1
|
Pliego-Sandoval JE, Díaz-Barbosa A, Reyes-Nava LA, Angeles Camacho-Ruiz M, Iñiguez-Muñoz LE, Pinto-Pérez O. Development and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Triglyceride Quantification Enzymatic Biosensor Using an Arduino-Based Microfluidic System. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:826. [PMID: 37622912 PMCID: PMC10452911 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity promote diabetes and heart disease onset. Triglycerides are key biomarkers for cardiovascular disease, strokes, and other health issues. Scientists have devised methods and instruments for the detection of these molecules in liquid samples. In this study, an enzymatic biosensor was developed using an Arduino-based microfluidic platform, wherein a lipolytic enzyme was immobilized on an ethylene-vinyl acetate polymer through physical adsorption. This low-cost optical biosensor employed a spectrophotometric transducer and was assessed in liquid samples to indirectly detect triglycerides and fatty acids using p-nitrophenol as an indicator. The average triglyceride level detected in the conducted experiments was 47.727 mg/dL. The biosensor exhibited a percentage of recovery of 81.12% and a variation coefficient of 0.791%. Furthermore, the biosensor demonstrated the ability to detect triglyceride levels without the need for sample dilution, ranging from 7.6741 mg/dL to 58.835 mg/dL. This study successfully developed an efficient and affordable enzymatic biosensor prototype for triglyceride and fatty acid detection. The lipolytic enzyme immobilization on the polymer substrate provided a stable and reproducible detection system, rendering this biosensor an exciting option for the detection of these molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E. Pliego-Sandoval
- Centro Universitario del Sur, Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, Colón, Cd Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.D.-B.); (L.A.R.-N.); (L.E.I.-M.); (O.P.-P.)
| | - Arturo Díaz-Barbosa
- Centro Universitario del Sur, Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, Colón, Cd Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.D.-B.); (L.A.R.-N.); (L.E.I.-M.); (O.P.-P.)
| | - Luis A. Reyes-Nava
- Centro Universitario del Sur, Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, Colón, Cd Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.D.-B.); (L.A.R.-N.); (L.E.I.-M.); (O.P.-P.)
| | - María Angeles Camacho-Ruiz
- Centro Universitario del Norte, Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotlán 46200, Jalisco, Mexico;
| | - Laura Elena Iñiguez-Muñoz
- Centro Universitario del Sur, Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, Colón, Cd Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.D.-B.); (L.A.R.-N.); (L.E.I.-M.); (O.P.-P.)
| | - Osmar Pinto-Pérez
- Centro Universitario del Sur, Departamento de Ciencias Computacionales e Innovación Tecnológica, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique Arreola Silva No. 883, Colón, Cd Guzmán 49000, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.D.-B.); (L.A.R.-N.); (L.E.I.-M.); (O.P.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fernández H, Zon MA, Maccio SA, Alaníz RD, Di Tocco A, Carrillo Palomino RA, Cabas Rodríguez JA, Granero AM, Arévalo FJ, Robledo SN, Pierini GD. Multivariate Optimization of Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of Compounds Related to Food Safety-A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:694. [PMID: 37504093 PMCID: PMC10377565 DOI: 10.3390/bios13070694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
We summarize the application of multivariate optimization for the construction of electrochemical biosensors. The introduction provides an overview of electrochemical biosensing, which is classified into catalytic-based and affinity-based biosensors, and discusses the most recent published works in each category. We then explore the relevance of electrochemical biosensors for food safety analysis, taking into account analytes of different natures. Then, we describe the chemometrics tools used in the construction of electrochemical sensors/biosensors and provide examples from the literature. Finally, we carefully discuss the construction of electrochemical biosensors based on design of experiments, including the advantages, disadvantages, and future perspectives of using multivariate optimization in this field. The discussion section offers a comprehensive analysis of these topics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Fernández
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| | - María Alicia Zon
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Antonella Maccio
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| | - Rubén Darío Alaníz
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| | - Aylen Di Tocco
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| | - Roodney Alberto Carrillo Palomino
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| | - Jose Alberto Cabas Rodríguez
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| | - Adrian Marcelo Granero
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| | - Fernando J Arévalo
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Noel Robledo
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
- Departamento de Tecnología Química (IDAS), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| | - Gastón Darío Pierini
- Grupo de Electroanalítica (GEANA), Departamento de Química, Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud UNRC-CONICET (IDAS), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto 5800, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li S, Zhang H, Zhu M, Kuang Z, Li X, Xu F, Miao S, Zhang Z, Lou X, Li H, Xia F. Electrochemical Biosensors for Whole Blood Analysis: Recent Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37262362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Whole blood, as one of the most significant biological fluids, provides critical information for health management and disease monitoring. Over the past 10 years, advances in nanotechnology, microfluidics, and biomarker research have spurred the development of powerful miniaturized diagnostic systems for whole blood testing toward the goal of disease monitoring and treatment. Among the techniques employed for whole-blood diagnostics, electrochemical biosensors, as known to be rapid, sensitive, capable of miniaturization, reagentless and washing free, become a class of emerging technology to achieve the target detection specifically and directly in complex media, e.g., whole blood or even in the living body. Here we are aiming to provide a comprehensive review to summarize advances over the past decade in the development of electrochemical sensors for whole blood analysis. Further, we address the remaining challenges and opportunities to integrate electrochemical sensing platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Man Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhujun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Siyuan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoding Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thakkar JB, Aghera DJ, Trivedi B, Prabha CR. Design and characterization of a biosensor with lipase immobilized nanoparticles in polymer film for the detection of triglycerides. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:136-145. [PMID: 36586648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
High levels of triglycerides in blood can harden and block the arteries increasing the risk of heart disease and strokes. Triglycerides are important constituents of oils and fats used in various foods. The triglyceride content in commercial preparations of oils is estimated using conventional methods. In the present study, an electrochemical biosensor with lipase immobilized novel conductive polymer film has been developed for estimating triglyceride content in a variety of products. The portable biosensor can bring down the detection costs dramatically and can be used for varied purposes. It is based on cyclic voltammetry and has a three-electrode configuration system. Glassy carbon electrode is functionalized with nanoparticles embedded in polyethyleneimine and lipase is immobilized using glutaraldehyde. The strategy increases the electrochemical conductance manifold and overcomes the hindrance to lipase posed by membranes as it is oriented on the outside of the membrane. Thus, it increases the sensitivity and selectivity of detection. Results of scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy were used for characterizing the electrode surface. Linear range of the electrode for triglycerides is 100-500 mg/dL. The sensor was used successfully to determine triglyceride content in several real samples and the average recovery values lie from 95.47 % to 101.05 %.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinal B Thakkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390005, India
| | - Dimpal J Aghera
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390005, India
| | - Bhavana Trivedi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390005, India
| | - C Ratna Prabha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Idris AO, Akanji SP, Orimolade BO, Olorundare FOG, Azizi S, Mamba B, Maaza M. Using Nanomaterials as Excellent Immobilisation Layer for Biosensor Design. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020192. [PMID: 36831958 PMCID: PMC9953865 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The endless development in nanotechnology has introduced new vitality in device fabrication including biosensor design for biomedical applications. With outstanding features like suitable biocompatibility, good electrical and thermal conductivity, wide surface area and catalytic activity, nanomaterials have been considered excellent and promising immobilisation candidates for the development of high-impact biosensors after they emerged. Owing to these reasons, the present review deals with the efficient use of nanomaterials as immobilisation candidates for biosensor fabrication. These include the implementation of carbon nanomaterials-graphene and its derivatives, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanoparticles, carbon nanodots-and MXenes, likewise their synergistic impact when merged with metal oxide nanomaterials. Furthermore, we also discuss the origin of the synthesis of some nanomaterials, the challenges associated with the use of those nanomaterials and the chemistry behind their incorporation with other materials for biosensor design. The last section covers the prospects for the development and application of the highlighted nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azeez Olayiwola Idris
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 392, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West 7129, South Africa
| | - Seyi Philemon Akanji
- Petroleum Engineering, School of Engineering Department, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Perth, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Benjamin O. Orimolade
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
| | | | - Shohreh Azizi
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 392, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West 7129, South Africa
| | - Bhekie Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Science Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
| | - Malik Maaza
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 392, South Africa
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West 7129, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Plekhanova YV, Reshetilov AN. Nanomaterials for Controlled Adjustment of the Parameters of Electrochemical Biosensors and Biofuel Cells. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Eivazzadeh-Keihan R, Noruzi EB, Aliabadi HAM, Sheikhaleslami S, Akbarzadeh AR, Hashemi SM, Gorab MG, Maleki A, Cohan RA, Mahdavi M, Poodat R, Keyvanlou F, Esmaeili MS. Recent advances on biomedical applications of pectin-containing biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:1-18. [PMID: 35809676 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for biomaterials developing with novel properties for biomedical applications hence, hydrogels with 3D crosslinked polymeric structures obtained from natural polymers have been deeply inspected in this field. Pectin a unique biopolymer found in the cell walls of fruits and vegetables is extensively used in the pharmaceutical, food, and textile industries due to its ability to form a thick gel-like solution. Considering biocompatibility, biodegradability, easy gelling capability, and facile manipulation of pectin-based biomaterials; they have been thoroughly investigated for various potential biomedical applications including drug delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, creation of implantable devices, and skin-care products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Eivazzadeh-Keihan
- Nanobiotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Bahojb Noruzi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hooman Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Advanced Chemical Studies Lab, Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahra Sheikhaleslami
- Advanced Chemical Studies Lab, Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Akbarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hashemi
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghafori Gorab
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
| | - Reza Ahangari Cohan
- Nanobiotechnology Department, New Technologies Research Group, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roksana Poodat
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Faeze Keyvanlou
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Esmaeili
- Catalysts and Organic Synthesis Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jia W, Xu L, Xu W, Yang M, Zhang Y. Application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1949-1961. [PMID: 36133408 PMCID: PMC9419146 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00020b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common digestive system disease. The severity of AP ranges from mild edema in the pancreas to severe systemic inflammatory responses leading to peripancreatic/pancreatic necrosis, multi-organ failure and death. Improving the sensitivity of AP diagnosis and developing alternatives to traditional methods to treat AP have gained the attention of researchers. With the continuous rise of nanotechnology, it is being widely used in daily life, biomedicine, chemical energy and many other fields. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of AP. Nanotechnology has the advantages of simplicity, rapidity and sensitivity in detecting biomarkers of AP, as well as enhancing imaging, which helps in the early diagnosis of AP. On the other hand, nanoparticles (NPs) have oxidative stress inhibiting and anti-inflammatory effects, and can also be loaded with drugs as well as being used in anti-infection therapy, providing a new approach for the treatment of AP. In this article, we elaborate and summarize on the potential of nanoparticles for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in AP from the current reported literature and experimental results to provide useful guidelines for further research on the application of nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- WeiLu Jia
- Medical School, Southeast University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - LinFeng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - WenJing Xu
- Medical School, Southeast University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100730 China
| | - YeWei Zhang
- Medical School, Southeast University Nanjing 210009 China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing 210009 China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Current progress in organic–inorganic hetero-nano-interfaces based electrochemical biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
10
|
Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) and Enzymes: From Nanozymes to CNM-Enzyme Conjugates and Biodegradation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15031037. [PMID: 35160982 PMCID: PMC8838330 DOI: 10.3390/ma15031037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and enzymes differ significantly in terms of their physico-chemical properties—their handling and characterization require very different specialized skills. Therefore, their combination is not trivial. Numerous studies exist at the interface between these two components—especially in the area of sensing—but also involving biofuel cells, biocatalysis, and even biomedical applications including innovative therapeutic approaches and theranostics. Finally, enzymes that are capable of biodegrading CNMs have been identified, and they may play an important role in controlling the environmental fate of these structures after their use. CNMs’ widespread use has created more and more opportunities for their entry into the environment, and thus it becomes increasingly important to understand how to biodegrade them. In this concise review, we will cover the progress made in the last five years on this exciting topic, focusing on the applications, and concluding with future perspectives on research combining carbon nanomaterials and enzymes.
Collapse
|
11
|
Xie Y, Liu T, Chu Z, Jin W. Recent advances in electrochemical enzymatic biosensors based on regular nanostructured materials. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
12
|
Bucur B, Purcarea C, Andreescu S, Vasilescu A. Addressing the Selectivity of Enzyme Biosensors: Solutions and Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3038. [PMID: 33926034 PMCID: PMC8123588 DOI: 10.3390/s21093038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic biosensors enjoy commercial success and are the subject of continued research efforts to widen their range of practical application. For these biosensors to reach their full potential, their selectivity challenges need to be addressed by comprehensive, solid approaches. This review discusses the status of enzymatic biosensors in achieving accurate and selective measurements via direct biocatalytic and inhibition-based detection, with a focus on electrochemical enzyme biosensors. Examples of practical solutions for tackling the activity and selectivity problems and preventing interferences from co-existing electroactive compounds in the samples are provided such as the use of permselective membranes, sentinel sensors and coupled multi-enzyme systems. The effect of activators, inhibitors or enzymatic substrates are also addressed by coupled enzymatic reactions and multi-sensor arrays combined with data interpretation via chemometrics. In addition to these more traditional approaches, the review discusses some ingenious recent approaches, detailing also on possible solutions involving the use of nanomaterials to ensuring the biosensors' selectivity. Overall, the examples presented illustrate the various tools available when developing enzyme biosensors for new applications and stress the necessity to more comprehensively investigate their selectivity and validate the biosensors versus standard analytical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Bucur
- National Institute for Research and Development in Biological Sciences, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Cristina Purcarea
- Institute of Biology, 296 Splaiul Independentei, 060031 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA;
| | - Alina Vasilescu
- International Centre of Biodynamics, 1B Intrarea Portocalelor, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Different strategies for the lipase immobilization on the chitosan based supports and their applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:170-195. [PMID: 33667561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized enzymes have received incredible interests in industry, pharmaceuticals, chemistry and biochemistry sectors due to their various advantages such as ease of separation, multiple reusability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, high activity and resistant to environmental changes. This review in between various immobilized enzymes focuses on lipase as one of the most practical enzyme and chitosan as a preferred biosupport for lipase immobilization and provides a broad range of studies of recent decade. We highlight several aspects of lipase immobilization on the surface of chitosan support containing various types of lipase and immobilization techniques from physical adsorption to covalent bonding and cross-linking with their benefits and drawbacks. The recent advances and future perspectives that can improve the present problems with lipase and chitosan such as high-price of lipase and low mechanical resistance of chitosan are also discussed. According to the literature, optimization of immobilization methods, combination of these methods with other techniques, physical and chemical modifications of chitosan, co-immobilization and protein engineering can be useful as a solution to overcome the mentioned limitations.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yáñez-Sedeño P, González-Cortés A, Campuzano S, Pingarrón JM. Multimodal/Multifunctional Nanomaterials in (Bio)electrochemistry: Now and in the Coming Decade. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2556. [PMID: 33352731 PMCID: PMC7766190 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanomaterials, defined as those able to achieve a combined effect or more than one function through their multiple functionalization or combination with other materials, are gaining increasing attention in the last years in many relevant fields, including cargo targeted delivery, tissue engineering, in vitro and/or in vivo diseases imaging and therapy, as well as in the development of electrochemical (bio)sensors and (bio)sensing strategies with improved performance. This review article aims to provide an updated overview of the important advances and future opportunities exhibited by electrochemical biosensing in connection to multifunctional nanomaterials. Accordingly, representative aspects of recent approaches involving metal, carbon, and silica-based multifunctional nanomaterials are selected and critically discussed, as they are the most widely used multifunctional nanomaterials imparting unique capabilities in (bio)electroanalysis. A brief overview of the main remaining challenges and future perspectives in the field is also provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (J.M.P.)
| | | | - Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (J.M.P.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ahmadi M, Ghoorchian A, Dashtian K, Kamalabadi M, Madrakian T, Afkhami A. Application of magnetic nanomaterials in electroanalytical methods: A review. Talanta 2020; 225:121974. [PMID: 33592722 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) have gained high attention in different fields of studies due to their ferromagnetic/superparamagnetic properties and their low toxicity and high biocompatibility. MNMs contain magnetic elements such as iron and nickel in metallic, bimetallic, metal oxide, and mixed metal oxide. In electroanalytical methods, MNMs have been applied as sorbents for sample preparation before the electrochemical detection (sorbent role), as the electrode modifier (catalytic role), and the integration of the above two roles (as both sorbent and catalytic agent). In this paper, the application of MNMs in electroanalytical methods have been classified based on the main role of the nanomaterial and discussed separately. Furthermore, catalytic activities of MNMs in electroanalytical methods such as redox electrocatalytic, nanozymes catalytic (peroxidase, catalase activity, oxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity), catalyst gate, and nanocontainer have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Ahmadi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | - Abbas Afkhami
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Romero M, Macchione MA, Mattea F, Strumia M. The role of polymers in analytical medical applications. A review. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Electrochemical immunosensor with Cu(I)/Cu(II)-chitosan-graphene nanocomposite-based signal amplification for the detection of newcastle disease virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13869. [PMID: 32807824 PMCID: PMC7431565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An electrochemical immunoassay for the ultrasensitive detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was developed using graphene and chitosan-conjugated Cu(I)/Cu(II) (Cu(I)/Cu(II)-Chi-Gra) for signal amplification. Graphene (Gra) was used for both the conjugation of an anti-Newcastle disease virus monoclonal antibody (MAb/NDV) and the immobilization of anti-Newcastle disease virus polyclonal antibodies (PAb/NDV). Cu(I)/Cu(II) was selected as an electroactive probe, immobilized on a chitosan-graphene (Chi-Gra) hybrid material, and detected by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) after a sandwich-type immune response. Because Gra had a large surface area, many antibodies were loaded onto the electrochemical immunosensor to effectively increase the electrical signal. Additionally, the introduction of Gra significantly increased the loading amount of electroactive probes (Cu(I)/Cu(II)), and the electrical signal was further amplified. Cu(I)/Cu(II) and Cu(I)/Cu(II)-Chi-Gra were compared in detail to characterize the signal amplification ability of this platform. The results showed that this immunosensor exhibited excellent analytical performance in the detection of NDV in the concentration range of 100.13 to 105.13 EID50/0.1 mL, and it had a detection limit of 100.68 EID50/0.1 mL, which was calculated based on a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3. The resulting immunosensor also exhibited high sensitivity, good reproducibility and acceptable stability.
Collapse
|
18
|
Vasilichin VA, Tsymbal SA, Fakhardo AF, Anastasova EI, Marchenko AS, Shtil AA, Vinogradov VV, Koshel EI. Effects of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Toll-Like Receptor mRNAs in Human Monocytes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E127. [PMID: 32284505 PMCID: PMC7023015 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
For the widespread application of nanotechnology in biomedicine, it is necessary to obtain information about their safety. A critical problem is presented by the host immune responses to nanomaterials. It is assumed that the innate immune system plays a crucial role in the interaction of nanomaterials with the host organism. However, there are only fragmented data on the activation of innate immune system factors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), by some nanoparticles (NPs). In this study, we investigated TLRs' activation by clinically relevant and promising NPs, such as Fe3O4, TiO2, ZnO, CuO, Ag2O, and AlOOH. Cytotoxicity and effects on innate immunity factors were studied in THP-1(Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1) cell culture. NPs caused an increase of TLR-4 and -6 expression, which was comparable with the LPS-induced level. This suggests that the studied NPs can stimulate the innate immune system response inside the host. The data obtained should be taken into account in future research and to create safe-by-design biomedical nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A. Vasilichin
- International Institute Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.V.); (S.A.T.); (A.F.F.); (E.I.A.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Sergey A. Tsymbal
- International Institute Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.V.); (S.A.T.); (A.F.F.); (E.I.A.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Anna F. Fakhardo
- International Institute Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.V.); (S.A.T.); (A.F.F.); (E.I.A.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Elizaveta I. Anastasova
- International Institute Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.V.); (S.A.T.); (A.F.F.); (E.I.A.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Andrey S. Marchenko
- International Institute Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.V.); (S.A.T.); (A.F.F.); (E.I.A.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Alexander A. Shtil
- International Institute Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.V.); (S.A.T.); (A.F.F.); (E.I.A.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.S.)
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Vinogradov
- International Institute Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.V.); (S.A.T.); (A.F.F.); (E.I.A.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Elena I. Koshel
- International Institute Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.A.V.); (S.A.T.); (A.F.F.); (E.I.A.); (A.S.M.); (A.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hasanah U, Sani NDM, Heng LY, Idroes R, Safitri E. Construction of a Hydrogel Pectin-Based Triglyceride Optical Biosensor with Immobilized Lipase Enzymes. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2019; 9:bios9040135. [PMID: 31766218 PMCID: PMC6956241 DOI: 10.3390/bios9040135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel and simple optical biosensor to detect triglycerides (TGs) has been successfully constructed by using pectin hydrogel membrane as the indicator pH and chromoionophore ETH 5294 (CI), with lipase as the catalyst. The enzymatic working system against TGs releasing H+ ions will affect the color absorbance of CI. The characterization results show that a TG biosensor has the optimum condition and sensitivity at the phosphate buffer concentration of 50 mM, pH 7, and enzyme loading of 60 μg. The biosensor works at the tripalmitin (TP) concentration range of 100–400 mg/dL. With the sensitivity of 0.001 (∆A/(mg/dL)), the biosensor response reaches stability after five minutes, and the limit of detection (LOD) of the TG optical biosensor is 15 mg/dL. Relative standard deviation (RSD) in a reproducibility test was 2.5%, with a 15-day lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uswatun Hasanah
- Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Teuku Umar, West Aceh 23615, Indonesia
| | - Nor Diyana Md Sani
- Sanichem Resources Sdn. Bhd. No 7 & 7A Jalan Timur 6/1A Mercato @Enstek, Bandar Enstek NSN 71060, Malaysia;
| | - Lee Yook Heng
- School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi SGR 43600 UKM, Malaysia;
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Eka Safitri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-853-7282-9295
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ranganathan P, Mutharani B, Chen SM, Sireesha P. Biocompatible chitosan-pectin polyelectrolyte complex for simultaneous electrochemical determination of metronidazole and metribuzin. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 214:317-327. [PMID: 30926003 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel biocompatible sensor material suitable for modest, cost-effective, and rapid practical application is a demanding research interest in the field of electroanalytical chemistry. In this context, for the first time, we utilized biocompatible chitosan-pectin biopolyelectrolyte (CS-PC BPE) complex for the simultaneous electroreduction of an important antibiotic drug (metronidazole-MNZ) and herbicide (metribuzin-MTZ). This sensor reveals an attractive welfares such as simplicity, biocompatibility, and low production cost. Under optimized experimental conditions, the electroanalytical investigation confirmed that CS-PC BPE modified glassy carbon electrode (CS-PC BPE/GCE) was found to sense MNZ and MTZ in the nanomolar range. Moreover, as-prepared CS-PC BPE/GCE exhibited prominent selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Additionally, the possible MNZ and MTZ sensing mechanism of CS-PC BPE/GCE have been discussed in detail. Lastly, real sample analysis was also carried out and revealed from several investigations that the CS-PC BPE/GCE is a good electrochemical sensor system for the detection of targeted analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palraj Ranganathan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bhuvanenthiran Mutharani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Pedaballi Sireesha
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Verma N, Kumar N. Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: An Expanding Horizon. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1170-1188. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Verma
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh−208016, India
| | - Nikhil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, G.E. Road, Opposite Science College, Raipur, Chhattisgarh−492010, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhao P, Chen C, Ni M, Peng L, Li C, Xie Y, Fei J. Electrochemical dopamine sensor based on the use of a thermosensitive polymer and an nanocomposite prepared from multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:134. [PMID: 30707325 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3238-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical dopamine sensor with a temperature-controlled switch was constructed by using a mixture of thermo-sensitive block copolymers (type tBA-PDEA-tBA), graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). If the temperature is below 26 °C, the polymer on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is stretched, the distance between the MWCNTs is large, and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of the composite also is large. In the presence of dopamine, the electron transfer at the electrode is strongly retarded and in the "off" state. At above 38 °C, the polymer is shrunk and the Rct is much smaller. The presence of dopamine results in a rapid electron transfer at the GCE, and this is referred to as the "on" state. At temperatures between 26 and 38 °C, the polymer shrinks slightly and has a "spring-like" state. There is a linear relationship between the response current (typically measured at a potential as low as 0.16 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and temperature. The response to dopamine is linear in the 0.06 to 4.2 μM and 4.2 to 18.2 μM concentration range, and the detection limit is 42 nM. Conceivably, this approach provides a novel approach towards the design of electrochemical sensors based on the use of thermo-sensitive polymers. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of reversible and temperature-controlled electrochemical response of dopamine on the thermo-sensitive block copolymers (tBA-PDEA-tBA) / multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) / graphene oxide (GO) / glassy carbon electrode (GCE).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China, 411105
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China, 411105
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China, 411105
| | - Meijun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China, 411105
| | - Longqi Peng
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China, 411105
| | - Chunyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China, 411105
| | - Yixi Xie
- Key Laboratory for Green Organic Synthesis and Application of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China, 411105.
| | - Junjie Fei
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China, 411105.
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China, 411105.
| |
Collapse
|