmugam A, Saravanakumar U, Kumar RS, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Vikraman D. Investigation of the one-step electrochemical deposition of graphene oxide-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polyphenol oxidase as a dopamine sensor. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15575-15583. [PMID: 35685176 PMCID: PMC9125988 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we fabricated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-graphene oxide-polyphenol oxidase (PEDOT-GO-PPO) as a dopamine sensor. The morphology of PEDOT-GO-PPO was observed using scanning electron microscopy. Cyclic voltammetry was conducted to study the oxidation-reduction characteristics of dopamine. To optimize the pH, potential and limit of detection of dopamine, the amperometric technique was employed. The found limit of detection was 8 × 10-9 M, and the linear range was from 5 × 10-8 to 8.5 × 10-5 M. The Michaelis-Menten constant (K m) was calculated to be 70.34 μM, and the activation energy of the prepared electrode was 32.75 kJ mol-1. The electrode shows no significant change in the interference study. The modified electrode retains up to 80% of its original activity after 2 months. In the future, the biosensor can be used for the quantification of dopamine in human urine samples. The present modified electrode constitutes a tool for the electrochemical analysis of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ramu
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaya Institute of Technology Tamilnadu India
| | - S P Vimal
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Jaya Institute of Technology Tamilnadu India
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College Coimbatore India
| | - P Suresh
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology Chennai Tamilnadu 600062 India
| | - Anandhavelu Sanmugam
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Sri Vanketeswara College of Engineering Pennalur, Sriperambudur 602117 Chennai India
| | - U Saravanakumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College Rasipuram Tamilnadu India
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhanasekaran Vikraman
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul Seoul 04620 Korea
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Iwata T, Okumura Y, Okumura K, Horio T, Doi H, Takahashi K, Sawada K. Redox Sensor Array with 23.5-μm Resolution for Real-Time Imaging of Hydrogen Peroxide and Glutamate Based on Charge-Transfer-Type Potentiometric Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7682. [PMID: 34833757 PMCID: PMC8618362 DOI: 10.3390/s21227682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Towards clarifying the spatio-temporal neurotransmitter distribution, potentiometric redox sensor arrays with 23.5-µm resolution were fabricated. The sensor array based on a charge-transfer-type potentiometric sensor comprises 128×128 pixels with gold electrodes deposited on the surface of pixels. The sensor output corresponding to the interfacial potential of the electrode changed logarithmically with the mixture ratio of K3Fe(CN)6 and K4Fe(CN)6, where the redox sensitivity reached 49.9 mV/dec. By employing hydrogen peroxidase as an enzyme and ferrocene as an electron mediator, the sensing characteristics for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated. The analyses of the sensing characteristics revealed that the sensitivity was about 44.7 mV/dec., comparable to the redox sensitivity, while the limit of detection (LOD) was achieved to be 1 µM. Furthermore, the oxidation state of the electron mediator can be the key to further lowering the LOD. Then, by immobilizing oxidizing enzyme for H2O2 and glutamate oxidase, glutamate (Glu) measurements were conducted. As a result, similar sensitivity and LOD to those of H2O2 were obtained. Finally, the real-time distribution of 1 µM Glu was visualized, demonstrating the feasibility of our device as a high-resolution bioimaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Iwata
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 4418580, Japan; (Y.O.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.D.); (K.T.); (K.S.)
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 9390398, Japan
| | - Yuki Okumura
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 4418580, Japan; (Y.O.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.D.); (K.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Koichi Okumura
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 4418580, Japan; (Y.O.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.D.); (K.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Tomoko Horio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 4418580, Japan; (Y.O.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.D.); (K.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Hideo Doi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 4418580, Japan; (Y.O.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.D.); (K.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 4418580, Japan; (Y.O.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.D.); (K.T.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazuaki Sawada
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Information Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 4418580, Japan; (Y.O.); (K.O.); (T.H.); (H.D.); (K.T.); (K.S.)
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Poolakkandy RR, Menamparambath MM. Transition metal oxide based non‐enzymatic electrochemical sensors: An arising approach for the meticulous detection of neurotransmitter biomarkers. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Lin J, Weixler D, Daboss S, Seibold GM, Andronescu C, Schuhmann W, Kranz C. Time-resolved ATP measurements during vesicle respiration. Talanta 2019; 205:120083. [PMID: 31450430 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In vitro synthesis of ATP catalyzed by the ATP-synthase requires membrane vesicles, in which the ATP-synthase is present within the bilayer membrane. Inverted vesicle prepared from Gram negative cells (e.g., Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas putida) can be readily obtained and used for in vitro ATP-synthesis. Up to now, quantification of ATP synthesized by membrane vesicles has been mostly analyzed via bioluminescence-based assays. Alternatively, vesicle respiration and the associated ATP level can be determined using biosensors, which not only provide high selectivity, but allow ATP measurements without the sample being illuminated. Here, we present a microbiosensor for ATP in combination with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) using an innovative two-compartment electrochemical cell for the determination of ATP levels at E.coli or P. putida inverted vesicles. For a protein concentration of 22 mg/ml, a total amount of 0.29 ± 0.03 μM/μl ATP per vesicle was determined in case of E.coli; in turn, P. putida derived vesicles yielded 0.48 ± 0.02 μM/μl ATP per vesicle at a total protein concentration of 25.2 mg/ml. Inhibition experiments with Venturicidin A clearly revealed that the respiratory chain enzyme complex responsible for ATP generation is effectively involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominik Weixler
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sven Daboss
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gerd M Seibold
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Chemical Technology III, Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Str. 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 17 Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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Lee YN, Araki T, Kimura Y, Dasai F, Iwata T, Takahashi K, Sawada K. High-Density 2-μm-Pitch pH Image Sensor With High-Speed Operation up to 1933 fps. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2019; 13:352-363. [PMID: 30676977 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2895069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various biosensing platforms for real-time monitoring and mapping of chemical signals in neural networks have been developed based on CMOS process technology. Despite their achievements, however, there remains a demand for an advanced method that can offer detailed insights into cellular functions with higher spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we present a pH image sensor that employs a high-density array of 256 × 256 pixels and readout circuitry designed for fast operation. The sensor's characteristics, such as the pH sensitivity of 55.1 mV/pH and higher frame speed of 1933 fps, are experimentally demonstrated and compared to those of state-of-the-art pH image sensors. Among them, our sensor presents the smallest pitch of 2 μm with a significantly high operation speed. This sensor can successfully detect a pH change, but also transform the measured data to a two-dimensional image series in real time. The practical spatial resolution of images is investigated by an evaluation method that we first propose in this paper. By this method, we confirm that our sensor can discriminate objects distanced over 4 μm apart, which is twice bigger than the pixel pitch. In order to analyze the degraded resolution and image blur, a capacitive coupling effect at an ion-sensitive membrane is suggested as the main factor and demonstrated by simulation.
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Lin TE, Rapino S, Girault HH, Lesch A. Electrochemical imaging of cells and tissues. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4546-4554. [PMID: 29899947 PMCID: PMC5969511 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This minireview summarizes the recent achievements of electrochemical imaging platforms to map cellular functions in biological specimens using electrochemical scanning nano/micro-probe microscopy and 2D chips containing microelectrode arrays.
The technological and experimental progress in electrochemical imaging of biological specimens is discussed with a view on potential applications for skin cancer diagnostics, reproductive medicine and microbial testing. The electrochemical analysis of single cell activity inside cell cultures, 3D cellular aggregates and microtissues is based on the selective detection of electroactive species involved in biological functions. Electrochemical imaging strategies, based on nano/micrometric probes scanning over the sample and sensor array chips, respectively, can be made sensitive and selective without being affected by optical interference as many other microscopy techniques. The recent developments in microfabrication, electronics and cell culturing/tissue engineering have evolved in affordable and fast-sampling electrochemical imaging platforms. We believe that the topics discussed herein demonstrate the applicability of electrochemical imaging devices in many areas related to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
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