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Recent Developments of Liquid Chromatography Stationary Phases for Compound Separation: From Proteins to Small Organic Compounds. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030907. [PMID: 35164170 PMCID: PMC8840574 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound separation plays a key role in producing and analyzing chemical compounds. Various methods are offered to obtain high-quality separation results. Liquid chromatography is one of the most common tools used in compound separation across length scales, from larger biomacromolecules to smaller organic compounds. Liquid chromatography also allows ease of modification, the ability to combine compatible mobile and stationary phases, the ability to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses, and the ability to concentrate samples. Notably, the main feature of a liquid chromatography setup is the stationary phase. The stationary phase directly interacts with the samples via various basic mode of interactions based on affinity, size, and electrostatic interactions. Different interactions between compounds and the stationary phase will eventually result in compound separation. Recent years have witnessed the development of stationary phases to increase binding selectivity, tunability, and reusability. To demonstrate the use of liquid chromatography across length scales of target molecules, this review discusses the recent development of stationary phases for separating macromolecule proteins and small organic compounds, such as small chiral molecules and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
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Zhang S, Tang R, Wang D, Ma S, Jia S, Gao Z, Gong B, Ou J. Fabrication of highly crosslinked and monodispersed silicon-containing polymeric microspheres via photo-initiated polymerization and their application in capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1659:462643. [PMID: 34735962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although inorganic silica-based and polymeric micron-sized spheres have widely been explored as column packing materials in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), they are still suffering the problems of either alkali corrosion of silica or polymer swelling. It is still necessary to search simple approaches for fabrication of monodisperse micron-sized hybrid particles as packing materials in HPLC. A novel kind of silicon-containing polyacrylate microspheres was designed and fabricated via two-step swelling and photo-initiated polymerization approach using 3-(allylpropylsilane) propyl acrylate (TAPA) containing both acrylate and vinyl groups and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TRIM) as precursors. After carefully optimizing the fabrication conditions, the monodisperse micron-sized microspheres could be acquired as chromatographic packing, exhibiting excellent mechanical stability and reproducibility. Due to existence of electron-rich vinyl groups, three kinds of thiols such as octadecanethiol (ODT), dithiothreitol (DTT) and trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate) (TTMP) were facilely anchored onto the surface of microsphere via photo-initiated thiol-ene click reaction. They were applied in the separation of small molecules by cLC-UV and complex biosamples by cLC-MS/MS. A total of 6691 unique peptides from 1771 unique proteins was identified by ODT-modified microsphere, which was higher than those by unmodified and DTT/TTMP-modified poly(TAPA-co-TRIM) microspheres. It was expected this kind of hybrid microspheres can be further modified and widely applied in chromatographic field, offering great potential in commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, P. R. China; CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruizhi Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | | | - Shujuan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shicong Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, P. R. China; CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zheng Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, P. R. China; CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bolin Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, P. R. China.
| | - Junjie Ou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, P. R. China; CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Sun HF, Cui YY, Yang CX. Fabrication of microporous organic network@silica composite for high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of drugs and proteins. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1936-1944. [PMID: 34180069 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Microporous organic networks (MONs) that exhibit good stability and hydrophobicity are promising candidates for performing HPLC separation of small organic compounds. However, their applications in separating large analytes as well as biomolecules are still limited by the microporous nature of MONs. Herein, we demonstrated the fabrication of a MON-functionalized silica (MON@SiO2 ), exhibiting micro and mesopores for the HPLC separations of small drugs as well as large analytes, such as flavones, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and proteins. MON was successfully modified on SiO2 microspheres to yield the uniform and mono-dispersed MON@SiO2 . The separation mechanisms and performance of the MON@SiO2 packed column were evaluated for a wide range of analytes, including neutral, acidic, basic compounds, drugs, and proteins. Compared with commercial C18 and SiO2 -NH2 packed columns, the proposed MON@SiO2 column afforded superior performance in the separations of flavones, NSAIDs, EDCs, and proteins. Moreover, the MON@SiO2 column also offered good repeatability with intraday RSDs (n = 7) of <0.1%, <2.0%, <2.3%, and <0.7% for the retention time, peak height, peak area, and half peak width, respectively, for separating EDCs. This work proved the potential of using MONs in the HPLC separations of drugs and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fei Sun
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cui
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Xiong Yang
- College of Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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Li X, Liu Y, Sun Y. Development of poly(methacrylate)-grafted Sepharose FF for cation-exchange chromatography of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1634:461669. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Liu S, Li Z, Yu B, Wang S, Shen Y, Cong H. Recent advances on protein separation and purification methods. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102254. [PMID: 32942182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein, as the material basis of vita, is the crucial undertaker of life activities, which constitutes the framework and main substance of human tissues and organs, and takes part in various forms of life activities in organisms. Separating proteins from biomaterials and studying their structures and functions are of great significance for understanding the law of life activities and clarifying the essence of life phenomena. Therefore, scientists have proposed the new concept of proteomics, in which protein separation technology plays a momentous role. It has been diffusely used in the food industry, agricultural biological research, drug development, disease mechanism, plant stress mechanism, and marine environment research. In this paper, combined with the recent research situation, the progress of protein separation technology was reviewed from the aspects of extraction, precipitation, membrane separation, chromatography, electrophoresis, molecular imprinting, microfluidic chip and so on.
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Li Q, Ma L, Xu L. Fast reversed‐phase liquid chromatographic separation of proteins by flow‐through poly(styrene‐
co
‐divinylbenzene) microspheres. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2788-2795. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin‐ying Li
- Tongji School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Li‐yun Ma
- Department of PharmacyUnion Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan P. R. China
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Łyszczek R, Gil M, Głuchowska H, Podkościelna B, Lipke A, Mergo P. Hybrid materials based on PEGDMA matrix and europium(III) carboxylates -thermal and luminescent investigations. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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