1
|
Castro SVF, Pereira JFS, Souza MMC, Siqueira GP, Santana MHP, Richter EM, Munoz RAA. Rapid sequential determination of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine in forensic samples employing a graphite sheet sensor and cyclic square-wave stripping voltammetry. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:396. [PMID: 38877161 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of a portable analytical procedure is described for rapid sequential detection and quantification of the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) in forensic samples using a graphite sheet (GS). A single GS platform works as a collector of explosive residues and detector after its assembly into a 3D-printed cell. The detection strategy is based on cyclic square-wave stripping voltammetry. The cathodic scan from + 0.1 to -1.0 V with accumulation at 0.0 V enables the TNT detection (three reduction peaks), and the anodic scan from + 0.2 to + 1.55 V with accumulation at -0.9 V provides the RDX detection (two oxidation processes). Low detection limit values (0.1 µmol L-1 for TNT and 2.4 µmol L-1 for RDX) and wide linear ranges (from 1 to 150 µmol L-1 for TNT and from 20 to 300 µmol L-1 for RDX) were obtained. The sensor did not respond to pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), which was evaluated as a potential interferent, because plastic explosives contain mixtures of TNT, RDX, and PETN. The GS electrode was also evaluated as a collector of TNT and RDX residues spread on different surfaces to simulate forensic scenarios. After swiping over different surfaces (metal, granite, wood, cloths, hands, money bills, and cellphone), the GS electrode was assembled in the 3D-printed cell ready to measure both explosives by the proposed method. In all cases, the presence of TNT and RDX was confirmed, attesting the reliability of the proposed device to act as collector and sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia V F Castro
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Jian F S Pereira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria M C Souza
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilvana P Siqueira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Mário H P Santana
- Forensic Laboratory of the Federal Police, Uberlândia, 38408-663, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Munoz
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, 38400-902, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Siqueira GP, Araújo DAG, de Faria LV, Ramos DLO, Matias TA, Richter EM, Paixão TRLC, Muñoz RAA. A novel 3D-printed graphite/polylactic acid sensor for the electrochemical determination of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene residues in environmental waters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139796. [PMID: 37586488 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, lab-made graphite and polylactic acid (Gpt-PLA) biocomposite materials were used to additively manufacture electrodes via the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique for subsequent determination of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT, considered a persistent organic pollutant). The surface of the 3D-printed material was characterized by SEM and Raman, which revealed high roughness and the presence of defects in the graphite structure, which enhanced the electrochemical response of TNT. The 3D-printed Gpt-PLA electrode coupled to square wave voltammetry (SWV) showed suitable performance for fastly determining the explosive residues (around 7 s). Two reduction processes at around -0.22 V and -0.36 V were selected for TNT detection, with linear ranges between 1.0 and 10.0 μM. Moreover, detection limits of 0.52 and 0.66 μM were achieved for both reduction steps. The proposed method was applied to determine TNT in different environmental water samples (tap water, river water, and seawater) without a dilution step (direct analysis). Recovery values between 98 and 106% confirmed the accuracy of the analyses. Additionally, adequate selectivity was achieved even in the presence of other explosives commonly used by military agencies, metallic ions commonly found in water, and also some electroactive camouflage species. Such results indicate that the proposed device is promising to quantify TNT residues in environmental samples, a viable on-site analysis strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilvana P Siqueira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diele A G Araújo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Lucas V de Faria
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Analítica, Outeiro São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - David L O Ramos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago A Matias
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago R L C Paixão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Química Fundamental, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pereira JFS, Di-Oliveira M, Faria LV, Borges PHS, Nossol E, Gelamo RV, Richter EM, Lopes OF, Muñoz RAA. CO 2-plasma surface treatment of graphite sheet electrodes for detection of chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and sulphanilamide. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:379. [PMID: 37682352 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05953-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Graphite sheet (GS) electrodes are flexible and versatile substrates for sensing electrochemical; however, their use has been limited to incorporate (bio)chemical modifiers. Herein, we demonstrated that a cold (low temperature) CO2 plasma treatment of GS electrodes provides a substantial improvement of the electrochemical activity of these electrodes due to the increased structural defects on the GS surface as revealed by Raman spectroscopy (ID/IG ratio), and scanning electron microscopy images. XPS analyses confirmed the formation of oxygenated functional groups at the GS surface after the plasma treatment that are intrinsically related to the substantial increase in the electron transfer coefficient (K0 values increased from 1.46 × 10-6 to 2.09 × 10-3 cm s-1) and with reduction of the resistance to charge transfer (from 129.8 to 0.251 kΩ). The improved electrochemical activity of CO2-GS electrodes was checked for the detection of emerging contaminant species, such as chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP) and sulphanilamide (SUL) antibiotics, at around + 0.15, + 1.10 and + 0.85 V (versus Ag/AgCl), respectively, by square wave voltammetry. Limit of detection values in the submicromolar range were achieved for CHL (0.08 μmol L-1), CIP (0.01 μmol L-1) and SFL (0.11 μmol L-1), which enabled the sensor to be successfully applied to natural waters and urine samples (recovery values from 85 to 119%). The CO2-GS electrode is highly stable and inexpensive ($0.09 each sensor) and can be easily inserted in portable 3D printed cells for environmental on-site analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian F S Pereira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, 38408-902, Brazil
| | - Marina Di-Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, 38408-902, Brazil
| | - Lucas V Faria
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, RJ, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Pedro H S Borges
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, 38408-902, Brazil
| | - Edson Nossol
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, 38408-902, Brazil
| | - Rogério V Gelamo
- Institute of Technological and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, 38064-200, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, 38408-902, Brazil
| | - Osmando F Lopes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, 38408-902, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, 38408-902, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Iranmanesh R, Pourahmad A, Shabestani DS, Jazayeri SS, Sadeqi H, Akhavan J, Tounsi A. Wavelet-artificial neural network to predict the acetone sensing by indium oxide/iron oxide nanocomposites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4266. [PMID: 36918606 PMCID: PMC10015010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29898-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study applies a hybridized wavelet transform-artificial neural network (WT-ANN) model to simulate the acetone detecting ability of the Indium oxide/Iron oxide (In2O3/Fe2O3) nanocomposite sensors. The WT-ANN has been constructed to extract the sensor resistance ratio (SRR) in the air with respect to the acetone from the nanocomposite chemistry, operating temperature, and acetone concentration. The performed sensitivity analyses demonstrate that a single hidden layer WT-ANN with nine nodes is the highest accurate model for automating the acetone-detecting ability of the In2O3/Fe2O3 sensors. Furthermore, the genetic algorithm has fine-tuned the shape-related parameters of the B-spline wavelet transfer function. This model accurately predicts the SRR of the 119 nanocomposite sensors with a mean absolute error of 0.7, absolute average relative deviation of 10.12%, root mean squared error of 1.14, and correlation coefficient of 0.95813. The In2O3-based nanocomposite with a 15 mol percent of Fe2O3 is the best sensor for detecting acetone at wide temperatures and concentration ranges. This type of reliable estimator is a step toward fully automating the gas-detecting ability of In2O3/Fe2O3 nanocomposite sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Iranmanesh
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, No. 1346, Vali Asr Street, Mirdamad Intersection, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afham Pourahmad
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
| | | | | | - Hamed Sadeqi
- Department of Internet and Wide Network, Iran Industrial Training Center Branch, University of Applied Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Akhavan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point Terrace, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - Abdelouahed Tounsi
- Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang X, Huo H, Ma K, Zhao Z. Reduced graphene oxide-supported smart plasmonic AgPtPd porous nanoparticles for high-performance electrochemical detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00434h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Smart plasmonic AgPtPd NPs/rGO exhibited a wide linear range for TNT from 0.1 to 8 ppm with a sensing limit of 0.95 ppb. The remarkable features are probably attributed to the integrated advantages of the plasmonic properties and synergistic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyue Huo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Kongshuo Ma
- State Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China
| | - Zhenlu Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, Shandong, China
- Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and Application, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, Anhui, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Paixão GA, Souza TG, Pradela Filho LA, Ferreira MV, Takeuchi RM, Assunção RMN, Kikuti E. Low‐cost
conductive films based on graphite and cellulose acetate as promising electroanalytical platforms. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme A. Paixão
- Department Center of Education and Human Sciences Federal University of São Carlos São Carlos Brazil
| | - Thaís G. Souza
- Pontal Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences Federal University of Uberlândia Ituiutaba Brazil
| | | | - Marcos V. Ferreira
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia Brazil
| | - Regina M. Takeuchi
- Pontal Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences Federal University of Uberlândia Ituiutaba Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia Brazil
| | - Rosana M. N. Assunção
- Pontal Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences Federal University of Uberlândia Ituiutaba Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia Brazil
| | - Elaine Kikuti
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlândia Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferreira PA, de Oliveira FM, de Melo EI, de Carvalho AE, Lucca BG, Ferreira VS, da Silva RAB. Multi sensor compatible 3D-printed electrochemical cell for voltammetric drug screening. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1169:338568. [PMID: 34088376 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
3D printing is a hot topic in electroanalytical chemistry, allowing the construction of custom cells and sensors at affordable prices. In this work, we describe a novel small and practical 3D-printed electrochemical cell. The cell's body, manufactured in ABS on a 3D printer, is composed by three parts easily screwed: solution vessel, stick and cover with two embedded 3D-pen-printed carbon black-polylactic acid (CB-PLA) electrodes (counter and pseudo-reference). The cell is compatible with any planar working electrode, in which boron-doped diamond, graphite sheet (GS) and 3D-printed CB-PLA were shown as examples. A new alternative protocol to quickly produce 3D-printed sensors using a 3D pen and other low-cost apparatus is also proposed. The voltammetric performance of each evaluated sensor was carried out in the presence of redox probe ferricyanide and paracetamol as model analyte, and the surfaces were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. To present an analytical application of the 3D-printed cell, low-cost flexible sensors (GS and CB-PLA) were used as integrated platforms for sampling and detection of solid drugs. As a proof-of-concept, traces of drugs with a historic of counterfeit or adulteration (sildenafil citrate, tadalafil, losartan and 17α-ethinylestradiol) were abrasively sampled over the sensor and assembled on 3D-printed cell to perform a fast voltammetric scan in the presence of only 500 μL of electrolyte. This protocol is attractive for pharmaceutical and forensic sciences as a simple preliminary screening method which could identify the presence or absence of the suspicious drug as well as impurities or adulterants. The 3D-printed cell was also used for the determination of 17α-ethinylestradiol in a contraceptive pill to demonstrate a quantitative analysis. The cell is quickly printed (90 min), cheap (US$ 0.30) and requires low electrolyte volumes (0.5-3.0 mL), being suitable to be used in several other electroanalyses, especially for on-site applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Alves Ferreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Edmar Isaias de Melo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 38500-000, Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana Evaristo de Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, 79804-970, Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gabriel Lucca
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Valdir Souza Ferreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, 79074-460, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Glackin JME, Gillanders RN, Eriksson F, Fjällgren M, Engblom J, Mohammed S, Samuel IDW, Turnbull GA. Explosives detection by swabbing for improvised explosive devices. Analyst 2021; 145:7956-7963. [PMID: 33034590 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01312a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Swabs taken from the surface of a suspicious object are a standard method of identifying a concealed explosive device in security-conscious locations like airports. In this paper we demonstrate a sensitive method to collect and detect trace explosive residues from improvised explosive devices using swabs and an optical sensor element. Swabs coated with a commercial fluoropolymer are used to collect material and are subsequently heated to thermally desorb the explosives, causing the quenching of light emission from a thin film luminescent sensor. We report the sorption and desorption characteristics of swabs loaded with 2,4-DNT tested with Super Yellow fluorescent sensors in a laboratory setting, with detection that is up to three orders of magnitude more sensitive than standard colorimetric tests. The method was then applied in field tests with raw military-grade explosives TNT, PETN and RDX, on various objects containing the explosives, and post-blast craters. We show for the first time results using organic semiconductors to detect sub-milligram amounts of explosive sorbed onto a substrate from real explosives in the field, giving a promising new approach for IED detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M E Glackin
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, Scotland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Regiart M, Fernández-Baldo MA, Navarro P, Pereira SV, Raba J, Messina GA. Nanostructured electrode using CMK-8/CuNPs platform for herbicide detection in environmental samples. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
10
|
Hay CE, Lee J, Silvester DS. A methodology to detect explosive residues using a gelled ionic liquid based field-deployable electrochemical device. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
11
|
Cardoso RM, Rocha DP, Rocha RG, Stefano JS, Silva RAB, Richter EM, Muñoz RAA. 3D-printing pen versus desktop 3D-printers: Fabrication of carbon black/polylactic acid electrodes for single-drop detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1132:10-19. [PMID: 32980099 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of carbon black/polylactic acid (PLA) electrodes using a 3D printing pen is presented and compared with electrodes obtained by a desktop fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printer. The 3D pen was used for the fast production of electrodes in two designs using customized 3D printed parts to act as template and guide the reproducible application of the 3D pen: (i) a single working electrode at the bottom of a 3D-printed cylindrical body and (ii) a three-electrode system on a 3D-printed planar substrate. Both devices were electrochemically characterized using the redox probe [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- via cyclic voltammetry, which presented similar performance to an FDM 3D-printed electrode or a commercial screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) regarding peak-to-peak separation (ΔEp) and current density. The surface treatment of the carbon black/PLA electrodes fabricated by both 3D pen and FDM 3D-printing procedures provided substantial improvement of the electrochemical activity by removing excess of PLA, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopic images for electrodes fabricated by both procedures. Structural defects were not inserted after the electrochemical treatment as shown by Raman spectra (iD/iG), which indicates that the use of 3D pen can replace desktop 3D printers for electrode fabrication. Inter-electrode precision for the best device fabricated using the 3D pen (three-electrode system) was 4% (n = 5) considering current density and anodic peak potential for the redox probe. This device was applied for the detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) via square-wave voltammetry of a single-drop of 100 μL placed upon the thee-electrode system, resulting in three reduction peaks commonly verified for TNT on carbon electrodes. Limit of detection of 1.5 μmol L-1, linear range from 5 to 500 μmol L-1 and RSD lower than 4% for 10 repetitive measurements of 100 μmol L-1 TNT were obtained. The proposed devices can be reused after polishing on sandpaper generating new electrode surfaces, which is an extra advantage over chemically-modified electrochemical sensors applied for TNT detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M Cardoso
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego P Rocha
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Raquel G Rocha
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Jéssica S Stefano
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A B Silva
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Center for Research on Electroanalysis (NuPE), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38408-100, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Stefano JS, Lima AP, Nascentes CC, Krzyzaniak SR, Mello PA, Gonçalves JM, Richter EM, Nossol E, Munoz RAA. Electrochemical detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene on carbon nanotube modified electrode: Effect of acid functionalization. J Solid State Electrochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-019-04465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
13
|
Pereira JF, Borges PH, Moura GM, Gelamo RV, Nossol E, Canobre SC, Richter EM, Munoz RA. Improved electrochemical performance of pyrolytic graphite paper: Electrochemical versus reactive cold-plasma activation. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|