1
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Souza ID, Anderson JL, Tumas V, Queiroz MEC. Direct coupling of fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction with tandem mass spectrometry to determine amyloid beta peptides as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in cerebrospinal fluid samples. Talanta 2023; 254:124186. [PMID: 36521326 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current research efforts at neurological diseases have focused on identifying novel biomarkers to aid in diagnosis, to provide accurate prognostic information, and to monitor disease progression. This study presents the direct coupling of fiber-in-tube solid-phase microextraction to tandem mass spectrometry as a reliable method to determine amyloid beta peptides (Aβ38, Aβ40, and Aβ42) as biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. To obtain the biocompatible fiber-in-tube SPME capillary, a PEEK tube segment was longitudinally packed with fine fibers [nitinol wires coated with a zwitterionic polymeric ionic liquid], to act as selective extraction medium. The fiber-in-tube SPME-MS/MS method integrated analyte extraction/enrichment and sample cleanup (exclusion of interferents) into one step. The method provided lower limits of quantification (LLOQ: 0.2 ng mL-1 for Aβ38 and 0.1 ng mL-1 for Aβ40 and Aβ42), high precision (CV lower than 11.6%), and high accuracy (relative standard deviation lower than 15.1%). This method was successfully applied to determine Aβ peptides in CSF samples obtained from AD patients (n = 8) and controls (healthy volunteers, n = 10). Results showed that Aβ42 levels in the CSF samples obtained from AD patients were significantly lower compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05). On the basis of the ROC analysis results, the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio (AUC = 0.950, p < 0.01; 95%) performed significantly better than Aβ42 alone (AUC = 0.913, p < 0.01; 95%) in discriminating between AD patients and healthy controls and presented better diagnostic ability for AD. The novelties of this study are not only related to evaluating Aβ peptides as AD biomarkers, but also to demonstrating direct online coupling of fiber-in-tube SPME with MS/MS as a quantitative high-throughput method for bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel D Souza
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Vitor Tumas
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia C Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil.
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2
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In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Directly Coupled to Mass Spectrometric Systems: A Review. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9120394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was introduced in 1997, in-tube solid-phase microextraction (in-tube SPME), which uses a capillary column as extraction device, has been continuously developed as online microextraction coupled to LC systems (in-tube SPME-LC). In the last decade, new couplings have been evaluated on the basis of state-of-the-art LC instruments, including direct coupling of in-tube SPME to MS/MS systems, without chromatographic separation, for high-throughput analysis. In-tube SPME coupling to MS/MS has been possible thanks to the selectivity of capillary column coatings and MS/MS systems (SRM mode). Different types of capillary columns (wall-coated open-tubular, porous-layer open-tubular, sorbent-packed, porous monolithic rods, or fiber-packed) with selective stationary phases have been developed to increase the sorption capacity and selectivity of in-tube SPME. This review focuses on the in-tube SPME principle, extraction configurations, current advances in direct coupling to MS/MS systems, experimental parameters, coatings, and applications in different areas (food, biological, clinical, and environmental areas) over the last years.
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3
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Si H, Wang Q, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Li H, Li S, Wang S, Zhu B. Functionalized monolithic columns: Recent advancements and their applications for high-efficiency separation and enrichment in food and medicine. Front Chem 2022; 10:951649. [PMID: 35991596 PMCID: PMC9388943 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.951649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromatographic column is the core of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system, and must have excellent separation efficiency and selectivity. Therefore, functional modification materials for monolithic columns have been rapidly developed. This study is a systematic review of the recently reported functionalized monolithic columns. In particular, the study reviews the types of functional monomers under different modification conditions, as well as the separation and detection techniques combined with chromatography, and their development prospects. In addition, the applications of functionalized monolithic columns in food analysis, biomedicine, and the analysis of active ingredient of Chinese herbal medicines in recent years are also discussed. Also reviewed are the functionalized monolithic columns for qualitative and quantitative analysis. It provided a reference for further development and application of organic polymer monolithic columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Si
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Quan Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Wang,
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yuxin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Hongya Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shuna Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Shuxiang Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Baocheng Zhu
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Forage Microbial Technology Innovation Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Hebei Agriculture Waste Resource Utilization Engineering Research Center, Baoding, Hebei, China
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4
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Speciation of organotin compounds in water and seafood samples by online hyphenation of porous polymer-based magnetism-enhanced in-tube solid phase microextraction and HPLC. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1223:340175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane–Based Hybrid Monolithic Column On-line In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Five Phthalate Esters in Bottled Water. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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6
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Tao XY, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Feng XS. Nicotine in Complex Samples: Recent Updates on the Pretreatment and Analysis Method. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1209-1238. [PMID: 34955065 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2016365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a significant evaluation index of tobacco and its related products' quality, but nicotine overdose can pose serious health hazards and cause addiction and dependence, thus it can be seen that it is necessary to find suitable and efficient detection methods to precisely detect nicotine in diverse samples and complex matrices. In this review, an updated summary of the latest trends in pretreatment and analytical techniques for nicotine is provided. We reviewed various sample pretreatment methods, such as solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, liquid phase microextraction, QuEChERS, etc., and diverse nicotine assay methods including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, electrochemical sensors, etc., focusing on the developments since 2015. Furthermore, the recent progress in the applications and applicability of these techniques as well as our prospects for future developments are discussed.HighlightsUpdated pretreatment and analysis methods of nicotine were systematically summarized.Microextraction and automation were main development trends of nicotine pretreatment.The introduction of novel materials added luster to nicotine pretreatment.The evolutions of ion source and mass analyzer were emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Tao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Liu J, Liu Q, Wei L, Chen X, Li Z, Xu Y, Gao X, Lu X, Zhao J. A novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-based hybrid monolith as a sorbent for on-line in-tube solid phase microextraction of bisphenols in milk prior to high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection analysis. Food Chem 2021; 374:131775. [PMID: 34896942 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An on-line in-tube solid-phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was proposed based on a novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-hybrid monolith for the determination of four bisphenols (BPs) in milk. The monolith was synthesized using acrylamide (AM) and monomethacrylate-functionalized POSS (mono-MA-POSS) as functional monomers to copolymerize with ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA). Due to the abundant hydrogen bonding, π-π and hydrophobic interaction sites, the synthetic monolith displayed satisfying extraction performance for target BPs. Under the optimized conditions, the developed on-line in-tube SPME-HPLC method exhibited low limits of detection (LODs) (0.030-0.055 ng mL-1). The spiked recoveries were between 85.4 % and 111.8 %, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 3.5 % for all the analytes. The results showed that the proposed method provided alternative for the analysis of BPs in complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Liulin Wei
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Yidong Xu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xueyun Gao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Jingchan Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
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8
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Peng C, Zhang S, Wu C, Feng Y, Zhao D, Wang X, Bai Z. In-tube solid phase microextraction and determination of ractopamine in pork muscle samples using amide group modified polysaccharide-silica hybrid monolith as sorbent prior to HPLC analysis. Food Chem 2021; 355:129662. [PMID: 33799255 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile in-tube solid phase microextraction (in-tube SPME) procedure was developed to enrich ractopamine before HPLC-UV analysis. This was achieved by employing amide groups modified polysaccharide-silica hybrid monolith as an efficient sorbent. The monolith was synthesized by a simple reaction with agarose oxide and tetramethoxylisane, followed by the modification of amide groups via subsequent ring opening, "thiol-ene" click and dehydration reactions. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the enrichment factors for ractopamine, dopamine, clenbuterol, para-methylphenol and phenol were determined to be 50.5, 32.2, 4.8, 2.1 and 1.8, respectively. The monolithic column has ideal selectivity for ractopamine. Coupled with HPLC-UV, this method demonstrated a linearity within 2.0-800 ng/g for ractopamine with spiking in pork muscles (R2 = 0.9958). The LOD was 0.64 ng/g (S/N = 3) and recoveries ranged from 85.2 to 108.1% (n = 3). This approach provides a feasible way for analysis of trace ractopamine in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyun Peng
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Chunlai Wu
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yong Feng
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering and Chemistry, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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9
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Wu F, Gu L, Dai X, Yang S, Xu F, Fang X, Yu S, Ding CF. Direct and simultaneous recognition of the positional isomers of aminobenzenesulfonic acid by TIMS-TOF-MS. Talanta 2021; 226:122085. [PMID: 33676646 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Positional isomer recognition is a challenging scientific issue. Fast and accurate detection of isomers is required for understanding their chemical properties. Here, we describe a method for simultaneous recognition of three positional isomers of 2-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (2-ABSA), 3-ABSA, and 4-ABSA using trapped ion mobility spectroscopy-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TIMS-TOF-MS). The three ABSA positional isomers were recognized by measuring the different ion mobility of the ternary complexes of [β-cyclodextrin (CD)+ABSA + Li]+ or [λ-CD + ABSA + Na]+, because their different collision cross-sections or different spatial conformations. The collision-induced dissociation mechanism of the different complexes of [β-CD + ABSA + Li]+ and [λ-CD + ABSA + Na]+ using tandem mass spectrometry exhibited the same dissociation process with slightly different dissociation energies, which the smaller cross-section requires higher collision energy that means the smaller complex with tighter and more stable conformation than a larger complex for the ABSA complexes. In addition, relative quantification of the ABSA isomers was studied by measuring any two of the three ABSA isomer complexes at different molar ratio of 10:1 to 1:10 in the μM range, good linearity (R2 > 0.99) with precision between 2.14% and 2.58%, and accuracy ≥ 97.1% were obtained. The method for fast determination and recognition of ABSA positional isomers by combination with CD and alkali metal ions possesses the advantages of being simple, direct, rapid, sensitive, cost-effective, and needs no chemical derivatives or chromatographic separation before analysis. Therefore, the proposed method would be a powerful tool for the analysis of ABSA isomers or even other positional isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Liancheng Gu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xinhua Dai
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shutong Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xiang Fang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Shaoning Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
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10
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Kataoka H. In-tube solid-phase microextraction: Current trends and future perspectives. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461787. [PMID: 33359971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME) was developed about 24 years ago as an effective sample preparation technique using an open tubular capillary column as an extraction device. IT-SPME is useful for micro-concentration, automated sample cleanup, and rapid online analysis, and can be used to determine the analytes in complex matrices simple sample processing methods such as direct sample injection or filtration. IT-SPME is usually performed in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography using an online column switching technology, in which the entire process from sample preparation to separation to data analysis is automated using the autosampler. Furthermore, IT-SPME minimizes the use of harmful organic solvents and is simple and labor-saving, making it a sustainable and environmentally friendly green analytical technique. Various operating systems and new sorbent materials have been developed to improve its extraction efficiency by, for example, enhancing its sorption capacity and selectivity. In addition, IT-SPME methods have been widely applied in environmental analysis, food analysis and bioanalysis. This review describes the present state of IT-SPME technology and summarizes its current trends and future perspectives, including method development and strategies to improve extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy, Shujitsu University, Nishigawara, Okayama 703-8516, Japan.
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11
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Wu F, Li L, Guan P, Tang K, Yu S, Ding CF. Simultaneous enrichment and analysis of benzimidazole by in-tube SPME-MS based on poly (3-Acrylamidophenylboronic acid-co-divinylbenzene-co-N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide) monolithic column. Talanta 2020; 224:121402. [PMID: 33378997 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a sensitive, rapid, and matrix effect-free method for online simultaneous detection of benzimidazoles in animal products by in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled with mass spectrometry (in-tube SPME-MS) was investigated. Herein, according to the chemical structures properites of the analyte benzimidazoles, poly (3-Acrylamidophenylboronic acid-co-divinylbenzene-co-N,N'-Methylenebisacryladmide) [poly (AAPBA-co-DVB-co-MBAA)] microextraction column was prepared, and severs as the extraction and enrichment medium (in-tube SPME) via hydrophobic, B-N coordination, π-π, and hydrogen bonding interactions with the benzimidazoles. The monolithic column was optimized and characterized, showing satisfactory permeability and extraction capacity in range of 514-1000 μg mL-1 for the benzimidazoles. The important parameters of the in-tube SPME-MS system experimental condition were systematically optimized to achieve the maximal extraction efficiency. Under the optimized condition, the MS intensity of benzimidazoles measured by in-tube SPME-MS is more significant, cleaner, and has a better signal-to-noise ratio than the mass intensity measured by direct MS method. Good linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients between 0.9915 and 0.9990, and the detection limits (S/N = 3) of the benzimidazoles were between 0.55 and 0.91 ng g-1. Recoveries in the range of 72.5%-92.4% were obtained for the benzimidazoles in pork and chicken in three spiked concentration levels, with satisfactory relative standard deviations (n = 4) that lower than 7.5%. The developed in-tube SPME-MS method based on the poly (AAPBA-co-DVB-co-MBAA) column was successfully used to sensitively determine trace benzimidazoles in animal products without interference peaks, indicating that it is promising for the analysis of benzimidazoles in practical samples that requiring minimal sample pre-treatment and no chromatographic separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangling Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Lei Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Pengfei Guan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Keqi Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Shaoning Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Fan Ding
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
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