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Gil Tejedor AM, Bravo Yagüe JC, Paniagua González G, Garcinuño Martínez RM, Fernández Hernando P. Selective Extraction of Diazepam and Its Metabolites from Urine Samples by a Molecularly Imprinted Solid-Phase Extraction (MISPE) Method. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:635. [PMID: 38475318 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized by precipitation polymerization using oxazepam (OZ) as a template molecule and was subsequently applied as a selective sorbent for the extraction of diazepam (DZP) and its metabolites in urine samples using an SPE cartridge. OZ, temazepam (TZ), nordiazepam (NZ) and DZP were analyzed in the final extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The SPE extraction steps were optimized, and the evaluation of an imprinting factor was carried out. The selectivity of the method for OZ versus structurally related benzodiazepines (BZDs), such as bromazepam (BRZ), tetrazepam (TTZ) and halazepam (HZ), was investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed methodology provided good linearity in the range of 10-1500 ng/mL, with limit of detection values between 13.5 and 21.1 ng/mL and recovery levels for DZP and its metabolites from 89.0 to 93.9% (RSD ≤ 8%) at a concentration level of 1000 ng/mL. The proposed method exhibited good selectivity, precision and accuracy and was applied to the analysis of urine samples from a real case of DZP intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Gil Tejedor
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, National Distance Education University (UNED), Urbanización Monte Rozas, Avda. Esparta s/n, 28232 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Bravo Yagüe
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, National Distance Education University (UNED), Urbanización Monte Rozas, Avda. Esparta s/n, 28232 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Paniagua González
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, National Distance Education University (UNED), Urbanización Monte Rozas, Avda. Esparta s/n, 28232 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa María Garcinuño Martínez
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, National Distance Education University (UNED), Urbanización Monte Rozas, Avda. Esparta s/n, 28232 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández Hernando
- Department of Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, National Distance Education University (UNED), Urbanización Monte Rozas, Avda. Esparta s/n, 28232 Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
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Almeida CVP, Neng NR, Nogueira JMF, Ruivo J. Application of a bar adsorptive microextraction based methodology for doping control of alkylamine stimulants in urine matrices. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1234:124006. [PMID: 38246007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
To comply with 'World Anti-Doping Agency' (WADA) guidelines, doping control laboratories must continuously adjust their analytical procedures. Therefore, sample preparation continues to play a critical step in modern analytical strategies, namely by replacing the tedious, time and solvent consuming commonly employed (e.g. liquid-liquid extraction). The present contribution proposes, for the first time in doping control, bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) as an alternative analytical technique for the qualitative determination of six alkyl amine stimulants (AAs; 1,3-dimethylbutylamine, 1,4-dimethylpentylamine, heptaminol, isometheptene, octodrine and tuaminoheptane) in urine matrices followed by derivatization prior to gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, operating in the selected ion monitoring mode acquisition (GC-MS(SIM)). After selecting the most selective coating phase, i.e., a mixed-mode reversed phase/strong anion exchange sorbent (P2), assays performed under optimized experimental conditions [microextraction - BAμE(P2), 1 h (1,000 rpm), pH 11, 10 % NaCl; back-extraction - methanol (150 μL), 30 min, under sonication], allowed remarkable recoveries ranging from 48.7 % (heptaminol, 200 ng/mL) to 83.1 % (1,4-dimethylpentylamine, 200 ng/mL). The validation assessment assays of the proposed methodology showed suitable limits of identification (5.0-35.0 ng/mL), appropriate linear dynamic ranges (5.0-200.0 ng/mL) and good determination coefficients (r2 > 0.9937), as well as excellent selectivity, robustness, accuracy and precision. To check whether the methodology is fit-for-purpose, four previously analysed proficiency urine samples were successfully tested, in which were unequivocally detected and identified some of the target AAs. The present methodology showed to be a remarkable alternative in comparison to other dedicated analytical approaches to screen AAs in urine matrices, since it is cost-effective, user- and eco-friendly, requiring low volume of urine sample (1 mL). The great potential of this analytical technology in doping control lies in a very effective microextraction combined with the minimization of potential interferents, presenting itself as an added value to be applied to other types of substances and complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V P Almeida
- Laboratório de Análises de Dopagem, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge IP, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz (Estádio Universitário), 1600-190 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - N R Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - J M F Nogueira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - J Ruivo
- Laboratório de Análises de Dopagem, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge IP, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz (Estádio Universitário), 1600-190 Lisboa, Portugal.
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An J, Fan L, Zhi X, Dong Z. Quantification of sedative-hypnotics in human urine and plasma via polystyrene-based solid phase extraction-LC-MS/MS analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115753. [PMID: 37776626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the adverse effects of the overuse of common sedative-hypnotics on human health, the development of an efficient analytical method for the detection of drugs in clinical emergencies and forensic science is significant. Although conventional analytical methods, such as immunoassay, liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry (MS) are reliable, they exhibit drawbacks such low-throughput screening and high costs. Thus, in this study, we developed a novel high-throughput method consisting of a polystyrene-based solid phase extraction (SPE) and an LC with tandem MS analysis for the detection of drugs in biological samples and investigated its precision and reliability via the detection of twelve sedative-hypnotics in human urine and plasma samples. Good linear relationship (r ≥ 0.99) were achieved within the concentration range of 0.1-20 ng/mL for the 12 analytes in urine samples. Whereas, in the plasma samples, the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99 in the concentration range 1-100 ng/mL for lorazepam and clonazepam and in the range 0.5-100 ng/mL for the remaining analytes. The intra- and inter-day precision, autosampler and freeze-thaw stabilities, and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for all twelve analytes in the urine and plasma samples were favorable. Furthermore, sedative-hypnotics were detected in clinical samples obtained from the Hebei General Hospital using this method. These results indicated that the analytical method proposed in this study can be effectively applied in toxicology screening and drug abuse monitoring.The method developed in this study could be applied in clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories for sedative-hypnotic drug screening, providing support for drug abuse monitoring and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Liju Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Xuran Zhi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Zhanjun Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China.
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Gupta N, Thakur RS, Patel DK. Detection, quantification and degradation kinetic for five benzodiazepines using VAUS-ME-SFO/LC-MS/MS method for water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Talanta 2023; 260:124572. [PMID: 37121139 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines can make victims more docile, they are frequently used in drug-facilitated crimes, such as robberies and sexual assaults. Therefore, it is essential to develop techniques for determining whether these chemicals are present in relation with illegal activity is crucial. Therefore, to determine the presence of five benzodiazepines (alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam) in water, alcoholic beverages, and non-alcoholic beverages, a simple and direct, miniaturized, and effective vortex assisted ultrasound based microextraction using solidification of floating organic droplets (VAUS-ME-SFO) in combination with LC-MS/MS was developed. 1-Undecanol and acetonitrile, respectively, served as the extractant and disperser solvents. Many other parameters affect the efficiency of the developed analytical procedure VAUS-ME-SFO/LC-MS/MS. These parameters were optimized using Plackett Burman Design and Central Composite Design to obtain reliable results. The optimum conditions for the extraction were: 10.0 mL of sample; 180 μL acetonitrile, as a dispersive solvent; 200 μL of 1-undecanol, as an extraction solvent; pH 7; 105 s of vortex agitation; 120 s of ultrasonication application and 3 min of centrifugation at 7000 rpm. The benzodiazepines were separated by a chromatographic separation technique carried out by a UPLC system consisting of a binary mobile phase. The solvent system comprises of 0.1% Formic acid in Milli-Q (Solvent A) and 0.1% Formic acid in ACN (Solvent B) with a gradient flow of 3.5 min total analysis time. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve was studied in the range of 0.124-7.810 ng mL-1. The regression correlation coefficient (R2) value of all targeted analytes ranges from 0.993 to 0.999. The LOD and LOQ of VAUS-ME-SFO methods using LC-MS/MS analysis range from 0.316 to 0.968 ng mL-1 and 1.055-3.277 ng mL-1 respectively. The repeatability within a day varied from 0.6 to 3.5%, and the reproducibility across days varied from 2.2 to 6.3%. The recoveries ranges for water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages from 70.77 to 114.53%, 63.20-102.21% and 66.23-113.28% respectively. Further, the degradation kinetics was studied to establish the half-life of each targeted analyte in the matrix undertaken in the study. The water samples were classified based on their BDZs residues. This implies that the more health care and anthropogenic activity, the more the BDZs residue will be in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Singh Thakur
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Zhang YX, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Liu YJ, Ren A, Zhou Y, Shi D, Feng XS. Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods. J Pharm Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
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HS-BAμE: A New Alternative Approach for VOCs Analysis-Application for Monitoring Biogenic Emissions from Tree Species. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031179. [PMID: 36770845 PMCID: PMC9919248 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a new analytical approach is proposed for monitoring biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) by combining headspace bar adsorptive microextraction (HS-BAμE) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The HS-BAμE methodology was developed, optimized, validated and applied for the analysis of BVOCs emitted from two tree species (Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Pinus pinaster Aiton) and compared with headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), commonly accepted as a reference technique. To achieve optimum experimental conditions, numerous assays were carried out by both methodologies, studying the release of the five major monoterpenoids (α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene and 1,8-cineole) from the leaves of the tree species, whereas the maximum selectivity and efficiency were obtained using an activated carbon and PDMS/DVB fiber as sorbent phases for HS-BAμE and HS-SPME, respectively. Under optimized experimental conditions, both methodologies showed similar profiling and proportional responses, although the latter present a higher sensitivity in the analytical configuration used. For the five monoterpenoids studied, acceptable detection limits (LODs = 5.0 μg L-1) and suitable linear dynamic ranges (20.0-100.0 mg L-1; r2 ≥ 0.9959) were achieved, and intra- and inter-day studies proved that both methodologies exhibited good results (RSD and %RE ≤ 19.9%), which indicates a good fit for the assessment of BVOCs by the HS-BAμE/GC-MS methodology. Assays performed on sampled leaves by both optimized and validated methodologies showed high levels of the five major BVOCs released from E. globulus Labill. (10.2 ± 1.3 to 7828.0 ± 40.0 μg g-1) and P. pinaster Aiton (9.2 ± 1.4 to 3503.8 ± 396.3 μg g-1), which might act as potential fuel during forest fire's propagation, particularly under extreme atmospheric conditions. This is the first time that BAμE technology was applied in the HS sampling mode, and, in addition to other advantages, it has proven to be an effective and promising analytical alternative for monitoring VOCs, given its great simplicity, easy handling and low cost.
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An J, Wang X, Song H, Zhao T, Ren H, Kang W, Dong Z, Niu L, Shi H. Simultaneous determination of four sedative-hypnotics in human urine based on dendritic structured magnetic nanomaterials. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Tan Z, Wen Y, Yang K, Zhao X, Yang X, He J. Development and validation of the UPLC-MS method for simultaneous determination of six new psychoactive substances. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26704-26711. [PMID: 36320845 PMCID: PMC9490772 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04869h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined abuse of benzodiazepines and antipsychotics has become a global problem, and to develop a highly sensitive and selective method for monitoring of benzodiazepine hypnotics and antipsychotics is urgently necessary. In this work, we established a rapid method for the simultaneous determination of benzodiazepines (diazepam, alprazolam, triazolam, and estazolam) and antipsychotic drugs (clozapine, and chlorpromazine) based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). The accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), specificity, matrix effect and carry-over effect were verified in detail. The results of the recovery and repeat experiments proved that the proposed UPLC-MS method possessed very satisfactory accuracy and precision. The LOD and LOQ of the six psychoactive substances were as low as 0.001-0.005 and 0.005-0.01 μg L-1, respectively. The proposed method was employed to analyze urine samples which were pretreated with a protein precipitation process. The potential influences of precipitants on the analysis results were evaluated statistically, and 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile/water was selected as the optimum precipitation agent. The detection of the targets was free from matrix and carryover effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouhong Tan
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Kunming 650223 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Yunbo Wen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Kunming 650223 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- Public Security Bureau Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Jieli He
- College of Pharmacy, Dali University Dali 671000 Yunnan P. R. China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Kunming 650223 Yunnan P. R. China
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Simple Analytical Strategy for Screening Three Synthetic Cathinones (α-PVT, α-PVP, and MDPV) in Oral Fluids. ANALYTICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones are analogue compounds of the plant based stimulant cathinone. Its use, abuse, and related consumption complications have steadily increased in the last years. For this reason, there is a need for innovative analytical approaches that enable its rapid screening in biological matrices (e.g., oral fluids). The present work proposes a new analytical methodology by combining bar adsorptive microextraction followed by microliquid desorption and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (BAµE-µLD/GC-MS) for screening three synthetic cathinones (α-PVP, α-PVT, and MDPV) in oral fluids. The optimization of the BAµE-µLD/GC-MS methodology was successfully applied for the analysis of the target compounds in oral fluids. The results show average recoveries between 43.1 and 52.3% for the three synthetic cathinones. Good selectivity was also noticed. The developed methodology presents itself as an alternative tool to screen these compounds in oral fluids. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that combines a microextraction sorption-based technique followed by GC-MS analysis for the screening of synthetic cathinones in oral fluids.
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Tao XY, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Feng XS. Nicotine in Complex Samples: Recent Updates on the Pretreatment and Analysis Method. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:1209-1238. [PMID: 34955065 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.2016365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a significant evaluation index of tobacco and its related products' quality, but nicotine overdose can pose serious health hazards and cause addiction and dependence, thus it can be seen that it is necessary to find suitable and efficient detection methods to precisely detect nicotine in diverse samples and complex matrices. In this review, an updated summary of the latest trends in pretreatment and analytical techniques for nicotine is provided. We reviewed various sample pretreatment methods, such as solid phase extraction, solid phase microextraction, liquid phase microextraction, QuEChERS, etc., and diverse nicotine assay methods including liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, electrochemical sensors, etc., focusing on the developments since 2015. Furthermore, the recent progress in the applications and applicability of these techniques as well as our prospects for future developments are discussed.HighlightsUpdated pretreatment and analysis methods of nicotine were systematically summarized.Microextraction and automation were main development trends of nicotine pretreatment.The introduction of novel materials added luster to nicotine pretreatment.The evolutions of ion source and mass analyzer were emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Tao
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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An J, Dong Z, Zhang W, Yan Y, Kang W, Lian K. Development of a simple nanofiber-based solid phase extraction procedure coupled with high performance liquid chromatography analysis for the quantification of eight sedative-hypnotic drugs in human urine samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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High-throughput subzero-temperature assisted homogenous liquid-liquid extraction for the fast sample preparation of multiple phenolic compounds in propolis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1179:122823. [PMID: 34147873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a high-throughput homogenous liquid-liquid extraction method was developed for fast sample preparation of multiple phenolic compounds in propolis. This method was proposed based on cooling samples array in subzero temperature to induce phase separation of ACN-H2O extractant. Due to the high-throughput ability, optimization of extraction parameters was rapidly achieved by using a 5 × 4 × 3 samples array. In addition, multiple arrays were investigated for evaluating the analytical performance of the high-throughput method, which indicated that limits of detection and quantification were ranged from 0.04 to 0.35 µg/mL and 0.12 to 1.05 µg/mL, respectively. Recoveries and precisions in inter-day high-throughput studies were in the range of 90.55-105.50% and 2.58-4.30%, respectively. Comparing with the conventional liquid extraction method, this ecofriendly high-throughput method presented remarkable advantages in reducing sample and chemical consumption, as well as saving labor and time cost. The proposed method might provide a valuable strategy for the design of high-throughput extraction procedures.
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Oliveira MN, Gonçalves OC, Ahmad SM, Schneider JK, Krause LC, Neng NR, Caramão EB, Nogueira JMF. Application of Bar Adsorptive Microextraction for the Determination of Levels of Tricyclic Antidepressants in Urine Samples. Molecules 2021; 26:3101. [PMID: 34067333 PMCID: PMC8196885 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This work entailed the development, optimization, validation, and application of a novel analytical approach, using the bar adsorptive microextraction technique (BAμE), for the determination of the six most common tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs; amitriptyline, mianserin, trimipramine, imipramine, mirtazapine and dosulepin) in urine matrices. To achieve this goal, we employed, for the first time, new generation microextraction devices coated with convenient sorbent phases, polymers and novel activated carbons prepared from biomaterial waste, in combination with large-volume-injection gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in selected-ion monitoring mode (LVI-GC-MS(SIM)). Preliminary assays on sorbent coatings, showed that the polymeric phases present a much more effective performance, as the tested biosorbents exhibited low efficiency for application in microextraction techniques. By using BAμE coated with C18 polymer, under optimized experimental conditions, the detection limits achieved for the six TCAs ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 μg L-1 and, weighted linear regressions resulted in remarkable linearity (r2 > 0.9960) between 10.0 and 1000.0 μg L-1. The developed analytical methodology (BAμE(C18)/LVI-GC-MS(SIM)) provided suitable matrix effects (90.2-112.9%, RSD ≤ 13.9%), high recovery yields (92.3-111.5%, RSD ≤ 12.3%) and a remarkable overall process efficiency (ranging from 84.9% to 124.3%, RSD ≤ 13.9%). The developed and validated methodology was successfully applied for screening the six TCAs in real urine matrices. The proposed analytical methodology proved to be an eco-user-friendly approach to monitor trace levels of TCAs in complex urine matrices and an outstanding analytical alternative in comparison with other microextraction-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana N. Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.N.O.); (O.C.G.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Oriana C. Gonçalves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.N.O.); (O.C.G.); (S.M.A.)
| | - Samir M. Ahmad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.N.O.); (O.C.G.); (S.M.A.)
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jaderson K. Schneider
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil; (J.K.S.); (L.C.K.); (E.B.C.)
| | - Laiza C. Krause
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil; (J.K.S.); (L.C.K.); (E.B.C.)
| | - Nuno R. Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.N.O.); (O.C.G.); (S.M.A.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elina B. Caramão
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91509-900 Porto Alegre, Brazil; (J.K.S.); (L.C.K.); (E.B.C.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Industrial, Universidade Tiradentes, 49032-490 Aracaju, Brazil
| | - José M. F. Nogueira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.N.O.); (O.C.G.); (S.M.A.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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14
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Varenne F, Kadhirvel P, Bosman P, Renault L, Combès A, Pichon V. Synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers for the selective extraction of oxazepam from complex environmental and biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:451-463. [PMID: 33751162 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxazepam, one of the most frequently prescribed anxiolytic drugs, is not completely removed from wastewater with conventional treatment processes. It can thus be found at trace levels in environmental water, with human urine constituting the major source of contamination. This study focused on the development and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the selective solid-phase extraction of oxazepam at trace levels from environmental water and human urine samples. Two MIPs were synthesized, and their selectivity in pure organic and aqueous media were assayed. After optimizing the extraction procedure adapted to a large sample volume to reach a high enrichment factor, the most promising MIP was applied to the selective extraction of oxazepam from environmental water. Extraction recoveries of 83 ± 12, 92 ± 4 and 89 ± 10% were obtained using the MIP for tap, mineral and river water, respectively, while a recovery close to 40% was obtained on the corresponding non-imprinted polymer (NIP). Thanks to the high enrichment factors, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 4.5 ng L-1 was obtained for river water. A selective extraction procedure was also developed for urine samples and gave rise to extraction recoveries close to 95% for the MIP and only 23% for the NIP. Using the MIP, a LOQ of 357 ng L-1 was obtained for oxazepam in urine. The use of the MIP also helped to limit the matrix effects encountered for the quantification of oxazepam in environmental samples and in human urine samples after extraction on an Oasis HLB sorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Varenne
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Porkodi Kadhirvel
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Bosman
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Renault
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Combès
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Pichon
- Laboratory of Analytical, Bioanalytical Sciences and Miniaturization, Chemistry, Biology and Innovation (CBI) UMR 8231, ESPCI Paris PSL, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne University, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005, Paris, France.
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15
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Soltanmohammadi F, Afshar Moghadam M, Khoubnasabjafari M, Jouyban A. Development of Salt Induced Liquid–Liquid Extraction Combined with Amine Based Deep Eutectic Solvent-Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction; An Efficient Analytical Method for Determination of Three Anti-Seizures in Urine Samples. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Soltanmohammadi
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Li ZL, Zhang ZY, Zhao TW, Meng CY, Zhang QY, Wang MM. In-situ fabrication of zeolite imidazole framework@hydroxyapatite composite for dispersive solid-phase extraction of benzodiazepines and their determination with high-performance liquid chromatography-VWD detection. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:540. [PMID: 32876888 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel zeolite imidazole framework@hydroxyapatite composite (ZIF-8@HAP) was constructed via in-situ growth and developed for efficient dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) of three benzodiazepines from urine samples. The prepared composite was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectrometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffractometry, zeta potential analyzer, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiment. Characterization results showed typical dodecahedron ZIF-8 crystals that were uniformly located on the surface of rod-like HAP. The combination of ZIF-8 and HAP made the surface area significantly enhanced from 4.68 to 205.44 m2 g-1. Compared with a commercial C18 adsorbent, ZIF-8@HAP exhibited superior removal performance for interfering components from urine and offered better extraction properties for the analytes. The prepared ZIF-8@HAP was applied as an adsorbent in DSPE, and the main experimental parameters, including pH and ionic strength of solution, adsorbent amount, adsorption time, elution solvent, and volume, were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the adsorption for 250 ng mL-1 of each analyte in 4 mL of urine was accomplished within 2 min using 60 mg of adsorbent. The method of ZIF-8@HAP-based DSPE followed by high-performance liquid chromatography gave enhancement factors of 13.3-15.3, linear ranges of 2.5-500 ng mL-1, and limits of detection (S/N = 3) of 0.7-1.4 ng mL-1. The relative recoveries at three spiked levels ranged from 88.7 - 102% with intra-day and inter-day precisions from 3.0 - 10.3% and 2.3 - 12.3%, respectively. These results indicated that the proposed strategy had promising applicability for convenient, rapid, and efficient determination of benzodiazepines in urine samples.Graphical abstract In-situ fabrication of ZIF-8@HAP composite for dispersive solid-phase extraction of benzodiazepines in urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ling Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Yang Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng-Wen Zhao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Meng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Ying Zhang
- North China University of Science and Technology Affiliated Hospital, No. 73 Jianshe Road, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Man Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No. 21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Yan X, Ma X, Zhong D, Li Y, Wu D. Bar adsorptive microextraction device coated with polyimide microsphere assembled by nanosheets combined with thermal desorption-gas chromatography for trace analysis of nitroaromatic explosives in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1624:461193. [PMID: 32540060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyimide (PI) microspheres assembled by nanosheets were used for bar adsorptive microextraction (BAμE) for the first time. The PI microsphere possessed self-organized hierarchical nanostructure, large specific surface area (170 m2/g) and good thermostability (up to 400 °C). The BAμE device was prepared by adhering the PI microspheres on a quartz bar with Kapton double sided tape. Trace nitroaromatic explosives in environmental waters were extracted by the BAμE device, desorbed by thermal desorption (TD), and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The reproducibility of five BAμE devices prepared in parallel was less than 13.0% (expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD). The BAμE device could stand up to 30 extraction/desorption cycles without decrease of extraction efficiency. The results of method validation showed that the BAμE-TD/GC-MS method possessed wide linearity (0.05-50 μg/L or 0.05-20 μg/L), high correlation coefficients (> 0.9987), good precision (RSDs < 11.8%), low detection limits (0.005-0.013 μg/L) and high enrichment factors (528-1410). Relative recoveries were in the range of 72.2-122.6% with RSDs between 0.1% and 10.5% for real water samples. These results proved that the proposed method was a good choice for determination of organic pollutants in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xinyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Dongdong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yanshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Dapeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, State Key Laboratory Base of Novel Functional Materials and Preparation Science, School of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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Ahmad SM, Oliveira MN, Neng NR, Nogueira J. A Fast and Validated High Throughput Bar Adsorptive Microextraction (HT-BAµE) Method for the Determination of Ketamine and Norketamine in Urine Samples. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061438. [PMID: 32235801 PMCID: PMC7145298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed, optimized and validated a fast analytical cycle using high throughput bar adsorptive microextraction and microliquid desorption (HT-BAμE-μLD) for the extraction and desorption of ketamine and norketamine in up to 100 urine samples simultaneously, resulting in an assay time of only 0.45 min/sample. The identification and quantification were carried out using large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in the selected ion monitoring mode (LVI-GC-MS(SIM)). Several parameters that could influencing HT-BAµE were assayed and optimized in order to maximize the recovery yields of ketamine and norketamine from aqueous media. These included sorbent selectivity, desorption solvent and time, as well as shaking rate, microextraction time, matrix pH, ionic strength and polarity. Under optimized experimental conditions, suitable sensitivity (1.0 μg L−1), accuracy (85.5–112.1%), precision (≤15%) and recovery yields (84.9–105.0%) were achieved. Compared to existing methods, the herein described analytical cycle is much faster, environmentally friendly and cost-effective for the quantification of ketamine and norketamine in urine samples. To our knowledge, this is the first work that employs a high throughput based microextraction approach for the simultaneous extraction and subsequent desorption of ketamine and norketamine in up to 100 urine samples simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir M. Ahmad
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.M.A.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Mariana N. Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.M.A.); (M.N.O.)
| | - Nuno R. Neng
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.M.A.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.R.N.); (J.M.F.N.)
| | - J.M.F. Nogueira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.M.A.); (M.N.O.)
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.R.N.); (J.M.F.N.)
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19
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Peng S, Bai L, Wang L, Sun F, Liu H, Yan H. Fabrication of a cycloalkyl-monolith for on-line solid-phase extraction and determination of four polyphyllins in plasma. Anal Biochem 2020; 591:113555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.113555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Sun T, Ali MM, Wang D, Du Z. On-site rapid screening of benzodiazepines in dietary supplements using pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction coupled to ion mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Ahmad SM, Nogueira JMF. High throughput bar adsorptive microextraction: A simple and effective analytical approach for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in urine samples. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1615:460750. [PMID: 31866132 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple, effective, convenient and environmentally friendly methodology using high throughput bar adsorptive microextraction (HT-BAμE) with microliquid desorption in combination with large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operating in the selected-ion monitoring acquisition mode (LVI-GC-MS(SIM)) was applied for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in urine samples. Under optimized experimental conditions, the developed methodology allowed for linear dynamic ranges between 20.0 and 2000.0 μg L-1 with determination coefficients of 0.9991 and 0.9992, as well as average recovery yields of 61.7-67.5% and 53.9-57.8% for nicotine and cotine, respectively. The developed methodology was applied to monitor urine samples from 86 volunteers having different smoking habits, where nicotine and cotinine were quantified in the range from 23.6 to 2612.6 μg L-1. The target compounds were extracted in a HT-BAμE apparatus, which allows for simultaneous microextraction and subsequent back-extraction of up to 100 samples. This is a major improvement over other microextraction techniques. The data from the proposed methodology were satisfactory and in line with current green analytical chemistry guidelines, and proved to be an effective sample preparation alternative with substantial potential for high throughput bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ahmad
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J M F Nogueira
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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