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Wnorowska S, Grzegorczyk A, Kurzepa J, Maggi F, Strzemski M. Fractionation of Carlina acaulis L. Root Methanolic Extract as a Promising Path towards New Formulations against Bacillus cereus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2024; 29:1939. [PMID: 38731430 PMCID: PMC11085459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The root of Carlina acaulis L. has been widely used in traditional medicine for its antimicrobial properties. In this study, the fractionation of methanol extract from the root was conducted. Four fractions (A, B, C, and D) were obtained and tested against a range of bacteria and fungi. The results showed promising antibacterial activity, especially against Bacillus cereus, where the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined to be equal to 0.08 mg/mL and 0.16 mg/mL for heptane (fraction B) and ethyl acetate (fraction C), respectively. In the case of the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300 strain, the same fractions yielded higher MIC values (2.5 and 5.0 mg/mL, respectively). This was accompanied by a lack of apparent cytotoxicity to normal human BJ foreskin fibroblasts, enterocytes derived from CaCo2 cells, and zebrafish embryos. Further analyses revealed the presence of bioactive chlorogenic acids in the fractionated extract, especially in the ethyl acetate fraction (C). These findings support the traditional use of the root from C. acaulis and pave the way for the development of new formulations for treating bacterial infections. This was further evaluated in a proof-of-concept experiment where fraction C was used in the ointment formulation, which maintained high antimicrobial activity against MRSA and displayed low toxicity towards cultured fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Wnorowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Grzegorczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna Delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Płachno BJ, Strzemski M, Dresler S, Adamec L, Wojas-Krawczyk K, Sowa I, Danielewicz A, Miranda VFO. A Chemometry of Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. (Waterwheel, Droseraceae) Populations. Molecules 2020; 26:E72. [PMID: 33375725 PMCID: PMC7795913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Aldrovanda is a Palaeogene element containing a single extant species, Aldrovanda vesiculosa L. This aquatic carnivorous herb has a very wide range of distribution, natively covering four continents; however, it is a critically endangered aquatic plant species worldwide. Previous studies revealed that A. vesiculosa had an extremely low genetic variation. The main aim of the present paper is to explore, using chemometric tools, the diversity of 16 A. vesiculosa populations from various sites from four continents (Eurasia, Africa, Australia). Using chemometric data as markers for genetic diversity, we show the relationships of 16 A. vesiculosa populations from various sites, including four continents. Phytochemical markers allowed the identification of five well-supported (bootstrap > 90%) groups among the 16 populations sampled. The principal component analysis data support the idea that the strongly related African (Botswana) and Australian (Kimberley, NT, NW Australia) populations are the most distant ones, separated from the European and Asian ones. However, considering the five Australian populations sampled, three are nested within the Eurasian group. The chemometric data are correlated positively with the geographical distances between the samples, which suggests a tendency toward isolation for the most distant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 9 St. 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Lubomír Adamec
- Department of Experimental and Functional Morphology, Institute of Botany CAS, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 01 Třeboň, Czech Republic;
| | - Kamila Wojas-Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Anna Danielewicz
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Vitor F. O. Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Department of Applied Biology, Campus Jaboticabal, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, UNESP-São Paulo State University, São Paulo CEP 14884-900, Brazil;
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Morphological, Anatomical, and Phytochemical Studies of Carlina acaulis L. Cypsela. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239230. [PMID: 33287411 PMCID: PMC7730301 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carlina acaulis L. has a long tradition of use in folk medicine. The chemical composition of the roots and green parts of the plant is quite well known. There is the lowest amount of data on the cypsela (fruit) of this plant. In this study, the microscopic structures and the chemical composition of the cypsela were investigated. Preliminary cytochemical studies of the structure of the Carlina acaulis L. cypsela showed the presence of substantial amounts of protein and lipophilic substances. The chemical composition of the cypsela was investigated using spectrophotometry, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric and fluorescence detection. The cypsela has been shown to be a rich source of macro- and microelements, vegetable oil (25%), α-tocopherol (approx. 2 g/kg of oil), protein (approx. 36% seed weight), and chlorogenic acids (approx. 22 g/kg seed weight). It also contains a complex set of volatile compounds. The C. acaulis cypsela is, therefore, a valuable source of nutrients and bioactive substances.
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Toxicity of Carlina Oxide-A Natural Polyacetylene from the Carlina acaulis Roots-In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040239. [PMID: 32283677 PMCID: PMC7232248 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several reports indicating that the roots of the Carlina acaulis L. used to be commonly applied as a treatment measure in skin diseases and as an antiparasitic agent, starting from antiquity to the 19th century; however, nowadays, it has lost its importance. Currently, numerous studies are being conducted assessing the possibility of reintroducing C. acaulis-derived extracts to phytotherapy. Determining the safety profile of the main constituents of the plant material is crucial for achieving this goal. Here, we aimed to determine the toxicity profile of carlina oxide, one of the most abundant components of the C. acaulis root extract. We obtained the carlina oxide by distillation of C. acaulis roots in the Deryng apparatus. The purity of the standard was evaluated using GC-MS, and the identity was confirmed by IR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopy. In vitro cytotoxicity was assessed using a panel of human cell lines of skin origin, including BJ normal fibroblasts and UACC-903, UACC-647, and C32 melanoma cells. This was accompanied by an in vivo zebrafish acute toxicity test (ZFET). In vitro studies showed a toxic effect of carlina oxide, as demonstrated by an induction of apoptosis and necrosis in both normal and melanoma cells. Decreased expression of AKT kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was noted in the UACC-647 melanoma cell line. It was also observed that carlina oxide modified the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tested cell lines. Carlina oxide exhibited high in vivo toxicity, with LC50 = 10.13 µg/mL upon the 96 h of exposure in the ZFET test. Here, we demonstrate that carlina oxide displays toxic effects to cells in culture and to living organisms. The data indicate that C. acaulis-based extracts considered for therapeutic use should be completely deprived of carlina oxide.
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Lourencao BC, Brocenschi RF, Medeiros RA, Fatibello‐Filho O, Rocha‐Filho RC. Analytical Applications of Electrochemically Pretreated Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna C. Lourencao
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) C.P. 676 13560-970 São Carlos – SP Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Brocenschi
- Centro de Estudos do Mar Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) C.P. 61 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná – PR Brazil
| | - Roberta A. Medeiros
- Departamento de Química Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) C.P. 10.011 86057-970 Londrina – PR Brazil
| | - Orlando Fatibello‐Filho
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) C.P. 676 13560-970 São Carlos – SP Brazil
| | - Romeu C. Rocha‐Filho
- Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) C.P. 676 13560-970 São Carlos – SP Brazil
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Strzemski M, Dresler S, Sowa I, Czubacka A, Agacka-Mołdoch M, Płachno BJ, Granica S, Feldo M, Wójciak-Kosior M. The Impact of Different Cultivation Systems on the Content of Selected Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Carlina acaulis Plant Material. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010146. [PMID: 31905857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Roots and leaves of Carlina acaulis L. are still used in ethnomedicine in many European countries; however, the limited occurrence of the plants and protection of this species necessitate a search for alternative ways for obtaining this plant material. In this study, in vitro cultures, hydroponic cultures, and field cultivation were applied to obtain the C. acaulis plant material. Its quality was evaluated using antioxidant activity tests and high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Our study showed that the antioxidant activity and the content of chlorogenic and 3,5-di-caffeoylquinic acid in roots of plants cultivated in hydroponics and field conditions were comparable. However, the amount of carlina oxide was significantly higher in plants from the field. The flavonoid content in leaves obtained from both cultivation systems was at the same level; however, the antioxidant activity and the content of the investigated metabolites were higher in the soil cultivation system. The callus line exhibited high differentiation in phytochemical compositions depending on the treatments and medium compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Czubacka
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8 St., 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Monika Agacka-Mołdoch
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, Czartoryskich 8 St., 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Bartosz J Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9 St. 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Feldo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11 St., 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wójciak-Kosior
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Dresler S, Hawrylak-Nowak B, Strzemski M, Wójciak-Kosior M, Sowa I, Hanaka A, Gołoś I, Skalska-Kamińska A, Cieślak M, Kováčik J. Metabolic Changes Induced by Silver Ions in Carlina acaulis. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8110517. [PMID: 31744231 PMCID: PMC6918347 DOI: 10.3390/plants8110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Silver is one of the most toxic heavy metals for plants, inducing various toxic symptoms and metabolic changes. Here, the impact of Ag(I) on Carlina acaulis physiology and selected metabolites was studied using two Ag concentrations (1 or 10 µM) after 14 days of exposure. The higher concentration of Ag(I) evoked reduction of growth, while 1 µM Ag had a growth-promoting effect on root biomass. The translocation factor (<0.04) showed that Ag was mainly retained in the roots. The 1 µM Ag concentration increased the level of low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs), while 10 µM Ag depleted these compounds in the roots. The increased concentration of Ag(I) elevated the accumulation of phytochelatins (PCs) in the roots and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the shoots (but not in the roots). At 1 µM, Ag(I) elevated the level of phenolic and triterpene acids, while the 10 µM Ag treatment increased the carlina oxide content in the roots. The obtained results indicate an alteration of metabolic pathways of C. acaulis to cope with different levels of Ag(I) stress. Our data imply that the intracellular binding of Ag(I) and nonenzymatic antioxidants contribute to the protection against low concentrations of Ag ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Dresler
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.H.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (B.H.-N.); Tel.: +48-81-537-5078 (S.D.); +48-81-445-60-96 (B.H.-N.)
| | - Barbara Hawrylak-Nowak
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (B.H.-N.); Tel.: +48-81-537-5078 (S.D.); +48-81-445-60-96 (B.H.-N.)
| | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (M.W.-K.); (I.S.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Magdalena Wójciak-Kosior
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (M.W.-K.); (I.S.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Ireneusz Sowa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (M.W.-K.); (I.S.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Agnieszka Hanaka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Iwona Gołoś
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.H.); (I.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Skalska-Kamińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.S.); (M.W.-K.); (I.S.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Małgorzata Cieślak
- Łukasiewicz—Textile Research Institute, Scientific Department of Unconventional Technologies and Textiles, Brzezińska 5/15, 92-103 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Jozef Kováčik
- Department of Biology, University of Trnava, Priemyselná 4, 918 43 Trnava, Slovak Republic;
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Tyszczuk‐Rotko K, Sztanke M, Sasal A, Sztanke K. Voltammetry as the First Method for Direct Determination of a Novel Antagonist of A
2A
Adenosine Receptors. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Tyszczuk‐Rotko
- Faculty of ChemistryMaria Curie-Skłodowska University 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 20-031 Lublin Poland
| | - Małgorzata Sztanke
- Chair and Department of Medical ChemistryMedical University of Lublin 4 A Chodźki Street 20-093 Lublin Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sasal
- Faculty of ChemistryMaria Curie-Skłodowska University 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq. 20-031 Lublin Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sztanke
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis and Analysis, Chair and Department of Medical ChemistryMedical University of Lublin 4 A Chodźki Street 20-093 Lublin Poland
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