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Ali N, Yutong L, Wang F, Qi L. In situ growth of dual-responsive polymer as coating for open tubular capillary electrochromatographic separation of epimedins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:4571-4580. [PMID: 38902347 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Recently, open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) has captured considerable interest; its efficient separation capability hinges on the interactions between analytes and polymer coatings. However, in situ growth of stimuli-responsive polymers as coatings has been rarely studied and is crucial for expanding the OT-CEC technique and its application. Herein, following poly(styrene-maleicanhydride) (PSM) chemically bonded onto the inner surface of the capillary, a dual pH/temperature stimuli-responsive block copolymer, P(SMN-COOH), was prepared by in situ polymerizing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) carboxylic acid terminated [P(N-COOH)] in PSM. An OT-CEC protocol was first explored using the coated capillary for epimedins separation. As a proof of concept, the developed OT-CEC system facilitated hydrogen bonding and tuning the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions between the test analytes and the P(SMN-COOH) coating by varying buffer pH and environmental temperature. Four epimedins with similar chemical structures were baseline separated under 40 °C at pH 10.0, exhibiting dramatical improvement in separation efficiency in comparison to its performance under 25 °C at pH 4.0. In addition, the coated capillary showed good repeatability and reusability with relative standard deviations for migration time and peak area between 0.7 and 1.7% and between 2.9 and 4.6%, respectively, and no significant changes after six runs. This work introduces a paradigm for efficient OT-CEC separation of herbal medicines through adjusting the interactions between analytes and smart polymer coatings, addressing polymer coating design and OT-CEC challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Ali
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liu Yutong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Li Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Yang L, Liu R, Li C, Gu B, Ye J, Chen L, Chu Q. Chiral zeolite beta used as stationary phase for enantioseparation in miniaturized open tubular capillary electrochromatography with amperometric detection. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1292:342242. [PMID: 38309852 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rapid growth of the demand for optically pure compounds in the fields of biology, medicine and stereospecific synthesis, it is of great importance to develop efficient, economical, simple enantioseparation and analysis methods. Open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) has attracted much attention in the field of chiral separation, but its column capacity and the sensitivity of common-used optical detection are relatively low. Zeolite beta nanomaterial is both enantioselective and size-selective, providing suitable chiral microenvironment for chiral recognition, and amperometric detection (AD) avoids the low sensitivity caused by the short optical path in optical detection to some extent. RESULTS Zeolite beta nanomaterials with different particle sizes (25, 50 and 200 nm) were synthesized, and the morphology and structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Then, a novel chiral OT column was prepared by one-step method using zeolite beta nanomaterial as chiral stationary phase, and its separation performance was characterized by miniaturized CEC with AD (mini-CEC-AD) device. Under the optimum conditions, six groups of chiral drugs achieved baseline separation. Norepinephrine enantiomers were used for evaluating the inter-day, intra-day and inter-column reproducibility of the prepared open-tubular column. The relative standard deviations of migration time, peak area, resolution and selectivity factor were within 8.7 %. The limits of detection for norepinephrine enantiomers were 0.18 μg mL-1 (S/N = 3), and the average recoveries were in range of 96.7-105.0 %. This developed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of impurity enantiomer in potassium dichromate (+)-norepinephrine injection sample. SIGNIFICANCE Zeolite beta nanomaterial was used as the stationary phase to prepare chiral OT columns for the first time, and this one-step preparation method is simple and easy. The introduction of zeolite beta enriches the types of chiral stationary phase materials in electrochromatographic columns, and mini-OT-CEC-AD system provides an alternative for fast enantioseparation of chiral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ru Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chaodan Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Boning Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiannong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Li Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Qingcui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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Hong T, Zhou W, Tan S, Cai Z. A cooperation tale of biomolecules and nanomaterials in nanoscale chiral sensing and separation. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:1485-1508. [PMID: 37656443 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00133d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The cooperative relationship between biomolecules and nanomaterials makes up a beautiful tale about nanoscale chiral sensing and separation. Biomolecules are considered a fabulous chirality 'donor' to develop chiral sensors and separation systems. Nature has endowed biomolecules with mysterious chirality. Various nanomaterials with specific physicochemical attributes can realize the transmission and amplification of this chirality. We focus on highlighting the advantages of combining biomolecules and nanomaterials in nanoscale chirality. To enhance the sensors' detection sensitivity, novel cooperation approaches between nanomaterials and biomolecules have attracted tremendous attention. Moreover, innovative biomolecule-based nanocomposites possess great importance in developing chiral separation systems with improved assay performance. This review describes the formation of a network based on nanomaterials and biomolecules mainly including DNA, proteins, peptides, amino acids, and polysaccharides. We hope this tale will record the perpetual relation between biomolecules and nanomaterials in nanoscale chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China.
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha 410219, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, 172 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
- Jiangsu Dawning Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China.
- Jiangsu Dawning Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213100, China
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Li Y, Jin X, Xiao Y, Ma X, Wang Y. Investigation of the chiral recognition role of cyclodextrin hydroxyl moieties via high performance liquid chromatography. Analyst 2023; 148:4987-4994. [PMID: 37667869 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01033c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrin (CD) is known to afford excellent enantioselectivities due to its hydrophobic cavity and external H-bonding sites from hydroxyl moieties. However, there is still a lack of direct and comprehensive evidence clearly illustrating the origin of the important H-bonding effect. Regarding this issue, herein, four allylimidazole CD derivatives by selective substitution of the primary (6-position) and/or secondary (2,3-position) CD were synthesized and clicked onto silica surfaces to afford the corresponding chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The chiral chromatographic performances were systematically evaluated by separating 35 racemic analytes including isoxazolines, dansyl-amino acids, flavonoids and other racemates under reversed-phase HPLC. The chiral selection factors (α) and retention times (k) of the analytes on the as-prepared CSPs were comprehensively compared and it reveals that the enantioseparation ability was significantly altered due to the selective substituents of CD hydroxyl groups. The natural allylimidazole CD CSP (AICDCSP) was superior to the 6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl AICDCSP (6-TBDMAICDCSP) for most analytes. Dansyl amino acids and Ar-Pys were well separated on AICDCSP and 6-TBDMAICDCSP, where dansyl amino leucine gained the highest resolution up to 4.72 on AICDCSP, and flavonoids and Ar-Oprs were only separated on AICDCSP. These interesting separation results demonstrate that the secondary hydroxyl groups play a pivotal role in the separation of chiral compounds. In addition, the size of the CD cavity and the choice of solute also have an effect on the separation of substances. The mechanism involved in enantioselective discrimination of the selectively substituted CDs was further investigated by the molecular docking simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300075, China.
| | - Xiaoning Jin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300075, China.
| | - Yin Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300075, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300075, China.
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Ahmed MA, Ghiasvand A, Quirino JP. Dynamic in situ growth of bonded-phase silica nanospheres on silica capillary inner walls for open-tubular liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:4923-4934. [PMID: 37351669 PMCID: PMC10386930 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanospheres (SNS) were grown on the inner walls of silica capillaries through a dynamic in situ nucleation process to prepare a highly porous and large accessible surface area substrate. The SNS were then functionalized with octadecyl (C18), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and amino groups to develop robust and efficient chromatographic stationary phases. The modified silica capillaries were exploited for open-tubular liquid chromatography (OT-LC) and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) applications. The prepared stationary phases were compared to conventional capillaries in terms of separation performance. The synthesis process was optimized, and the bonded-phase stationary phases were characterized by the electron microscopy technique. The effects of different solvents, additives, and functional groups on the geometry and chromatographic resolving power of the SNS were envisaged. The capillaries modified with octadecyl groups were evaluated for the separation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenones, alkenylbenzenes, and enantiomers of chlorophenoxy herbicides. As an application instance, an SNS-C18-coated capillary was utilized for the separation of alkenylbenzenes from clove extract and protein digest medium, through OT-LC and OT-CEC techniques, respectively. The β-CD functionalized capillary was applied for the OT-CEC separation of a dichlorprop racemic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Adel Ahmed
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran.
| | - Joselito P Quirino
- Australian Centre for Research On Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
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Ahmed MA, Yu RB, Quirino JP. Recent developments in open tubular liquid chromatography and electrochromatography from 2019–2021. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Zhang Y, Lv W, Wang F, Niu X, Wang G, Wu X, Zhang X, Chen X. Room temperature in-situ preparation of hydrazine-linked covalent organic frameworks coated capillaries for separation and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Front Chem Sci Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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Recent applications and chiral separation developments based on stationary phases in open tubular capillary electrochromatography (2019–2022). J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:323-339. [PMID: 37181297 PMCID: PMC10173184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) plays a significant role in chiral separation via the double separation principle, partition coefficient difference between the two phases, and electroosmotic flow-driven separation. Given the distinct properties of the inner wall stationary phase (SP), the separation ability of each SP differs from one another. Particularly, it provides large room for promising applications of open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). We divided the OT-CEC SPs developed over the past four years into six types: ionic liquids, nanoparticle materials, microporous materials, biomaterials, non-nanopolymers, and others, to mainly introduce their characteristics in chiral drug separation. There also added a few classic SPs that occurred within ten years as supplements to enrich the features of each SP. Additionally, we discuss their applications in metabolomics, food, cosmetics, environment, and biology as analytes in addition to chiral drugs. OT-CEC plays an increasingly significant role in chiral separation and may promote the development of capillary electrophoresis (CE) combined with other instruments in recent years, such as CE with mass spectrometry (CE/MS) and CE with ultraviolet light detector (CE/UV).
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Qin S, Cui H, Chu H, Gao L, Li X, Tang Y, You X, Dong Q. Preparation of a zeolite imidazole skeleton–silica hybrid monolithic column for amino acid analysis via capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1710-1723. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shili Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qiqihar University Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Hongshou Cui
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qiqihar University Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Chu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qiqihar University Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Lidi Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qiqihar University Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qiqihar University Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Yimin Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qiqihar University Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Xingyu You
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qiqihar University Qiqihar P. R. China
| | - Qing Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Qiqihar University Qiqihar P. R. China
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Miao P, Zhang L, Zhang J, Ma M, Du Y, Gan J, Yang J. Metal organic framework- modified monolithic column immobilized with pepsin for enantioseparation in capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1203:123306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Gu L, Guan J, Huang Z, Huo H, Shi S, Zhang D, Yan F. β-Cyclodextrin covalent organic framework supported by polydopamine as stationary phases for electrochromatographic enantioseparation. Electrophoresis 2022; 43:1446-1454. [PMID: 35353923 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC) column was prepared using β-cyclodextrin covalent organic framework (β-CD COF) as a stationary phase. Polydopamine was used to assist fabrication of β-CD COF on an inner wall of a fused-silica capillary. The coating layer on the capillary was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Electroosmotic flow (EOF) was also studied to evaluate the variation of the inner wall of immobilized columns. Furthermore, the chiral separation effectiveness of the fabricated capillary column was evaluated by CEC using enantiomers of several related proton pump inhibitors as model analytes, including omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and tenatoprazole. The effects of bonding time and concentration of β-CD COF, the type, concentration and pH of buffer, applied voltage were investigated to obtain satisfactory enantioselectivity. In the optimum conditions, the enantiomers of four analytes were resolved within 15 min with resolutions of 1.63-2.62. The relative standard deviation values for migration times and resolutions of the analytes representing intraday and interday were less than 6.75% and 4.24%, respectively. The results reveal that β-CD COF has great potential as chiral-stationary phases for enantioseparation in CEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Jin Guan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Huang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Hongyi Huo
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Shi
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiang Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning & Shenyang Key Laboratory of Functional Dye and Pigment, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yan
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Wang A, Liu K, Tian M, Yang L. Open Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Underivatized Amino Acid Enantiomers with a Porous Layer-Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Chiral Column. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9252-9260. [PMID: 35713648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By developing a novel chiral column, we integrate open tubular capillary electrochromatography into sheathless mass spectrometry (MS) for efficient analysis of underivatized amino acid enantiomers. The chiral column is easily fabricated by modifying the inner surface of a capillary with a three-dimensional porous layer (PL, thickness ∼ 90 nm, pore size ∼ 30 nm) and gold nanoparticles and by introducing a chiral selector, thiol β-cyclodextrin (SH-β-CD), onto the modified surface via Au-S bonds. This approach greatly enhances the specific surface area and thus the ratio of the stationary phase to mobile phase and interaction between the stationary phase and analytes. The proposed PLOT@Au@CD column is coupled to the sheathless CE-ESI-MS system for chiral analysis of amino acid enantiomers. No derivatization of amino acids is required for chiral analysis, and baseline separation of a total of 15 pairs of amino acid enantiomers is achieved within 17 min with high column efficiencies of 5.60 × 104 to 1.82 × 106 N/m, high resolutions of 1.51-10.0, and low limits of detection between 0.02 and 0.09 μg/mL. The separation efficiency and MS intensity are only slightly decreased over 60 runs or after usage for 15 days, showing excellent repeatability and stability of the PLOT@Au@CD column. The proposed method is successfully applied to the determination of amino acid enantiomers in vinegar samples with satisfactory accuracy. Our study provides a new approach for developing a chiral stationary phase in the chromatographic separation technique, which can be easily coupled to sensitive MS detection, thus it would be of value for various applications in the fields of chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China.,Hangzhou Puyu Technology Development Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 311300, China
| | - Miaomiao Tian
- Institute of Chemical and Industrial Bioengineering, Jilin Engineering Normal University, 3050 Kaixuan Road, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130052, China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
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14
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Ma Q, Cong W, Liu Y, Geng Z, Lin Y, Wang Z. Experimental and computational study on the enantioseparation of four chiral fluoroquinolones by capillary electrophoresis with sulfated-β-cyclodextrin as chiral selector. Chirality 2021; 33:549-557. [PMID: 34275169 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work, enantioseparation of four chiral fluoroquinolones (FQs), namely, ofloxacin, gemifloxacin, lomefloxacin, and gatifloxacin, was achieved by capillary electrophoresis with sulfated-β-cyclodextrin (S-β-CD) as chiral selector. Factors affecting the enantiomeric resolution, such as the concentrations of S-β-CD, BGE pH conditions, and the buffer types and concentrations, were optimized and discussed. A BGE consisting of 30 g/L S-β-CD and 30-mM phosphate at pH 4.0 was found fit for enantiomeric resolution of ofloxacin and gemifloxacin, while the same BGE at pH 3.0 was suitable for enantioseparation of lomefloxacin and gatifloxacin. The pH-dependent experiments showed that separation resolutions of four FQs enantiomers were significantly affected by BGE pH, which was thought to be related with the varying electrostatic attraction between the enantiomers and chiral selector. To verify this speculation, molecular docking studies were used for further investigation of the enantiomeric recognition mechanism of S-β-CD. Molecular model indicated that hydrophobic effect and hydrogen bond were involved in host-guest inclusion, but the electrostatic attraction enhanced the chiral discrimination by increasing the difference in binding energy between individual enantiomers and S-β-CD. This work provided a further insight into the chiral recognition mechanisms of CD derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Wei Cong
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ye Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zikai Geng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhaokun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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Bui CV, Rosenau T, Hettegger H. Polysaccharide- and β-Cyclodextrin-Based Chiral Selectors for Enantiomer Resolution: Recent Developments and Applications. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144322. [PMID: 34299597 PMCID: PMC8307936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and their derivatives, particularly of amylose, cellulose, chitosan, and β-cyclodextrin, are well-known chiral selectors (CSs) of chiral stationary phases (CSPs) in chromatography, because they can separate a wide range of enantiomers. Typically, such CSPs are prepared by physically coating, or chemically immobilizing the polysaccharide and β-cyclodextrin derivatives onto inert silica gel carriers as chromatographic support. Over the past few years, new chiral selectors have been introduced, and progressive methods to prepare CSPs have been exploited. Also, chiral recognition mechanisms, which play a crucial role in the investigation of chiral separations, have been better elucidated. Further insights into the broad functional performance of commercially available chiral column materials and/or the respective newly developed chiral phase materials on enantiomeric separation (ES) have been gained. This review summarizes the recent developments in CSs, CSP preparation, chiral recognition mechanisms, and enantiomeric separation methods, based on polysaccharides and β-cyclodextrins as CSs, with a focus on the years 2019-2020 of this rapidly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong Viet Bui
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln, A-3430 Vienna, Austria; (C.V.B.); (T.R.)
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology—The University of Danang, Danang City 550000, Vietnam
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln, A-3430 Vienna, Austria; (C.V.B.); (T.R.)
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - Hubert Hettegger
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln, A-3430 Vienna, Austria; (C.V.B.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Li Z, Li Q, Fu Y, Hu C, Liu Y, Li W, Chen Z. A lipase-based chiral stationary phase for direct chiral separation in capillary electrochromatography. Talanta 2021; 233:122488. [PMID: 34215110 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is a natural biocatalyst with an intrinsically strong chiral environment and a high degree of enantio-selectivity, which is widely used in the separation of racemates. Here, a facile and efficient covalent immobilization approach was utilized to immobilize CALB onto the capillary inner wall as a novel chiral stationary phase to explore and broaden its application in the direct chiral separation by electrochromatography. The obtained CALB immobilized capillary column was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence imaging and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The enantioseparation property of the CALB immobilized capillary column was confirmed by direct chiral separation of several pairs of monoamine neurotransmitter enantiomers in OT-CEC mode. Outstanding enantioseparation performance for three types of monoamine neurotransmitter enantiomers including epinephrine, norepinephrine and phenylephrine was obtained by the CALB immobilized column. Thanks to the effectiveness of covalent bonding method and the intrinsic stability of CALB, the prepared CALB immobilized capillary columns were quite steady and reproducible. The relative standard deviations for retention times of the enantiomers were as follows: for intra-day (n = 5) runs (≤0.25%), inter-day (n = 3) runs (≤0.72%) and between-columns (n = 3) (≤2.42%). After 90 consecutive runs in CEC mode, the CALB immobilized column still exhibited desirable enantionseparation performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Qiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Changjun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yikun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080, China.
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17
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Facile preparation of ethanediamine-β-cyclodextrin modified capillary column for electrochromatographic enantioseparation of Dansyl amino acids. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462082. [PMID: 33780884 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the fabrication of a fascinating multifunctional cyclodextrin (CD) chiral stationary phase and its chiral separation performance in capillary electrochromatography are proposed. A facile interfacial polymerization was used to anchor ethanediamine-β-cyclodextrin (EDA-β-CD) polymerized with trimesoyl chloride (TMC) and to form the chiral stationary phase (CSP) composite onto the surface wall of the capillary. The characters of prepared columns were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). This novel CSP offers multi-typical interactions including hydrogen bonding, π-interaction, hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction as well as steric effects which contribute to prominent chiral recognition for Dansyl-DL-amino acids in CEC modes. The EDA-β-CD modified column showed eminent enantioseparation performance towards five Dansyl-DL-amino acids (the DL-forms of valine, threonine, leucine, phenylalanine, serine). Besides, the prepared columns were perfectly reproducible and stable. The relative standard deviations of the enantiomer retention times for intra-day (n = 5), inter-day (n = 3) runs and column-to-columns (n = 3) are below 0.54%, 1.35% and 4.89%, individually. This innovative chiral stationary phase shows a broader application view and scope in chiral recognition domain.
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Negatively charged cyclodextrins: Synthesis and applications in chiral analysis-A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 256:117517. [PMID: 33483038 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The negatively charged cyclodextrins (CDs) play an important role in chiral analysis due to the additional electrostatic effect beyond the host-guest inclusion, especially in enantioanalysis of positively charged and electrically neutral analytes. This review presents recent advances in application of anionic CDs for enantioanalysis during the past five years. Firstly, the synthesis approaches of random substitution and single isomers of anionic CDs are briefly discussed. The main part focuses on the chiral analysis using anionic CDs in various analytical techniques, including capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrochromatography, counter current chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. Particular attention is given to the capillary electrophoresis application since charged CDs could be used as a carrier of enantiomers by virtue of their self-mobility and offer an easy adjustment of the enantiomer migration order. Finally, future opportunities are also discussed in the conclusion of this review.
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Li Z, Mao Z, Zhou W, Chen Z. γ-Cyclodextrin metal-organic framework supported by polydopamine as stationary phases for electrochromatographic enantioseparation. Talanta 2020; 218:121160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Li L, Li L, Jin Y, Shuang Y, Wang H. Preparation of a teicoplanin-bonded chiral stationary phase for simultaneous determination of clenbuterol and salbutamol enantiomers in meat by LC-MS/MS. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Cai Z, Hu X, Zong R, Wu H, Jin X, Yin H, Huang C, Xiang Y, Ye N. A graphene oxide-molybdenum disulfide composite used as stationary phase for determination of sulfonamides in open-tubular capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461487. [PMID: 32823013 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A graphene oxide-molybdenum disulfide (GO-MoS2) composite was synthesized and utilized as the highly efficient stationary phase of open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (OT-CEC). The characterization results indicated that GO-MoS2 composite was successfully synthesized. The GO-MoS2-coated capillary column was prepared by covalent immobilization method for the determination of seven sulfonamides. The baseline separation of seven sulfonamides was achieved by GO-MoS2-coated capillary column. The linear range was 0.05-100 μg/mL for sulfisomidine, sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, phthalylsulfathiazole and sulfacetamide, 0.1-100 μg/mL for sulfamonomethoxine and sulfachloropyridazine with a satisfactory correlation coefficients (R2) > 0.9994. This developed OT-CEC method was successfully applied to determinate of seven sulfonamides in environmental water and milk samples with good recoveries of 85.77% - 109.10% and 80.03% - 109.97%, respectively. These results indicated that GO-MoS2-coated capillary column possessed good stability and repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Rui Zong
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Hanqing Wu
- College of Teacher Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
| | - Xiaotong Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Han Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Chuanlin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Yuhong Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Nengsheng Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China.
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22
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Feng Z, Yang Y, Xu G, Du Y, Sun X. Investigation of the synergistic effect with chiral D‐penicillamine functionalized gold nanoparticle as an additive for enantiomeric separation in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1060-1066. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Feng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yue Yang
- GCP officeZhongda HospitalSoutheast University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Guangfu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yingxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education)China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural MedicinesChina Pharmaceutical University Nanjing P. R. China
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Open-tubular admicellar electrochromatography of charged analytes. Talanta 2020; 208:120401. [PMID: 31816751 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental studies on the separation of cationic and anionic analytes in open-tubular admicellar electrochromatography (OT-AMEC) using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and fused silica capillaries are presented. OT-AMEC was compared with open-tubular admicellar liquid chromatography (OT-AMLC) by running the two methods using the same mobile phases. The mobile phases were buffered at pH ≥ 6 and contained a low concentration (above the critical surface aggregation concentration and below the critical micelle concentration) of CTAB. The stationary pseudophase of CTAB admicelles were formed at the solid surface and liquid interface inside the capillary by simply conditioning the capillary with the mobile phase. Separations were performed in a 30 cm (21.5 cm to UV detector) long and 50 μm inner diameter capillary, using low pressure (50 mbar) in OT-AMLC and high voltage (15 kV at negative polarity) in OT-AMEC. The appropriate equations for the experimental estimation of retention factor (k) values of analytes were discussed. For anionic analytes, k in OT-AMEC were carefully determined by considering the observed interaction between CTAB monomers and tested analytes. The calculated k for each analyte was found similar in OT-AMLC and OT-AMEC, although the mechanism of retention was not entirely different due to the contribution of electrophoresis in OT-AMEC. Studies on the addition of a typical (i.e., acetonitrile) and atypical modifier (i.e., nonyl-β-glucoside) into the mobile phase, and sample focusing with >10x improvement in peak height under isocratic conditions were also conducted.
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Hu LF, Yin SJ, Zhang H, Yang FQ. Recent developments of monolithic and open-tubular capillary electrochromatography (2017-2019). J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1942-1966. [PMID: 31909566 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrochromatography, which combined the high selectivity of high-performance liquid chromatography and the high separation efficiency of capillary electrophoresis, is an attractive separation tool. In this review, the developments on monolithic and open tubular capillary electrochromatography during 2017 to August 2019 are summarized. Considering the development of novel stationary phases is the most active research field in capillary electrochromatography, monolithic capillary electrochromatography is classified according to the polymer-based and hybrid monolithic columns, while open-tubular capillary electrochromatography is categorized by cyclodextrin, silica, polymer, nanomaterials, microporous materials, and biomaterials-based open tubular columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Feng Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, P.R. China
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25
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Ding W, Yu T, Du Y, Sun X, Feng Z, Zhao S, Ma X, Ma M, Chen C. A metal organic framework-functionalized monolithic column for enantioseparation of six basic chiral drugs by capillary electrochromatography. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 187:51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Wang T, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Zha J, Ye J, Chu Q, Cheng G. β-cyclodextrin modified quantum dots as pseudo-stationary phase for direct enantioseparation based on capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Talanta 2019; 210:120629. [PMID: 31987180 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, quantum dots (QDs) have attracted a tremendous amount of attention due to their compelling features. In this work, a kind of composite QDs based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its derivatives modification was prepared, and for the first time utilized to separate and determine enantiomers in the combined system of capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF). By taking advantages of the inclusion complexation of β-CD and the fluorescence property of QD core, the composite QDs were added into the running buffer as pseudo-stationary phase. The resultant CE-LIF method accomplished enantioseparation for six groups of model analytes without need of capillary preparation and analyte derivatization. The effects of composite QDs concentration, the pH value and concentration of the running buffer on resolution have been investigated individually. The RSDs of interday and intraday repeatability were in the range of 2.7-8.1%, 0.7-3.9%, and 1.5-3.8% for the peak area, migration time and resolution, respectively. The theoretical calculation results of the binding energies and binding constant further validated the interaction mechanism of composite QDs and target analytes. Furthermore, this developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the active components (catechin and epicatechin) in Chinese herb Catechu, and the recoveries were in the range of 92.2-108%. The experimental results suggested that the preparation strategy of the composite QDs is appropriate for enantioseparation of more enantiomers by adjusting the modifiers on the surface of QDs, which is particularly promising for electrophoretic enantioseparation based on fluorescence detection, especially for those analytes lacking proper derivative functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yuhuan Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yulian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinyin Zha
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiannong Ye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qingcui Chu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Guifang Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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