1
|
Meng WQ, Sedgwick AC, Kwon N, Sun M, Xiao K, He XP, Anslyn EV, James TD, Yoon J. Fluorescent probes for the detection of chemical warfare agents. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:601-662. [PMID: 36149439 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) are toxic chemicals that have been intentionally developed for targeted and deadly use on humans. Although intended for military targets, the use of CWAs more often than not results in mass civilian casualties. To prevent further atrocities from occurring during conflicts, a global ban was implemented through the chemical weapons convention, with the aim of eliminating the development, stockpiling, and use of CWAs. Unfortunately, because of their relatively low cost, ease of manufacture and effectiveness on mass populations, CWAs still exist in today's world. CWAs have been used in several recent terrorist-related incidents and conflicts (e.g., Syria). Therefore, they continue to remain serious threats to public health and safety and to global peace and stability. Analytical methods that can accurately detect CWAs are essential to global security measures and for forensic analysis. Small molecule fluorescent probes have emerged as attractive chemical tools for CWA detection, due to their simplicity, ease of use, excellent selectivity and high sensitivity, as well as their ability to be translated into handheld devices. This includes the ability to non-invasively image CWA distribution within living systems (in vitro and in vivo) to permit in-depth evaluation of their biological interactions and allow potential identification of therapeutic countermeasures. In this review, we provide an overview of the various reported fluorescent probes that have been designed for the detection of CWAs. The mechanism for CWA detection, change in optical output and application for each fluorescent probe are described in detail. The limitations and challenges of currently developed fluorescent probes are discussed providing insight into the future development of this research area. We hope the information provided in this review will give readers a clear understanding of how to design a fluorescent probe for the detection of a specific CWA. We anticipate that this will advance our security systems and provide new tools for environmental and toxicology monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qi Meng
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangying Rd., Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Adam C Sedgwick
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Nahyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
| | - Mingxue Sun
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangying Rd., Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Kai Xiao
- Department of Protective Medicine Against Chemical Agents, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangying Rd., Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, China. .,The International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China.,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Eric V Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, USA.
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK. .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang P, Zhang Q, Liu D, Zhou Z, Wang P. Fluorometric assay of cyanophoric pyrethroids based on benzothiazole modified carbon quantum dots. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3nj00465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
A fluorometric assay based on benzothiazole carbon quantum dots (benzothiazole-CDs) was developed for the determination of cyanophoric pyrethroids (CPs, e.g., cypermethrin, deltamethrin and fenpropathrin).
Collapse
|
3
|
Song YF, Wu WN, Zhao XL, Wang Y, Fan YC, Dong XY, Xu ZH. A simple colorimetric and fluorometric probe for rapid detection of CN - with large emission shift. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121540. [PMID: 35780762 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel probe R was synthesized via Knoevenagel reaction between 3H-benzo[f]chromium-2-formaldehyde and ethyl cyanoacetate for selective detection of CN- in both colorimetric and fluorescent signal channels. The recognition of CN- was through the nucleophilic reaction of CN- to C = C of probe R, which destroys π-conjugation and blocks the ICT effect of the probe, resulting in colorimetric and fluorometric responses. Probe R showed great sensitivity toward CN-, with large fluorescent emission (595 nm) and low detection limit (0.70 μM). Moreover, probe R can detect exogenous CN- in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fei Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Wei-Na Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Yun-Chang Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, 461000, PR China; College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
AIE based colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for the selective detection of CN− in aqueous media. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
5
|
Jothi D, Munusamy S, Manoj kumar S, Enbanathan S, Kulathu Iyer S. A benzothiazole-based new fluorogenic chemosensor for the detection of CN − and its real-time application in environmental water samples and living cells. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8570-8577. [PMID: 35424806 PMCID: PMC8984840 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08846g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the cyanide ion is used in a wide range of industries and is harmful to both human health and the environment, a number of research efforts are dedicated to creating fluorescence sensors for the detection of cyanide (CN−). Herein, for the fluorescence detection of CN−, a new highly selective and sensitive sensor 2-(3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxybenzylidene)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione (BID) was created by conjugating a benzothiazole moiety with 1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione. The donor and acceptor components of this hybrid receptor were covalently connected through a double bond. The nucleophilic addition of a cyanide anion to the BID inhibits the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition, resulting in spectral and colour alterations in the receptor. When the solvent polarity was increased from n-hexane to methanol, this molecule exhibited a bathochromic shift in the emission wavelength (610 to 632 nm), suggesting the presence of a solvatochromic action. The sensor BID has shown strong specificity towards CN− by interrupting its internal charge transfer (ICT), resulting in a significant change in the UV-vis spectrum and a notable blue shift in the fluorescence emission spectrum. The cyanide anion (CN−) is responsible for the optical alterations observed by BID, as opposed to the other anions examined. The detection limit was 5.97 nM, significantly less than the WHO's permitted amount of CN− in drinking water. The experimental findings indicate that BID's fluorescence response to CN− is pH insensitive throughout a wide pH range of 6.0 to 12.0. The interaction mechanism between the BID and CN− ions has been studied by HRMS, 1H-NMR titration experiments, FT-IR, and DFT, which confirmed the nucleophilic addition of CN− on vinylidene and subsequent disturbance of ICT. Additionally, we demonstrated the real-time detection application of CN− in environmental water samples and live-cell imaging. Since the cyanide ion is used in a wide range of industries and is harmful to both human health and the environment, a number of research efforts are dedicated to creating fluorescence sensors for the detection of cyanide (CN−).![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanapal Jothi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India
| | - Sathishkumar Munusamy
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Selin Manoj kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India
| | - Saravanan Enbanathan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632014, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu GH, Chen ZZ, Deng YH, Dong WK. A more flexible salamo-based colorimetric and proportional chemical sensor with fast, highly sensitive and recyclable detection of cyanide and application in test paper. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Wang T, Shen L, Wang H, Zhang N. A highly selective fluorescent sensor for ratiometric detection of cyanide in aqueous solution and solid states. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
8
|
A Highly Selective Turn-on Fluorescent and Naked-eye Colourimetric Dual-channel Probe for Cyanide Anions Detection in Water Samples. J Fluoresc 2021; 31:437-446. [PMID: 33410088 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-020-02677-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective turn-on fluorescent and naked-eye colourimetric dual-channel probe for cyanide anions (CN-) has been designed and characterized. In the mixed solution (DMSO / H2O, 9:1, v / v), only CN- could cause an increase in the UV absorption intensity and the corresponding fluorescence intensity increased, and other anions had no significant effect on the probe. After treatment with cyanide in the probe solution, the solution showed a noticeable colour change, from light yellow to purple. Moreover, a fluorescence spectrophotometer can be used to observe that the fluorescence intensity of the solution is significantly enhanced. The response of the colourimetric and fluorescent dual-channel probe to CN- was attributed to nucleophilic addition, and the mechanism was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. In addition, this probe was used to detect CN- in actual water samples, including river water, drinking water, and tap water. The spiked CN- recovery rate is very high (97.2%-100.06%), and analytical precision is also very high (RSD < 2%), which shows its feasibility and reliability for detecting cyanide ions in actual water samples.
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Du JS, Qi SL, Zhu LB, Yang QB, Xu H, Li YX. A new highly selective fluorescent sensor based on a novel fluorophore for cyanide and its applications in bioimaging. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 36:336-344. [PMID: 32914537 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Jian shi Du
- Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- Engineering Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province China‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Shao long Qi
- Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
- Engineering Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province China‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Lu bao Zhu
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Qing biao Yang
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun China
- Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Hai Xu
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Yao xian Li
- College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Q, Nie J, Shan Y, Li Y, Du J, Zhu L, Yang Q, Bai F. Water-soluble fluorescent probe for simultaneous detection of cyanide, hypochlorite and bisulfite at different emission wavelengths. Anal Biochem 2019; 591:113539. [PMID: 31837297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent probe that responds at distinct wavelengths upon exposure to cyanide, hypochlorite, and bisulfite was synthesized. As a result, an easy to apply analytical methodology was developed for the detection of these ions. The feasibility of this method was evaluated by theoretical calculations. The probe exhibited excellent solubility in the test solution (H2O: DMF = 99: 1, v: v) with low detection limits for cyanide, hypochlorite and bisulfite (4.5 × 10 -8 M, 4.9 × 10 -7 M and 4.3 × 10 -8 M respectively) showing distinct emission wavelengths for each ion without interference in practical application. Furthermore, the probe had low toxicity and was applied for the imaging experiments of cyanide, hypochlorite and bisulfite in living HeLa and MDCK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Jiaojiao Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory of AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, PR China
| | - Jianshi Du
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery, China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, 130031, PR China
| | - Lubao Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China
| | - Qingbiao Yang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, PR China.
| | - Fuquan Bai
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Dong ZM, Ren H, Wang JN, Chao JB, Wang Y. A new colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe for selective recognition of cyanide in aqueous media. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 217:27-34. [PMID: 30925317 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple naphthopyran derivative (L) has been synthesized as a colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe for cyanide sensing in the aqueous DMSO medium and paper strips. The nucleophilic addition of CN- to this probe blocks the π-conjugation and the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition between naphthopyran and benzoindolium moieties and consequently results in remarkable color and spectral changes. Upon addition of cyanide, L displayed a ratiometric fluorescence response with a blue shift of the peak position and a noticeable color change from fuchsia to colorless within 90s. The probe exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity toward CN- over other anions and the detection limit was calculated to be 7.56×10-7M, which is well below the WHO cyanide standard in drinking water (1.9μM). In addition, the excitation and emission of the probe were within the visible wavelength range, which could benefit an application of the probe in an inexpensive portable cyanide sensor. The sensing ability of L has been successfully applied in real water samples. Furthermore, test strips based on L were fabricated, which can act as convenient and efficient test kits for detecting CN-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Ming Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Hong Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Jia Na Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Jian Bin Chao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chao J, Xu M, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Huo F, Yin C, Wang X. A Pyrene‐Based Turn‐On Fluorescence Probe for CN
−
Detection and Its Bioimaging Applications. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Chao
- Scientific Instrument CenterShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Miao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringScientific Instrument CenterShanxi University
| | - Yaoming Liu
- Scientific Instrument CenterShanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules of Shanxi ProvinceResearch Institute of Applied ChemistryShanxi University
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules of Shanxi ProvinceResearch Institute of Applied ChemistryShanxi University
| | - Caixia Yin
- Institute of Molecular ScienceShanxi University
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringScientific Instrument CenterShanxi University
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang N, Arulkumar M, Chen X, Wang B, Chen S, Yao C, Wang Z. Research Progress in Design, Synthesis and Application of Benzo Nitrogen-Containing Heterocyclic Fluorescent Probes. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc201904061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|